Rice is one of the most important staple foods globally, sustaining over half of the world’s population. However, the sustainability of grain production is increasingly threatened by heat stress, which is intensified by global climate change. Heat stress, characterized by temperatures exceeding crop-specific optimal growth thresholds, significantly impacts the rice yield and quality, particularly during critical reproductive stages. This review synthesizes current research on strategies to mitigate heat stress in rice through genetic and agronomic approaches. It highlights the implementation of advanced genetic tools such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) to accelerate the breeding of heat-tolerant rice varieties. Additionally, it discusses sustainable agronomic practices, including adjusting planting dates, optimizing water management, and crop rotation, which enhance resilience to heat stress. The objective of this review is to bridge the gap between research findings and practical agricultural applications, providing a comprehensive resource that guides future research directions and informs policy interventions. This review emphasizes the importance of integrating genetic innovations with traditional and modern farming practices to develop rice varieties that can withstand the adverse effects of heat stress, ensuring food security and agricultural sustainability in the face of climatic challenges.
{"title":"Strategic Advancements in Rice Cultivation: Combating Heat Stress through Genetic Innovation and Sustainable Practices—A Review","authors":"Pretty Mthiyane, Murat Aycan, Toshiaki Mitsui","doi":"10.3390/stresses4030030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4030030","url":null,"abstract":"Rice is one of the most important staple foods globally, sustaining over half of the world’s population. However, the sustainability of grain production is increasingly threatened by heat stress, which is intensified by global climate change. Heat stress, characterized by temperatures exceeding crop-specific optimal growth thresholds, significantly impacts the rice yield and quality, particularly during critical reproductive stages. This review synthesizes current research on strategies to mitigate heat stress in rice through genetic and agronomic approaches. It highlights the implementation of advanced genetic tools such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) to accelerate the breeding of heat-tolerant rice varieties. Additionally, it discusses sustainable agronomic practices, including adjusting planting dates, optimizing water management, and crop rotation, which enhance resilience to heat stress. The objective of this review is to bridge the gap between research findings and practical agricultural applications, providing a comprehensive resource that guides future research directions and informs policy interventions. This review emphasizes the importance of integrating genetic innovations with traditional and modern farming practices to develop rice varieties that can withstand the adverse effects of heat stress, ensuring food security and agricultural sustainability in the face of climatic challenges.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"37 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141804274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Satarug, D. Vesey, Supabhorn Yimthiang, Tanaporn Khamphaya, P. Pouyfung, A. B. Đorđević
Chronic exposure to the nephrotoxic metal pollutant, cadmium (Cd), has been associated with hypertension, but the mechanism by which it raises blood pressure is not understood. We hypothesize that exposure to Cd reduces the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which in turn causes a rise in blood pressure. Data were collected from 447 Thai subjects with a mean age of 51.1 years, of which 48.8% had hypertension, 15.4% had diabetes, and 6.9% had an estimated GFR (eGFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (low eGFR). More than half (58.8%) and 23.9% had moderate and severe tubular proteinuria, respectively. The mean blood and urinary Cd concentrations were 2.75 and 4.23 µg/L, respectively. Doubling of body burden of Cd increased the prevalence odds ratios (POR) for low eGFR and severe tubular proteinuria 41% and 48%, respectively. The POR for hypertension rose twofold in those with blood Cd levels of 0.61–1.69 µg/L or urinary Cd excretion levels ≥ 0.98 µg/g creatinine. In the hypertensive group, the eGFR was inversely associated with age (β = −0.517), the Cd excretion rate (β = −0.177), and diabetes (β = −0.175). By mediation analysis, an increase in SBP was attributable totally to the effect of Cd on GFR. Thus, blood pressure appeared to rise as GFR fell. This finding is consistent with the well-known role of the kidney in long-term blood pressure regulation, and explains a universally high prevalence of hypertension among patients with low eGFR.
