Pub Date : 2024-02-05DOI: 10.1177/08927057241231734
Minhaz Husain, Rupinder Singh, B. S. Pabla
Some studies have outlined the use of 3D-printed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite-based solid intramedullary (IM) pins with tunable mechanical (tensile, compressive, flexural, and torsional) properties for orthopedic applications. But hitherto little has been reported on the effect of meta-structure induced in 3D-printed IM pins for canines from the mechanical properties’ viewpoint. This study highlights the design, fabrication, and testing to mimic actual loading conditions in the canine femur bone on novel IM pin with meta-structure employed in different length zones (30%, 40%, and 50% of total gauge length) prepared by fused filament fabrication (FFF) of PVDF composite. The IM pin (of length 150 mm) has square threads (pitch 2 mm) at the distal end (ɸ7 mm, up to 60 mm in length), and V threads (pitch 1.5 mm) at the proximal end (ɸ6 mm, up to 30 mm in length). The IM pin was fabricated at the best setting (of the FFF process) suggested by the multifactor optimization (at nozzle temperature (Nt) 235°C, printing speed (Ps) 60 mm/s, and raster angle (RA) 45°). The result suggests that for the solid IM pins prepared at the optimized settings the observed elongation, peak load (PL), and break load (BL) during tensile and compressive loading were 4.83 mm, 968.40 N, 958.20 N, and 14.19 mm, 412.80 N, 371.52 N respectively. Whereas for 50% meta-structure the observed elongation, PL, and BL during tensile and compressive loading were 14.49 mm, 405.49 N, 90.20 N, and 13.23 mm, 243.20 N, 218.88 N respectively. For both tensile and compression loading (in this case study), better elongation was noticed for the FFF-based IM pin with 50% meta-structure and hence recommended for implantation in the canine femur bone. The results are also supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) based surface characteristics of the fracture sites.
{"title":"Effect of meta-structure on mechanical properties of polyvinylidene fluoride composite-based 3D printed intramedullary pins","authors":"Minhaz Husain, Rupinder Singh, B. S. Pabla","doi":"10.1177/08927057241231734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241231734","url":null,"abstract":"Some studies have outlined the use of 3D-printed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite-based solid intramedullary (IM) pins with tunable mechanical (tensile, compressive, flexural, and torsional) properties for orthopedic applications. But hitherto little has been reported on the effect of meta-structure induced in 3D-printed IM pins for canines from the mechanical properties’ viewpoint. This study highlights the design, fabrication, and testing to mimic actual loading conditions in the canine femur bone on novel IM pin with meta-structure employed in different length zones (30%, 40%, and 50% of total gauge length) prepared by fused filament fabrication (FFF) of PVDF composite. The IM pin (of length 150 mm) has square threads (pitch 2 mm) at the distal end (ɸ7 mm, up to 60 mm in length), and V threads (pitch 1.5 mm) at the proximal end (ɸ6 mm, up to 30 mm in length). The IM pin was fabricated at the best setting (of the FFF process) suggested by the multifactor optimization (at nozzle temperature (Nt) 235°C, printing speed (Ps) 60 mm/s, and raster angle (RA) 45°). The result suggests that for the solid IM pins prepared at the optimized settings the observed elongation, peak load (PL), and break load (BL) during tensile and compressive loading were 4.83 mm, 968.40 N, 958.20 N, and 14.19 mm, 412.80 N, 371.52 N respectively. Whereas for 50% meta-structure the observed elongation, PL, and BL during tensile and compressive loading were 14.49 mm, 405.49 N, 90.20 N, and 13.23 mm, 243.20 N, 218.88 N respectively. For both tensile and compression loading (in this case study), better elongation was noticed for the FFF-based IM pin with 50% meta-structure and hence recommended for implantation in the canine femur bone. The results are also supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) based surface characteristics of the fracture sites.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"12 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139802811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-05DOI: 10.1177/08927057241231734
Minhaz Husain, Rupinder Singh, B. S. Pabla
Some studies have outlined the use of 3D-printed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite-based solid intramedullary (IM) pins with tunable mechanical (tensile, compressive, flexural, and torsional) properties for orthopedic applications. But hitherto little has been reported on the effect of meta-structure induced in 3D-printed IM pins for canines from the mechanical properties’ viewpoint. This study highlights the design, fabrication, and testing to mimic actual loading conditions in the canine femur bone on novel IM pin with meta-structure employed in different length zones (30%, 40%, and 50% of total gauge length) prepared by fused filament fabrication (FFF) of PVDF composite. The IM pin (of length 150 mm) has square threads (pitch 2 mm) at the distal end (ɸ7 mm, up to 60 mm in length), and V threads (pitch 1.5 mm) at the proximal end (ɸ6 mm, up to 30 mm in length). The IM pin was fabricated at the best setting (of the FFF