Catalysis in Industry最新文献

The experimence from cooperation with industrial petrachemical and oil refining enterprises in implementation of developments is systematized. The important role of cooperation and interdisciplinary studies is highlighted, and the interaction between consumers and manufacturers of catalysts is considered. The most important stages of the development and implementation of catalysts are described.

The problem of trapping solid particles in a production line with dehydrogenation of C₄–C₅ isoparaffins to iso-olefins in a fluidized catalyst bed was considered. Dust collection of fine catalyst particles for paraffin dehydrogenation units using a standard TsN-15 cyclone and a new dust collector (NDC) with arc-shaped elements was studied. The results of numerical simulation of TsN-15 and NDC were presented. Comparative studies showed NDC to be more efficient than TsN-15 for trapping fine solid particles with sizes of less than 20 μm. The pressure and flow velocity profiles for NDC were shown to change as a regular tendency, without any critical deviations. The gas flow velocity through the arc-shaped NDC elements was shown to be stable in contrast to TsN-15, which creates high flow velocities at the cyclone periphery to increase the probability of dust breakthrough into the flow.

This work is the third and final part of a series of reviews devoted to the direct synthesis of organotin compounds. This part of the series considers the conditions of and results from the reaction between metallic tin and carbofunctional organohalides. The efficiency of catalysts and the prospects for direct synthesis in the production of carbofunctional organotin compounds are analyzed.

This paper is a review of acetylene production technologies, which are both used for a long time in industry and currently at the stage of laboratiory studies and demonstration testbenches. The possibility of transition from acetylene production technologies accompanied by the formation of substantial amounts of greenhouse gases (carbide technology, oxidative natural gas pyrolysis) to low-carbon or carbon-free natural gas and coal plasmochemical processes using energy generated by renewable sources (wind and solar) is considered.

The review presents an analysis of the current state in the field of partial oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds on Ag catalysts, including the partial oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde, oxidation of ethylene glycol to glyoxal, and oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. For methanol oxidation, conditions for BASF and ICI processes were considered, and the whole chain of transformations from natural gas to formaldehyde was evaluated from the viewpoint of exergy. Recent publications on the kinetics of partial oxidations of alcohols on silver were analyzed, including those that considered the use of a ring-shaped reactor to suppress the homogeneous decomposition stages of formaldehyde, the development of a new approach to process modeling taking into account different degrees of catalyst reactivity, and the creation of a simulator for calculating methanol oxidation based on a neural network using a genetic algorithm. The main stages of process development of partial oxidation of ethylene glycol to glyoxal on Ag catalysts are briefly described. Recent experimental and theoretical studies on the mechanisms of formation of oxygen-containing active sites on the silver surface and their participation in the conversion of alcohols into carbonyl compounds, as well as new Ag-containing catalytic composites, are presented.

Diesel vehicles release not only soot and NO_x into the environment, but also a wide range of organic and inorganic toxic compounds. The review discusses in detail the role of the oxidation catalyst in modern diesel exhaust purification systems, methods for improvement and optimization of oxidation catalysts designed for conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and methods for reducing the contents of Pt group metals in these catalytic systems.

The data on the development and study of new catalysts for the reforming and isomerization of gasoline fractions from the Center of New Chemical Technologies BIC (Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences), including the experience in the industrial appliction of reforming catalyst PR-81, are presented. A new catalyst of increased acidity is developed for the reforming of gasoline fractions to ensure a 3–5 wt % reduction in the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in the reformate. A new sulfated zirconia catalyst supported on a porous alumina matrix is developed for the isomerization of the C₅–C₆ hydrocarbon fraction. An efficient catalyst based on tungstated zirconia is proposed for isomerization of the С₇ hydrocarbon fraction. A flowsheet of integrated reforming and isomerization processes is proposed on the basis of the new catalysts to ensure the production of Euro-5 and Euro-6 motor gasolines alongside promising gasolines with reduced contents of aromatic hydrocarbons.

The methods for the synthesis of γ-acetopropyl alcohol (APA) used for the production of vitamin B₁, antimalarial drugs, and polymers are analyzed. Promising APS synthesis methods are the hydrogenation–hydration of sylvane, the hydrogenation of furfural, and syntheses based on allyl acetate, sodium acetoacetic ester, and γ-butyrolactone.

Commercial super cross-linked polystyrene (SPS) is a promising support for creating heterogeneous catalysts designed for processes of fine organic synthesis. Results from years of studying the creation of heterogeneous Pd-, Pt-, and Ru-containing catalysts based on SPS of grades MN100 and MN270. Data are presented from characterizing SPS and catalysts based on them using a complex of physical and physicochemical means of analysis. It is shown that commercial SPS can be used to synthesize catalysts in the form of spherical grains or preliminarily ground powders. Along with the nature of a metal catalyst precursor, the form of an SPS has a strong effect on the distribution of Pd, Pt, and Ru compounds and the size of metal-containing nanoparticles formed in the polymer’s medium. The catalysts in a hydrogen flow at a temperature of 300°C on the surface chemical composition of powder MN100 samples impregnated w Pd, Pt, and Ru compounds is considered for the first time.

Piperazine synthesis methods on intermolecular and intramolecular cyclization catalytic processes are compared and reviewed analytically. The advantages and disadvantages of current ways of synthesizing piperazine are described while focusing on the preferred and highly selective processes of intramolecular cyclization using aminoethylethanolamine and diethylenetriamine, and one-step intermolecular cyclization using ethylenediamine, mono-, and diethanolamine.