Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials最新文献

{"title":"Simulating induction heating of fabric based thermoplastic composites using measured electrical conductivities","authors":"Sebastiaan van den Berg, M. Luckabauer, Sebastiaan Wijskamp, R. Akkerman","doi":"10.1177/08927057241255886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241255886","url":null,"abstract":"A novel method for defining the measured electrical conductivity of CFRTP in induction heating simulations is presented. This method considers the electrical conductivity’s orientation dependence and accurately predicts electromagnetic and transient temperature fields. The study demonstrates that temperature predictions using the present electrical conductivity model are in good agreement with the experiments, and that it yields improved transient temperature field predictions compared to the other electrical conductivity models.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141267640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Driving towards sustainability: A review of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites for eco-friendly automotive light-weighting","authors":"Sifiso John Skosana, Caroline Khoathane, Thomas Malwela","doi":"10.1177/08927057241254324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241254324","url":null,"abstract":"The automotive industry stands at a critical juncture, compelled by the imperative of sustainability to seek innovative materials for eco-friendly light-weighting. Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) have gained popularity due to their environmentally friendly nature and excellent engineering capabilities. This review paper comprehensively examines the landscape of NFRPCs in the context of automotive applications. Beginning with an overview of the ecological urgency and regulatory framework driving sustainable automotive materials, the review navigates through key advancements in NFRPC technology. The paper delineates the diverse array of natural fibers employed as reinforcements, elucidating their intrinsic properties, sources, and processing considerations. Concurrently, an in-depth analysis of various polymer matrices showcases their compatibility with different fiber types, emphasizing the critical interplay between fiber and matrix for optimal composite performance. A pivotal facet of this review manuscript lies in the rigorous evaluation of NFRPC performance across an array of metrics, including mechanical, thermal, and environmental considerations. Studies examining the interfacial interactions between natural fibers and polymers, as well as enhancements through additives and treatments, are critically assessed. Environmental and economic considerations are paramount in the quest for sustainable automotive materials. While economic evaluations delve into the viability and cost-effectiveness of widespread adoption, life cycle assessments and environmental impact analyses are evaluated to estimate the ecological footprint of NFRPCs. The paper also surveys current trends and prospects, offering insights into forthcoming innovations and directions for research. Therefore, this review article consolidates a comprehensive body of knowledge on NFRPCs for eco-friendly automotive light-weighting. By synthesizing findings from diverse studies, it provides a holistic perspective on the potential, challenges, and future trajectory of NFRPCs in the automotive sector.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"63 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140964787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical and antimicrobial characteristics of polypropylene-based nanocomposite containing SiO2-Ag nanoparticles prepared by gamma irradiation","authors":"E. Fathy, Sobhy S. Abdel-Fatah, M. Bekhit","doi":"10.1177/08927057241255013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241255013","url":null,"abstract":"This article evaluates the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties when silver-coated silica (SiO2-Ag) nanoparticles as active nanofiller are incorporated into the polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic matrix. The silica (SiO2) nanoparticles were prepared by precipitation method using sodium silicate. After that, silver-coated silica (SiO2-Ag) nanoparticles were synthesized by gamma radiation technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis clarified the formation of SiO2-Ag nanoparticles. SiO2-Ag nanoparticles has a particle size with an average of 70 nm. The melt mixing procedure operated to fabricate PP thermoplastic nanocomposites with various ratios of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 part per hundred resin (phr) of the SiO2-Ag nanoparticles. To examine the effect of ionizing radiation on the prepared PP/SiO2-Ag nanocomposites, the samples were exposed to 20 kGy of gamma-irradiation. FTIR, XRD, mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were utilized to characterize the physico-chemical alterations of the PP when loaded with SiO2-Ag nanoparticles. It is found that PP/1.0 phr SiO2-Ag nanocomposite revealed superior physico-chemical characteristics than the other two components. The irradiated specimens revealed superior tensile strength (TS) and elastic modulus (EM) over unirradiated ones, whereas inverse effects were predominant in case elongation at break (E%). Tmax of the native PP increased from 335°C to nearly 370°C of PP/1.0 phr SiO2-Ag nanocomposite. It is established that the fabricated PP/SiO2-Ag nanocomposites exhibited potent antimicrobial activity and can be a good candidate for food packaging applications.