process) suggested by the multifactor optimization (at nozzle temperature (Nt) 235°C, printing speed (Ps) 60 mm/s, and raster angle (RA) 45°). The result suggests that for the solid IM pins prepared at the optimized settings the observed elongation, peak load (PL), and break load (BL) during tensile and compressive loading were 4.83 mm, 968.40 N, 958.20 N, and 14.19 mm, 412.80 N, 371.52 N respectively. Whereas for 50% meta-structure the observed elongation, PL, and BL during tensile and compressive loading were 14.49 mm, 405.49 N, 90.20 N, and 13.23 mm, 243.20 N, 218.88 N respectively. For both tensile and compression loading (in this case study), better elongation was noticed for the FFF-based IM pin with 50% meta-structure and hence recommended for implantation in the canine femur bone. The results are also supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) based surface characteristics of the fracture sites.
{"title":"Effect of meta-structure on mechanical properties of polyvinylidene fluoride composite-based 3D printed intramedullary pins","authors":"Minhaz Husain, Rupinder Singh, B. S. Pabla","doi":"10.1177/08927057241231734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241231734","url":null,"abstract":"Some studies have outlined the use of 3D-printed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite-based solid intramedullary (IM) pins with tunable mechanical (tensile, compressive, flexural, and torsional) properties for orthopedic applications. But hitherto little has been reported on the effect of meta-structure induced in 3D-printed IM pins for canines from the mechanical properties’ viewpoint. This study highlights the design, fabrication, and testing to mimic actual loading conditions in the canine femur bone on novel IM pin with meta-structure employed in different length zones (30%, 40%, and 50% of total gauge length) prepared by fused filament fabrication (FFF) of PVDF composite. The IM pin (of length 150 mm) has square threads (pitch 2 mm) at the distal end (ɸ7 mm, up to 60 mm in length), and V threads (pitch 1.5 mm) at the proximal end (ɸ6 mm, up to 30 mm in length). The IM pin was fabricated at the best setting (of the FFF process) suggested by the multifactor optimization (at nozzle temperature (Nt) 235°C, printing speed (Ps) 60 mm/s, and raster angle (RA) 45°). The result suggests that for the solid IM pins prepared at the optimized settings the observed elongation, peak load (PL), and break load (BL) during tensile and compressive loading were 4.83 mm, 968.40 N, 958.20 N, and 14.19 mm, 412.80 N, 371.52 N respectively. Whereas for 50% meta-structure the observed elongation, PL, and BL during tensile and compressive loading were 14.49 mm, 405.49 N, 90.20 N, and 13.23 mm, 243.20 N, 218.88 N respectively. For both tensile and compression loading (in this case study), better elongation was noticed for the FFF-based IM pin with 50% meta-structure and hence recommended for implantation in the canine femur bone. The results are also supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) based surface characteristics of the fracture sites.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"185 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139862718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-02DOI: 10.1177/08927057241230481
Alaeddin Burak Irez
In the automotive industry, short glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastics are widely used under the hood and subjected to dynamic vibrations of the engine in multiple directions resulting in fatigue failure. Under fatigue loading, a significant portion of the strain energy is stored within the material, while the remaining portion is lost due to internal frictions and the damage occurrence. Internal friction results in heat generation, which in turn causes an increase in external temperature. This increase in temperature leads to thermal degradation of the polymer. Investigations on the cause of the stiffness drop are not widely available in the literature. Therefore, this study explores the source of the stiffness drop under biaxial fatigue loading of a polyamide 6,6 reinforced with 30 wt. % short glass fibers (PA66GF30) and distinguishes the contributions of thermal degradation and damage accumulation. The thermal evolution of the specimens was captured by means of thermography. In addition, the digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to measure the in situ strain field during the fatigue. Despite the temperature stabilization being observed around the 10,000th cycle, the reduction in the stiffness continued until failure which was attributed to the mechanical damage accumulation and cyclic creep during the fatigue tests. Dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) were carried out to quantify the stiffness drop with the varying temperature. From the results, it is seen that the damage accumulation and cyclic creep during the fatigue tests were responsible for the major part of the stiffness drop. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) inspection of the fracture surface was performed to identify fatigue damage mechanisms. Four unique features associated with the fatigue damage were identified: (1) debonding of fibers from the matrix, (2) polymer matrix crazing, and (3) cavitation and porosities, (4) pull out fiber ends and break on the fiber.