{"title":"Environmental Cadmium Exposure Induces an Increase in Systolic Blood Pressure by Its Effect on GFR","authors":"S. Satarug, D. Vesey, Supabhorn Yimthiang, Tanaporn Khamphaya, P. Pouyfung, A. B. Đorđević","doi":"10.3390/stresses4030029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4030029","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic exposure to the nephrotoxic metal pollutant, cadmium (Cd), has been associated with hypertension, but the mechanism by which it raises blood pressure is not understood. We hypothesize that exposure to Cd reduces the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which in turn causes a rise in blood pressure. Data were collected from 447 Thai subjects with a mean age of 51.1 years, of which 48.8% had hypertension, 15.4% had diabetes, and 6.9% had an estimated GFR (eGFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (low eGFR). More than half (58.8%) and 23.9% had moderate and severe tubular proteinuria, respectively. The mean blood and urinary Cd concentrations were 2.75 and 4.23 µg/L, respectively. Doubling of body burden of Cd increased the prevalence odds ratios (POR) for low eGFR and severe tubular proteinuria 41% and 48%, respectively. The POR for hypertension rose twofold in those with blood Cd levels of 0.61–1.69 µg/L or urinary Cd excretion levels ≥ 0.98 µg/g creatinine. In the hypertensive group, the eGFR was inversely associated with age (β = −0.517), the Cd excretion rate (β = −0.177), and diabetes (β = −0.175). By mediation analysis, an increase in SBP was attributable totally to the effect of Cd on GFR. Thus, blood pressure appeared to rise as GFR fell. This finding is consistent with the well-known role of the kidney in long-term blood pressure regulation, and explains a universally high prevalence of hypertension among patients with low eGFR.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"47 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141649002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Oliveira, R. Douradinho, P. Sica, L. Mota, A. Pinto, T. Faria, A. Baptista
In very high gravity (VHG) fermentation, yeast cells are subjected to a multitude of challenging conditions, including the osmotic pressure exerted by the high sugar content of the wort and the stress factors associated with the high ethanol concentrations present at the end of the fermentation cycle. The response of this biological system to abiotic stresses may be enhanced through biochemical and physiological routes. Silica may play a significant role in regulating the cellular homeostasis of yeast. Alternatively, it is expected that this outcome may be achieved through biochemical responses from the effects of vitamins on yeast cells and the physiological yeast route changing by the culture medium aeration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding 500 mg L−1 of silica on corn ethanol wort medium and the possibility of supplementing the same wort with vitamins alongside aeration (0.2 v v−1 min−1) as an alternative resource to sustain the fermentation yield rather than adding silica in a fed-batch fermentation cycle with yeast recycling. Upon completion of the five fermentation cycles, yeast samples subjected to the treatment with the addition of silica exhibited a 3.1% higher fermentation yield in comparison to the results observed in the vitamins plus aeration medium bath. Even though greater biomass production (19.1 g L−1) was observed through aerobic yeast behavior in vitaminized supplemented corn medium, the provided silica had a more beneficial effect on yeast stress relief for very high gravity fermentation in a corn hydrolyzed wort with cell recycling.
在超高比重（VHG）发酵过程中，酵母细胞要经受多种挑战性条件的考验，包括麦汁中高含糖量所产生的渗透压，以及发酵周期结束时出现的高浓度乙醇所带来的压力因素。这种生物系统对非生物压力的反应可通过生化和生理途径得到增强。二氧化硅可能在调节酵母的细胞平衡方面发挥重要作用。另外，预计这一结果可通过维生素对酵母细胞的影响所产生的生化反应以及培养基通气所改变的酵母生理途径来实现。本研究的目的是调查在玉米乙醇麦汁培养基中添加 500 mg L-1 二氧化硅的效果，以及在通气（0.2 v v-1 min-1）的同时向同一麦汁中添加维生素的可能性，以此作为维持发酵产量的替代资源，而不是在酵母循环使用的饲料批量发酵循环中添加二氧化硅。五个发酵周期结束后，与维生素加通气培养基槽中观察到的结果相比，经过添加二氧化硅处理的酵母样品的发酵产量提高了 3.1%。尽管在添加维生素的玉米培养基中，有氧酵母的行为观察到了更高的生物量产量（19.1 g L-1），但所提供的二氧化硅对玉米水解麦汁中的超高重力发酵和细胞循环中的酵母应激缓解有更有利的影响。
{"title":"Silica Wort Supplementation as an Alternative for Yeast Stress Relief on Corn Ethanol Production with Cell Recycling","authors":"M. Oliveira, R. Douradinho, P. Sica, L. Mota, A. Pinto, T. Faria, A. Baptista","doi":"10.3390/stresses4030028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4030028","url":null,"abstract":"In very high gravity (VHG) fermentation, yeast cells are subjected to a multitude of challenging conditions, including the osmotic pressure exerted by the high sugar content of the wort and the stress factors associated with the high ethanol concentrations present at the end of the fermentation cycle. The response of this biological system to abiotic stresses may be enhanced through biochemical and physiological routes. Silica may play a significant role in regulating the cellular homeostasis of yeast. Alternatively, it is expected that this outcome may be achieved through biochemical responses from the effects of vitamins on yeast cells and the physiological yeast route changing by the culture medium aeration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding 500 mg L−1 of silica on corn ethanol wort medium and the possibility of supplementing the same wort with vitamins alongside aeration (0.2 v v−1 min−1) as an alternative resource to sustain the fermentation yield rather than adding silica in a fed-batch fermentation cycle with yeast recycling. Upon completion of the five fermentation cycles, yeast samples subjected to the treatment with the addition of silica exhibited a 3.1% higher fermentation yield in comparison to the results observed in the vitamins plus aeration medium bath. Even though greater biomass production (19.1 g L−1) was observed through aerobic yeast behavior in vitaminized supplemented corn medium, the provided silica had a more beneficial effect on yeast stress relief for very high gravity fermentation in a corn hydrolyzed wort with cell recycling.