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"138 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140976830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of surface treatments and addition of a reactive agent on the properties of PLA/flax and PLA/bamboo composites","authors":"Hervé Nlandu-Mayamba, A. Taguet, Didier Perrin, Sébastien Joannès, Florence Delor-Jestin, H. Askanian, J. Lopez‐Cuesta","doi":"10.1177/08927057241231733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241231733","url":null,"abstract":"Polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with 10 wt% of flax (FF) or bamboo (BF) fibers were prepared via an internal mixer and/or twin-screw extrusion. Alkali pretreated fibers were soaked in silane to improve adhesion between fibers and matrix. 0.8 wt% of Joncryl™, a grafted copolymer acting as PLA chain extender, was also used alone or in combination with silane treatment of fibers to improve interfacial adhesion. The influence of silane treatment and/or Joncryl on the composite materials on mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical properties of materials processed through injection molding was investigated. Improved adhesion of the fibers to the matrix was shown using a scanning electron microscope. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy indicated that chemical bonds were formed between the silane coupling agent and fibers. X-ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy confirmed that fibers and silane derivatives were effectively coupled. XPS also highlighted that silane coupling agent reacted in higher amounts on bamboo than flax fibers, probably due to a higher amount of lignin in the case of bamboo fibers. Thermogravimetric analyses indicated that silane-treated flax and bamboo increased the thermal stability of the corresponding composites (PLA-SFF and PLA-SFB) compared to non-treated fiber composites. The incorporation of Joncryl alone entailed a degradation of the thermal stability of the corresponding composites (PLAJ-FF and PLAJ-FB) but enhanced the PLA/fibers interfacial adhesion. The combination of Joncryl and silane treatment resulted in strong improvements of thermal stability and interfacial adhesion for the PLAJ-SFF and PLAJ-SBF composites. Increase in tensile moduli and decrease in tensile strengths with the incorporation of the pristine fibers were noted. For silane-treated fibers, the tensile modulus and the strength of the corresponding composites were improved when adding Joncryl alone or in combination with silane. From also rheological and molar weight measurements, it could be concluded that Joncryl acts both as PLA chain extender and coupling agent.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"74 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139837267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradable starch-polyvinyl alcohol composite films by the incorporation of lignin for packaging applications","authors":"Shihui Wang, Yanling Hao, Qixiang He, Qiqi Gao","doi":"10.1177/08927057241233566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241233566","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, firstly, the optimal performance ratio of potato starch and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was selected, and then the sustainable high-grade food packaging film was developed by adding different amounts (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt% based on the starch mass) of functional additive lignin into the starch - PVA film matrix. Starch - PVA based films with different amounts of lignin were studied from the aspects of morphology, physical and chemical properties, barrier properties, mechanical properties and antioxidant properties. Mechanical tests showed that lignin significantly improved the tensile strength (TS) of the film and effectively blocked the passage of water vapor. Lignin, starch and PVA were linked by hydrogen bond to form polymer network structure, which improved the interfacial compatibility between polymers. The interaction between polymer molecules and the distribution of lignin particles were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The high content of phenolic hydroxyl in lignin undergoes proton coupled electron transfer mechanism, which endows the composite film with high antioxidant activity, which is proved by DPPH radical scavenging activity experiment. At the same time, it also gives the film excellent UV barrier and antibacterial properties. The introduction of lignin in this study provides a valuable way for the preparation of multifunctional composite films using biomass as raw materials, and has a potential application prospect in food packaging.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"44 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139778966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradable starch-polyvinyl alcohol composite films by the incorporation of lignin for packaging applications","authors":"Shihui Wang, Yanling Hao, Qixiang He, Qiqi Gao","doi":"10.1177/08927057241233566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241233566","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, firstly, the optimal performance ratio of potato starch and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was selected, and then the sustainable high-grade food packaging film was developed by adding different amounts (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt% based on the starch mass) of functional additive lignin into the starch - PVA film matrix. Starch - PVA based films with different