{"title":"Biaxial fatigue failure of short glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6,6: An in-depth investigation of stiffness drop and microstructural evolution","authors":"Alaeddin Burak Irez","doi":"10.1177/08927057241230481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241230481","url":null,"abstract":"In the automotive industry, short glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastics are widely used under the hood and subjected to dynamic vibrations of the engine in multiple directions resulting in fatigue failure. Under fatigue loading, a significant portion of the strain energy is stored within the material, while the remaining portion is lost due to internal frictions and the damage occurrence. Internal friction results in heat generation, which in turn causes an increase in external temperature. This increase in temperature leads to thermal degradation of the polymer. Investigations on the cause of the stiffness drop are not widely available in the literature. Therefore, this study explores the source of the stiffness drop under biaxial fatigue loading of a polyamide 6,6 reinforced with 30 wt. % short glass fibers (PA66GF30) and distinguishes the contributions of thermal degradation and damage accumulation. The thermal evolution of the specimens was captured by means of thermography. In addition, the digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to measure the in situ strain field during the fatigue. Despite the temperature stabilization being observed around the 10,000th cycle, the reduction in the stiffness continued until failure which was attributed to the mechanical damage accumulation and cyclic creep during the fatigue tests. Dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) were carried out to quantify the stiffness drop with the varying temperature. From the results, it is seen that the damage accumulation and cyclic creep during the fatigue tests were responsible for the major part of the stiffness drop. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) inspection of the fracture surface was performed to identify fatigue damage mechanisms. Four unique features associated with the fatigue damage were identified: (1) debonding of fibers from the matrix, (2) polymer matrix crazing, and (3) cavitation and porosities, (4) pull out fiber ends and break on the fiber.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139808798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-02DOI: 10.1177/08927057241230481
Alaeddin Burak Irez
In the automotive industry, short glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastics are widely used under the hood and subjected to dynamic vibrations of the engine in multiple directions resulting in fatigue failure. Under fatigue loading, a significant portion of the strain energy is stored within the material, while the remaining portion is lost due to internal frictions and the damage occurrence. Internal friction results in heat generation, which in turn causes an increase in external temperature. This increase in temperature leads to thermal degradation of the polymer. Investigations on the cause of the stiffness drop are not widely available in the literature. Therefore, this study explores the source of the stiffness drop under biaxial fatigue loading of a polyamide 6,6 reinforced with 30 wt. % short glass fibers (PA66GF30) and distinguishes the contributions of thermal degradation and damage accumulation. The thermal evolution of the specimens was captured by means of thermography. In addition, the digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to measure the in situ strain field during the fatigue. Despite the temperature stabilization being observed around the 10,000th cycle, the reduction in the stiffness continued until failure which was attributed to the mechanical damage accumulation and cyclic creep during the fatigue tests. Dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) were carried out to quantify the stiffness drop with the varying temperature. From the results, it is seen that the damage accumulation and cyclic creep during the fatigue tests were responsible for the major part of the stiffness drop. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) inspection of the fracture surface was performed to identify fatigue damage mechanisms. Four unique features associated with the fatigue damage were identified: (1) debonding of fibers from the matrix, (2) polymer matrix crazing, and (3) cavitation and porosities, (4) pull out fiber ends and break on the fiber.