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"113 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141668039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic membraneless compartments that can form in stressed cells. There is an intricate relationship between SGs and innate immune signaling pathways. A previous study reported that the innate immune signaling mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can inhibit SGs induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) in bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and the chemotherapy drug oxaliplatin in B16 melanoma cells. We wanted to test if this observation can be generalized to other cell types. First, we recapitulated the results from the previous study showing TLR signaling-mediated inhibition of SGs in BMDMs induced by ER stress. However, SGs formed in response to ER stress were either not inhibited or only very weakly inhibited by TLR4 stimulation in human lung cancer-derived A549 cells, murine immortalized mouse lung fibroblasts (iMLFs) and primary murine mouse lung fibroblasts. This correlated with a weak induction of IKK complex kinase activity by TLR4 stimulation in these cells. SGs formed by sodium arsenite treatment also remained unaffected by TLR4 signaling. Our results indicate that the innate immune signaling-mediated inhibition of SGs is cell-type-dependent, thus opening a new avenue for mechanistic studies of the crosstalk between innate immune and stress signaling pathways.
{"title":"Cell-Type-Specific Effect of Innate Immune Signaling on Stress Granules","authors":"Prem Prasad Lamichhane, Aditi, Xuping Xie, Parimal Samir","doi":"10.3390/stresses4030027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4030027","url":null,"abstract":"Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic membraneless compartments that can form in stressed cells. There is an intricate relationship between SGs and innate immune signaling pathways. A previous study reported that the innate immune signaling mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can inhibit SGs induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) in bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and the chemotherapy drug oxaliplatin in B16 melanoma cells. We wanted to test if this observation can be generalized to other cell types. First, we recapitulated the results from the previous study showing TLR signaling-mediated inhibition of SGs in BMDMs induced by ER stress. However, SGs formed in response to ER stress were either not inhibited or only very weakly inhibited by TLR4 stimulation in human lung cancer-derived A549 cells, murine immortalized mouse lung fibroblasts (iMLFs) and primary murine mouse lung fibroblasts. This correlated with a weak induction of IKK complex kinase activity by TLR4 stimulation in these cells. SGs formed by sodium arsenite treatment also remained unaffected by TLR4 signaling. Our results indicate that the innate immune signaling-mediated inhibition of SGs is cell-type-dependent, thus opening a new avenue for mechanistic studies of the crosstalk between innate immune and stress signaling pathways.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"121 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141674085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ramóna Vizi, József Kiss, György Turóczi, Nóra Dobra, Zoltán Pálinkás
White mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum de Bary) is one of the most important fungal diseases of winter oilseed rape (OSR). Since the pathogen can persist in the soil for a long time with its sclerotia, prevention and non-chemical methods (specifically biological agents) are important pillars in the integrated plant protection strategy against this pathogen. Mapping the intraspecific variability of the pathogen is an important step in the development of resistance to S. sclerotiorum. S. sclerotiorum isolates were collected from different OSR growing locations in Hungary during the 2020/21 and 2021/22 growing seasons. The morphological characteristics of sclerotia obtained from infected OSR stems were studied in the laboratory, and seedlings of four OSR hybrids were infected in vitro with isolates. The strains from four locations have different morphological characteristics. Significant differences in the level of aggressivity were also observed between strains; a correlation was also found between mycelial growth after 24 h, weight of sclerotia, and aggressivity. Among the four tested hybrids, OSR PT271 proved to be the most susceptible to most S. sclerotinia strains.