amounts of lignin were studied from the aspects of morphology, physical and chemical properties, barrier properties, mechanical properties and antioxidant properties. Mechanical tests showed that lignin significantly improved the tensile strength (TS) of the film and effectively blocked the passage of water vapor. Lignin, starch and PVA were linked by hydrogen bond to form polymer network structure, which improved the interfacial compatibility between polymers. The interaction between polymer molecules and the distribution of lignin particles were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The high content of phenolic hydroxyl in lignin undergoes proton coupled electron transfer mechanism, which endows the composite film with high antioxidant activity, which is proved by DPPH radical scavenging activity experiment. At the same time, it also gives the film excellent UV barrier and antibacterial properties. The introduction of lignin in this study provides a valuable way for the preparation of multifunctional composite films using biomass as raw materials, and has a potential application prospect in food packaging.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"103 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139838805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocomposites of thermoplastic matrices with non-covalent fullerene reinforcement—Structural diversity, physical impact and potential","authors":"Ayesha Kausar, Ishaq Ahmad","doi":"10.1177/08927057241233568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241233568","url":null,"abstract":"Fullerene has been acknowledged as a significant nanocarbon nanofiller enhancing the imperative polymer characteristics. Since, thermoplastic polymers constitute a large group of polymeric materials, fullerene has been used as reinforcement in these matrices mostly via non-covalent means. This state-of-the-art review article summarizes thermoplastic polymer nanocomposites reinforced with fullerene nano-additives without involving any covalent interactions. Accordingly, thermoplastic polymer/fullerene nanocomposites of interest have non-covalent or physical interactions in the matrix-nanofiller such as van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and aromatic stacking interactions. Number of thermoplastic polymers including polyamide, polyurethanes, and block copolymers have been non-covalently or physically reinforced with the fullerene molecules. Ensuing high performance thermoplastic polymer/fullerene nanocomposites exhibited improved microstructure, electrical, mechanical, thermal, and other physical properties. Enhancements in the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the thermoplastic/fullerene nanomaterials were found dependent upon the nanofiller contents, orientations, interfacial effects, and processing. Consequently, the polyamide/fullerene systems were found efficient to enhance the glass transition up to 260°C, in addition to optimum mechanical properties. Polyurethane/fullerene systems performed better for improved tensile strength and young’s modulus features up to 90 MPa and 48 GPa, respectively. System based on poly (methyl methacrylate) and fullerene has resulted in high thermal degradation temperature in the range of 501-633°C with fine electrical conductivity of 1.3 Scm−1. Using combination of fullerene and graphene nanofiller (due to synergistic effects) has been found to improve the electrical conductivity considerably in the range of 1.8–2.5 Scm−1 for a polystyrene and block copolymer system. However, attaining fine fullerene nanoparticle dispersion of non-covalently reinforced matrices have been found important affecting the final nanocomposite properties. Consequently, processability and essential characteristics of non-covalently fullerene filled nanocomposites can be influenced due to nanoparticle aggregation. Hence, the physical property enhancement potential of physical linking between the non-covalently linked thermoplastics-fullerene has been portrayed in this article. Research on non-covalently interacted thermoplastic polymer/fullerene nanocomposites revealed technical potential ranging from energy/electronic devices to engineering and biomedical sectors. This review article can be a useful guide for the field researchers towards the development of advanced systems using non-covalently linked polymer/fullerene nanomaterials for future technical applications.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"176 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139842309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocomposites of thermoplastic matrices with non-covalent fullerene reinforcement—Structural diversity, physical impact and potential","authors":"Ayesha Kausar, Ishaq Ahmad","doi":"10.1177/08927057241233568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241233568","url":null,"abstract":"Fullerene has been acknowledged as a significant nanocarbon nanofiller enhancing the imperative polymer characteristics. Since, thermoplastic polymers constitute a large group of polymeric materials, fullerene has been used as reinforcement in these matrices mostly via non-covalent means. This state-of-the-art review article summarizes thermoplastic polymer nanocomposites reinforced with fullerene nano-additives without involving any covalent interactions. Accordingly, thermoplastic polymer/fullerene nanocomposites of interest have non-covalent or physical interactions in the matrix-nanofiller such as van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and aromatic stacking interactions. Number of thermoplastic polymers including