{"title":"Biaxial fatigue failure of short glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6,6: An in-depth investigation of stiffness drop and microstructural evolution","authors":"Alaeddin Burak Irez","doi":"10.1177/08927057241230481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241230481","url":null,"abstract":"In the automotive industry, short glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastics are widely used under the hood and subjected to dynamic vibrations of the engine in multiple directions resulting in fatigue failure. Under fatigue loading, a significant portion of the strain energy is stored within the material, while the remaining portion is lost due to internal frictions and the damage occurrence. Internal friction results in heat generation, which in turn causes an increase in external temperature. This increase in temperature leads to thermal degradation of the polymer. Investigations on the cause of the stiffness drop are not widely available in the literature. Therefore, this study explores the source of the stiffness drop under biaxial fatigue loading of a polyamide 6,6 reinforced with 30 wt. % short glass fibers (PA66GF30) and distinguishes the contributions of thermal degradation and damage accumulation. The thermal evolution of the specimens was captured by means of thermography. In addition, the digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to measure the in situ strain field during the fatigue. Despite the temperature stabilization being observed around the 10,000th cycle, the reduction in the stiffness continued until failure which was attributed to the mechanical damage accumulation and cyclic creep during the fatigue tests. Dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) were carried out to quantify the stiffness drop with the varying temperature. From the results, it is seen that the damage accumulation and cyclic creep during the fatigue tests were responsible for the major part of the stiffness drop. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) inspection of the fracture surface was performed to identify fatigue damage mechanisms. Four unique features associated with the fatigue damage were identified: (1) debonding of fibers from the matrix, (2) polymer matrix crazing, and (3) cavitation and porosities, (4) pull out fiber ends and break on the fiber.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"42 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139868577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.1177/08927057231225192
Paşa Yaman, S. Karabeyoglu, Aytaç Moralar
Ulexite and colemanite filled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene parts are manufactured by injection molding method. Tensile and wear tests are applied to reveal specific properties of composite parts. Various characterization methods are used to confirm the filler-matrix interactions, polymer melt flow, friction mechanisms, and fracture modes. This study investigated the use of ulexite and colemanite as fillers in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene composite parts, focusing on their impact on mechanical and frictional properties. Results showed that the addition of ulexite and colemanite fillers significantly improved mechanical properties such as compared to pure ABS, however ulexite filler showed much better performance compared to colemanite. In terms of wear test, ulexite filled ABS specimen showed a smooth wear while pure and colemanite filled ABS provided severe wear characteristics. These findings have implications for the development of high-performance composite materials for use in industries such as automotive and aerospace.