白僵菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum de Bary）是冬季油菜（OSR）最重要的真菌病害之一。由于该病原菌能以其硬孢子在土壤中长期存活，因此预防和非化学方法（特别是生物制剂）是针对该病原菌的综合植物保护战略的重要支柱。绘制病原体的种内变异图是开发 S. sclerotiorum 抗性的重要一步。在 2020/21 和 2021/22 两个生长季节，从匈牙利不同的 OSR 种植地收集了 S. sclerotiorum 分离物。在实验室中研究了从受感染的 OSR 茎中获得的硬菌的形态特征，并用分离株对四种 OSR 杂交种的幼苗进行了离体感染。来自四个地方的菌株具有不同的形态特征。此外，还观察到不同菌株的侵染性存在显著差异；24 小时后的菌丝生长、硬菌体重量和侵染性之间也存在相关性。在四个测试的杂交种中，OSR PT271 被证明对大多数 S. sclerotinia 菌株最易感。
{"title":"Do Morphological Variations in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Strains Indicate Differences in Aggressiveness?","authors":"Ramóna Vizi, József Kiss, György Turóczi, Nóra Dobra, Zoltán Pálinkás","doi":"10.3390/stresses4020024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020024","url":null,"abstract":"White mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum de Bary) is one of the most important fungal diseases of winter oilseed rape (OSR). Since the pathogen can persist in the soil for a long time with its sclerotia, prevention and non-chemical methods (specifically biological agents) are important pillars in the integrated plant protection strategy against this pathogen. Mapping the intraspecific variability of the pathogen is an important step in the development of resistance to S. sclerotiorum. S. sclerotiorum isolates were collected from different OSR growing locations in Hungary during the 2020/21 and 2021/22 growing seasons. The morphological characteristics of sclerotia obtained from infected OSR stems were studied in the laboratory, and seedlings of four OSR hybrids were infected in vitro with isolates. The strains from four locations have different morphological characteristics. Significant differences in the level of aggressivity were also observed between strains; a correlation was also found between mycelial growth after 24 h, weight of sclerotia, and aggressivity. Among the four tested hybrids, OSR PT271 proved to be the most susceptible to most S. sclerotinia strains.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141371430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georgios Maragkakis, E. Katsogiannou, G. Papakonstantinou, L. Korou, S. Chaintoutis, P. Konstantopoulos, Despoina N. Perrea, G. Christodoulopoulos, L. Athanasiou, V. Papatsiros
This study aimed to investigate the impact of intradermal (ID) and intramuscular (IM) vaccination with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-modified live vaccine (MLV) in piglets on serum copeptin levels and hematological profile. This study included 104 suckling piglets (2 weeks of age) from a commercial farrow-to-finish pig farm suffering from positive unstable PRRSV status. Animals were assigned to four groups, with two replicates (13 piglets/group/replicate); group A: IM vaccination with a PRRSV MLV vaccine, group B: ID vaccination with the same vaccine, group C: ID of Diluvac Forte, and group D: IM of Diluvac Forte. Blood samples were collected from the same three pigs/group/replicate at 4, 7, and 10 weeks of age. Blood samples were used for the performance of the complete blood count, and they were also examined by PCR for PRRSV and by ELISA for copeptin. No significant differences in serum copeptin levels and the number of blood cell counts (packed cell volume—PCV, numbers of white blood cells—WBCs, and platelets number—PLTs) were noticed in the same group over time and among groups. In conclusion, it seems that the vaccination against PRRSV does not affect the levels of the released copeptin. Based on our results, the measurement of serum copeptin could not be proposed as a potential stress biomarker in pigs.