polyamide, polyurethanes, and block copolymers have been non-covalently or physically reinforced with the fullerene molecules. Ensuing high performance thermoplastic polymer/fullerene nanocomposites exhibited improved microstructure, electrical, mechanical, thermal, and other physical properties. Enhancements in the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the thermoplastic/fullerene nanomaterials were found dependent upon the nanofiller contents, orientations, interfacial effects, and processing. Consequently, the polyamide/fullerene systems were found efficient to enhance the glass transition up to 260°C, in addition to optimum mechanical properties. Polyurethane/fullerene systems performed better for improved tensile strength and young’s modulus features up to 90 MPa and 48 GPa, respectively. System based on poly (methyl methacrylate) and fullerene has resulted in high thermal degradation temperature in the range of 501-633°C with fine electrical conductivity of 1.3 Scm−1. Using combination of fullerene and graphene nanofiller (due to synergistic effects) has been found to improve the electrical conductivity considerably in the range of 1.8–2.5 Scm−1 for a polystyrene and block copolymer system. However, attaining fine fullerene nanoparticle dispersion of non-covalently reinforced matrices have been found important affecting the final nanocomposite properties. Consequently, processability and essential characteristics of non-covalently fullerene filled nanocomposites can be influenced due to nanoparticle aggregation. Hence, the physical property enhancement potential of physical linking between the non-covalently linked thermoplastics-fullerene has been portrayed in this article. Research on non-covalently interacted thermoplastic polymer/fullerene nanocomposites revealed technical potential ranging from energy/electronic devices to engineering and biomedical sectors. This review article can be a useful guide for the field researchers towards the development of advanced systems using non-covalently linked polymer/fullerene nanomaterials for future technical applications.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"47 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139782592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A correlation study on piezo-embedded carbon fibre reinforced polylactic acid composite: Experimental and numerical modelling","authors":"Jerold John Britto John Peter Antony, Vasanthanathan Arunachalam, S. Krishnasamy, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, S. Siengchin","doi":"10.1177/08927057241231715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241231715","url":null,"abstract":"In this research work, a piezoelectric sensor and actuator model was designed. Carbon fibre-reinforced polylactic acid (CF/PLA) composites were fabricated using the fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique using many parameters to achieve this goal. For instance, the primary key parameters were 0.1 mm (layer height) and 25 mm/s (print head). Besides, the fabricated samples were subjected to a tensile study. Besides, MATLAB® Partial Differential Equation (PDE) tool was used to develop a finite element analysis (FEA) model for the piezoelectric actuator using the experimentally tested results. The MATLAB® was also used to examine the geometry and tip deflection. The experimental works were carried out to measure the sample’s strain using piezoelectric sensors. This approach could be used to establish the accuracy of the model. The CF/PLA composites were fabricated using 20 wt.% of reinforcements. The experimental results and finite element simulation were good agreement on results. Results reported that the deflections of 6.5765 mm, 5.197 mm, and 7.6328 mm, respectively embedded with PZT 5J, PZT 5H, and PZT 5A.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"17 1-2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139847807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A correlation study on piezo-embedded carbon fibre reinforced polylactic acid composite: Experimental and numerical modelling","authors":"Jerold John Britto John Peter Antony, Vasanthanathan Arunachalam, S. Krishnasamy, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, S. Siengchin","doi":"10.1177/08927057241231715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241231715","url":null,"abstract":"In this research work, a piezoelectric sensor and actuator model was designed. Carbon fibre-reinforced polylactic acid (CF/PLA) composites were fabricated using the fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique using many parameters to achieve this goal. For instance, the primary key parameters were 0.1 mm (layer height) and 25 mm/s (print head). Besides, the fabricated samples were subjected to a tensile study. Besides, MATLAB® Partial Differential Equation (PDE) tool was used to develop a finite element analysis (FEA) model for the piezoelectric actuator using the experimentally tested results. The MATLAB® was also used to examine the geometry and tip deflection. The experimental works were carried out to measure the sample’s strain using piezoelectric sensors. This approach could be used to establish the accuracy of the model. The CF/PLA composites were fabricated using 20 wt.% of reinforcements. The experimental results and finite element simulation were good agreement on results. Results reported that the deflections of 6.5765 mm, 5.197 mm, and 7.6328 mm, respectively embedded with PZT 5J, PZT 5H, and PZT 5A.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139787726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}