{"title":"Investigation of mechanical and frictional properties of ulexite and colemanite filled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer composites for industrial use","authors":"Paşa Yaman, S. Karabeyoglu, Aytaç Moralar","doi":"10.1177/08927057231225192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057231225192","url":null,"abstract":"Ulexite and colemanite filled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene parts are manufactured by injection molding method. Tensile and wear tests are applied to reveal specific properties of composite parts. Various characterization methods are used to confirm the filler-matrix interactions, polymer melt flow, friction mechanisms, and fracture modes. This study investigated the use of ulexite and colemanite as fillers in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene composite parts, focusing on their impact on mechanical and frictional properties. Results showed that the addition of ulexite and colemanite fillers significantly improved mechanical properties such as compared to pure ABS, however ulexite filler showed much better performance compared to colemanite. In terms of wear test, ulexite filled ABS specimen showed a smooth wear while pure and colemanite filled ABS provided severe wear characteristics. These findings have implications for the development of high-performance composite materials for use in industries such as automotive and aerospace.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"334 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139149091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-26DOI: 10.1177/08927057231222843
Minhaz Husain, Rupinder Singh, B. Pabla
In the past decade, a lot of work has been reported on the use of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based thermoplastic composites as energy storage devices, and implant materials. But hitherto little has been reported on the dimensional stability and surface characteristics of 3D-printed PVDF composites after autoclaving for implant applications. In this study, the effect of autoclaving on surface characteristics (Shore-D hardness, surface roughness (Ra), morphological characteristics), and dimensional stability of 3D printed PVDF-hydroxyapatite (HAp)- chitosan (CS) composite has been reported for implant applications. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio approach was used to ascertain the best setting of process parameters for 3D printing by fused filament fabrication (FFF) process. This study suggests that the best setting for the FFF process, for the 3D printing of PVDF composite (90%PVDF-8%HAp-2%CS) are the nozzle temperature (NT) of 225°C, raster angle (RA) 0°, and printing speed (PS) 40 mm/s, resulting in Shore-D hardness 48.5 HD (before autoclaving) and 55.0 HD (after autoclaving), dimensional deviation 0.01 mm (after autoclaving). The results are supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis.
{"title":"Effect of autoclaving on the dimensional stability and surface characteristics of 3D printed PVDF composite-based implants","authors":"Minhaz Husain, Rupinder Singh, B. Pabla","doi":"10.1177/08927057231222843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057231222843","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decade, a lot of work has been reported on the use of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based thermoplastic composites as energy storage devices, and implant materials. But hitherto little has been reported on the dimensional stability and surface characteristics of 3D-printed PVDF composites after autoclaving for implant applications. In this study, the effect of autoclaving on surface characteristics (Shore-D hardness, surface roughness (Ra), morphological characteristics), and dimensional stability of 3D printed PVDF-hydroxyapatite (HAp)- chitosan (CS) composite has been reported for implant applications. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio approach was used to ascertain the best setting of process parameters for 3D printing by fused filament fabrication (FFF) process. This study suggests that the best setting for the FFF process, for the 3D printing of PVDF composite (90%PVDF-8%HAp-2%CS) are the nozzle temperature (NT) of 225°C, raster angle (RA) 0°, and printing speed (PS) 40 mm/s, resulting in Shore-D hardness 48.5 HD (before autoclaving) and 55.0 HD (after autoclaving), dimensional deviation 0.01 mm (after autoclaving). The results are supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"82 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139155767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTP) have been increasingly used in aerospace and rail transport in recent years because of their high strength and light weight. In this paper, the effects of nozzle temperature, printing speed, substrate temperature and layer thickness on the tensile properties and macro/microscopic damage modes of CAF/PA12 printed specimens was systematically investigated. The fiber volume fraction(FVF) of CAF/PA12 filaments was 25.62%. The maximum average tensile strength and tensile modulus of CAF/PA12 printed specimens reached 572.60 MPa and 18.49 GPa, respectively. The results of the cross-sectional analysis indicated that filament toothed fractures and transverse cracks were the main macroscopic failure modes of CAF/PA12 composites. In SEM images, the main microscopic failure modes of CAF/PA12 composite are fiber fracture, fiber pull-out pores and unimpregnated fibers.