本研究旨在探讨仔猪皮内（ID）和肌内（IM）接种猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）改良活疫苗（MLV）对血清 copeptin 水平和血液学特征的影响。本研究纳入了 104 头哺乳仔猪（2 周龄），这些仔猪来自于一家 PRRSV 阳性不稳定的商业化猪场。动物被分为四组，每组两个重复（每组/重复 13 头仔猪）；A 组：接种 PRRSV MLV 疫苗的 IM 疫苗，B 组：接种相同疫苗的 ID 疫苗，C 组：接种 Diluvac Forte 的 ID 疫苗，D 组：接种 Diluvac Forte 的 IM 疫苗：D组：Diluvac Forte IM。在 4 周龄、7 周龄和 10 周龄时，从相同的三头猪/组/重复中采集血样。血样用于进行全血细胞计数，并通过 PCR 检测 PRRSV 和 ELISA 检测桡肽素。在同一组别中，不同时间段和不同组别之间的血清 copeptin 水平和血细胞数（包装细胞体积-PCV、白细胞数-WBC 和血小板数-PLTs）均无明显差异。总之，接种 PRRSV 疫苗似乎不会影响释放的 copeptin 水平。根据我们的研究结果，血清 copeptin 的测量不能作为猪的潜在应激生物标志物。
{"title":"Exploring Serum Copeptin and Hematological Profile: A Comparative Analysis after Intradermal versus Intramuscular Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccination in Piglets","authors":"Georgios Maragkakis, E. Katsogiannou, G. Papakonstantinou, L. Korou, S. Chaintoutis, P. Konstantopoulos, Despoina N. Perrea, G. Christodoulopoulos, L. Athanasiou, V. Papatsiros","doi":"10.3390/stresses4020023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020023","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the impact of intradermal (ID) and intramuscular (IM) vaccination with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-modified live vaccine (MLV) in piglets on serum copeptin levels and hematological profile. This study included 104 suckling piglets (2 weeks of age) from a commercial farrow-to-finish pig farm suffering from positive unstable PRRSV status. Animals were assigned to four groups, with two replicates (13 piglets/group/replicate); group A: IM vaccination with a PRRSV MLV vaccine, group B: ID vaccination with the same vaccine, group C: ID of Diluvac Forte, and group D: IM of Diluvac Forte. Blood samples were collected from the same three pigs/group/replicate at 4, 7, and 10 weeks of age. Blood samples were used for the performance of the complete blood count, and they were also examined by PCR for PRRSV and by ELISA for copeptin. No significant differences in serum copeptin levels and the number of blood cell counts (packed cell volume—PCV, numbers of white blood cells—WBCs, and platelets number—PLTs) were noticed in the same group over time and among groups. In conclusion, it seems that the vaccination against PRRSV does not affect the levels of the released copeptin. Based on our results, the measurement of serum copeptin could not be proposed as a potential stress biomarker in pigs.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"53 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141383133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magnesium is a key element for plant growth and development. Plant responses to Mg deficiency were well investigated, especially in glycophytes. Such responses include a reduction in plant growth and biomass allocation between shoots and roots, photosynthates partitioning from source to sink organs, the accumulation of carbohydrates, and an induction of several Mg transporters. Some physiological and biochemical parameters are good markers of Mg deficiency stress even though they are not well investigated. In the present study, the halophyte Cakile maritima was subjected to Mg shortage, and several Mg stress indices were analyzed. Our data showed that Mg starvation affected shoot and plant length, leaf number, and plant organ growth. A significant decrease in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic activity was also recorded. Mg deficiency triggered oxidative damage as electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation were increased by Mg deficiency while the membrane stability index decreased. For a deeper understanding of the effect of Mg starvation on C. maritima, several tolerance stress indices were evaluated, demonstrating a negative impact of Mg stress on almost all those parameters. This study provided important insights on several markers of Mg deficiency stress, which were informative by themselves as unique and early signals of Mg deficiency stress in this halophyte.