{"title":"Effect of process parameters on tensile properties of 3D printed continuous aramid fiber reinforced nylon 12 composites","authors":"X. Jiang, Zhongde Shan, Yong Zang, Feng Liu, Xiaochuang Wu, Ailing Zou","doi":"10.1177/08927057231223925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057231223925","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTP) have been increasingly used in aerospace and rail transport in recent years because of their high strength and light weight. In this paper, the effects of nozzle temperature, printing speed, substrate temperature and layer thickness on the tensile properties and macro/microscopic damage modes of CAF/PA12 printed specimens was systematically investigated. The fiber volume fraction(FVF) of CAF/PA12 filaments was 25.62%. The maximum average tensile strength and tensile modulus of CAF/PA12 printed specimens reached 572.60 MPa and 18.49 GPa, respectively. The results of the cross-sectional analysis indicated that filament toothed fractures and transverse cracks were the main macroscopic failure modes of CAF/PA12 composites. In SEM images, the main microscopic failure modes of CAF/PA12 composite are fiber fracture, fiber pull-out pores and unimpregnated fibers.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"66 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139164170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.1177/08927057231223471
Quentin C. P. Bourgogne
This paper presents a numerical study of the influence of geometry and orientation of fibres on the mechanical behaviour of a hemp fibre reinforced polypropylene, obtained with injection. Tensile tests and multiplexing mode Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were carried out in order to determine the mechanical behaviour of the neat and reinforced material. A numerical homogenization was then performed with the elastic hemp fibres for aligned and random orientation as well as a reconstructed microstructure obtained with injection simulation to correlate with tensile tests. The simulations were performed for sphero-cylinder and curved fibres and the results were compared to FFT results obtained directly on micro-tomography images as well as experimental data. The results showed that the complex geometry of the fibres can be approximated with a random 3D orientation of sphero-cylinder shaped fibres, a reasonable hypothesis leading to a simplification of the problem and an easier process of design of parts made with such materials.
{"title":"Influence of fibre curvature and orientation on the mechanical properties of injected irregular short hemp fibres reinforced polypropylene","authors":"Quentin C. P. Bourgogne","doi":"10.1177/08927057231223471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057231223471","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a numerical study of the influence of geometry and orientation of fibres on the mechanical behaviour of a hemp fibre reinforced polypropylene, obtained with injection. Tensile tests and multiplexing mode Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were carried out in order to determine the mechanical behaviour of the neat and reinforced material. A numerical homogenization was then performed with the elastic hemp fibres for aligned and random orientation as well as a reconstructed microstructure obtained with injection simulation to correlate with tensile tests. The simulations were performed for sphero-cylinder and curved fibres and the results were compared to FFT results obtained directly on micro-tomography images as well as experimental data. The results showed that the complex geometry of the fibres can be approximated with a random 3D orientation of sphero-cylinder shaped fibres, a reasonable hypothesis leading to a simplification of the problem and an easier process of design of parts made with such materials.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"34 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139175378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.1177/08927057231216739
Nguyen Van Thinh, H. Tung
An analytical investigation on the buckling and postbuckling behavior of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite beams integrated with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers under uniform temperature rise is presented in this paper. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are reinforced into isotropic matrix through uniform distribution and functionally graded distributions. The properties of material constituents are assumed to be temperature-dependent and effective properties of CNT-reinforced composite are estimated using an extended rule of mixture. Equilibrium equations of the beams are established based on Euler-Bernoulli theory including von Kármán nonlinearity and solved using analytical solutions and Galerkin method. Critical temperatures and postbuckling load-deflection paths are determined using an iteration algorithm. Parametric studies are performed to examine the influences of CNT distribution and volume fraction, applied voltage, in-plane and out-of-plane conditions of the ends, slenderness, and thickness ratio of layers on the critical loads and postbuckling load carrying capacity of beams. Results reveal that CNT volume fraction and degree of in-plane ends constraint have slight and significant influences on the critical temperatures and thermal postbuckling paths, respectively. The study also finds that negative and positive voltages increase and decrease the thermal buckling temperatures of piezoelectric CNT-reinforced composite beams.
{"title":"Thermo-electrical postbuckling behavior of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composite beams with piezoelectric layers and tangentially restrained ends","authors":"Nguyen Van Thinh, H. Tung","doi":"10.1177/08927057231216739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057231216739","url":null,"abstract":"An analytical investigation on the buckling and postbuckling behavior of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite beams integrated with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers under uniform temperature rise is presented in this paper. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are reinforced into isotropic matrix through uniform distribution and functionally graded distributions. The properties of material constituents are assumed to be temperature-dependent and effective properties of CNT-reinforced composite are estimated using an extended rule of mixture. Equilibrium equations of the beams are established based on Euler-Bernoulli theory including von Kármán nonlinearity and solved using analytical solutions and Galerkin method. Critical temperatures and postbuckling load-deflection paths are determined using an iteration algorithm. Parametric studies are performed to examine the influences of CNT distribution and volume fraction, applied voltage, in-plane and out-of-plane conditions of the ends, slenderness, and thickness ratio of layers on the critical loads and postbuckling load carrying capacity of beams. Results reveal that CNT volume fraction and degree of in-plane ends constraint have slight and significant influences on the critical temperatures and thermal postbuckling paths, respectively. The study also finds that negative and positive voltages increase and decrease the thermal buckling temperatures of piezoelectric CNT-reinforced composite beams.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139233475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-26DOI: 10.1177/08927057231217239
Tanmoy Rath, A. Seikh, Hany S. Abdo, Nilkamal Pramanik
This paper proposes a new approach for improving the compatibility of liquid crystalline polymers with engineering thermoplastics. To improve compatibility and mechanical performance of poly (phenylene oxide) (PPO)/liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) A950 blends, a third component compatibilizer is incorporated into the processing step. In this work, epoxy containing acrylate rubber (ACM) is used for the compatibilization of PPO/LCPA950 blends through the chemical reaction of epoxy functional groups of the acrylate rubber with terminated carboxylic acids or hydroxyl end groups of the two phases. The compatibilization effect on the properties of PPO/LCPA950 blends is investigated by adjusting the amount of acrylate rubber. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and melt-rheological analysis were used to study the compatibilization mechanism of acrylate rubber, and the results demonstrate that acrylate rubber is capable of reacting with PPO/LCPA950 to form a chemical bonding interface. The electron microscopic images revealed a well-compatibilized microstructure of PPO/LCPA950 blends in presence of acrylate rubber with submicron-sized liquid crystalline polymer domains in the continuous poly (phenylene oxide) matrix phase, which could not be detected for immiscible PPO/LCPA950 blend. The dynamic mechanical analysis shows that PPO/LCPA950 blend with acrylate rubber exhibit greater elastic storage moduli. It was observed that blends of PPO/LCPA950 compatible with acrylate rubber showed significant increases in tensile strength as well as notched impact strength. These blends can be used in automotive industry.
{"title":"Improvement of compatibility, thermal stability and mechanical properties of poly (phenylene oxide) (PPO) and liquid crystalline polymer (LCPA950) blends with epoxy containing acrylate rubber (ACM) as a compatibilizer","authors":"Tanmoy Rath, A. Seikh, Hany S. Abdo, Nilkamal Pramanik","doi":"10.1177/08927057231217239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057231217239","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new approach for improving the compatibility of liquid crystalline polymers with engineering thermoplastics. To improve compatibility and mechanical performance of poly (phenylene oxide) (PPO)/liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) A950 blends, a third component compatibilizer is incorporated into the processing step. In this work, epoxy containing acrylate rubber (ACM) is used for the compatibilization of PPO/LCPA950 blends through the chemical reaction of epoxy functional groups of the acrylate rubber with terminated carboxylic acids or hydroxyl end groups of the two phases. The compatibilization effect on the properties of PPO/LCPA950 blends is investigated by adjusting the amount of acrylate rubber. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and melt-rheological analysis were used to study the compatibilization mechanism of acrylate rubber, and the results demonstrate that acrylate rubber is capable of reacting with PPO/LCPA950 to form a chemical bonding interface. The electron microscopic images revealed a well-compatibilized microstructure of PPO/LCPA950 blends in presence of acrylate rubber with submicron-sized liquid crystalline polymer domains in the continuous poly (phenylene oxide) matrix phase, which could not be detected for immiscible PPO/LCPA950 blend. The dynamic mechanical analysis shows that PPO/LCPA950 blend with acrylate rubber exhibit greater elastic storage moduli. It was observed that blends of PPO/LCPA950 compatible with acrylate rubber showed significant increases in tensile strength as well as notched impact strength. These blends can be used in automotive industry.","PeriodicalId":508178,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139235038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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