镁是植物生长和发育的关键元素。植物对缺镁的反应，尤其是糖类植物的缺镁反应，已得到了深入研究。这些反应包括植物生长和生物量在芽和根之间分配的减少、光合作用从源器官向汇器官的分配、碳水化合物的积累以及几种镁转运体的诱导。一些生理和生化参数是镁缺乏胁迫的良好标记，尽管这些参数还没有得到很好的研究。在本研究中，我们对卤虫 Cakile maritima 进行了镁缺乏试验，并分析了几种镁胁迫指数。我们的数据显示，镁饥饿影响了嫩枝和植株的长度、叶片数量和植物器官的生长。叶绿素合成和光合作用活性也明显下降。缺镁会引发氧化损伤，因为缺镁会增加电解质渗漏和脂质过氧化，同时降低膜稳定性指数。为了更深入地了解镁饥饿对 C. maritima 的影响，对几种耐受胁迫指数进行了评估，结果表明镁胁迫对几乎所有这些参数都有负面影响。这项研究为镁缺乏胁迫的几个标记提供了重要见解，这些标记本身就是这种卤叶植物镁缺乏胁迫的独特早期信号。
{"title":"Insights into Key Biometric, Physiological and Biochemical Markers of Magnesium (Mg) Deficiency Stress in the Halophyte Cakile maritima","authors":"Hayet Houmani, Rabaa Hidri, N. Farhat, A. Debez","doi":"10.3390/stresses4020022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020022","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium is a key element for plant growth and development. Plant responses to Mg deficiency were well investigated, especially in glycophytes. Such responses include a reduction in plant growth and biomass allocation between shoots and roots, photosynthates partitioning from source to sink organs, the accumulation of carbohydrates, and an induction of several Mg transporters. Some physiological and biochemical parameters are good markers of Mg deficiency stress even though they are not well investigated. In the present study, the halophyte Cakile maritima was subjected to Mg shortage, and several Mg stress indices were analyzed. Our data showed that Mg starvation affected shoot and plant length, leaf number, and plant organ growth. A significant decrease in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic activity was also recorded. Mg deficiency triggered oxidative damage as electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation were increased by Mg deficiency while the membrane stability index decreased. For a deeper understanding of the effect of Mg starvation on C. maritima, several tolerance stress indices were evaluated, demonstrating a negative impact of Mg stress on almost all those parameters. This study provided important insights on several markers of Mg deficiency stress, which were informative by themselves as unique and early signals of Mg deficiency stress in this halophyte.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"32 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141106315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boran Çağatay, Fatih Yalçin, Adnan Kıraç, Nagehan Küçükler, Maria Roselle Abraham
The modern theory of stress, initially proposed by Hans Selye in 1956, signifies an important development in our understanding of this phenomenon. Selye’s The Stress of Life serves as a foundational book for subsequent scientific questions. In this article, we focus on a comprehensive look at stress and use a literature review to explain its theoretical foundations as well as its clinical equivalent. Our research focuses on the complex mechanisms of stress, with a particular emphasis on the consequences of cardiac remodeling and adaptation processes. Myocardial remodeling might be seen as a response to increased stress in acute or chronic situations. Stressed heart morphology (SHM) is a very interesting description representing basal septal hypertrophy (BSH), which is detectable in both acute emotional stress and chronic stress due to increased afterload in hypertension. Acute stress cardiomyopathy (ASC) and hypertension in the same individuals could be clinically linked. Also, in this report, we mention the geometric and functional similarity of the left ventricle (LV) septal base in both acute and chronic clinical situations. Therefore, cardiac imaging methods are crucial to assessing LV segmental aspects in ASC patients. We propose a new paradigm that ASC may develop in hypertensive patients with SHM. We document the segmental progression of microscopic LV remodeling using a third-generation microscopic ultrasound and note that BSH takes a longer time to occur morphologically than an acutely developed syndrome. However, the majority of ASC events have a predominant base, and the absence of segmental remodeling details, including BSH and cardiac decompensation with apical ballooning, on echocardiographic reports may mask the possible underlying hypertensive disease. In fact, beyond ASC cases, previously undiagnosed hypertension is very common, even in developed countries, and is associated with masked target organ damage.
{"title":"The Science Behind Stress: From Theory to Clinic, Is Basal Septal Hypertrophy the Missing Link between Hypertension and Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy?","authors":"Boran Çağatay, Fatih Yalçin, Adnan Kıraç, Nagehan Küçükler, Maria Roselle Abraham","doi":"10.3390/stresses4020021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020021","url":null,"abstract":"The modern theory of stress, initially proposed by Hans Selye in 1956, signifies an important development in our understanding of this phenomenon. Selye’s The Stress of Life serves as a foundational book for subsequent scientific questions. In this article, we focus on a comprehensive look at stress and use a literature review to explain its theoretical foundations as well as its clinical equivalent. Our research focuses on the complex mechanisms of stress, with a particular emphasis on the consequences of cardiac remodeling and adaptation processes. Myocardial remodeling might be seen as a response to increased stress in acute or chronic situations. Stressed heart morphology (SHM) is a very interesting description representing basal septal hypertrophy (BSH), which is detectable in both acute emotional stress and chronic stress due to increased afterload in hypertension. Acute stress cardiomyopathy (ASC) and hypertension in the same individuals could be clinically linked. Also, in this report, we mention the geometric and functional similarity of the left ventricle (LV) septal base in both acute and chronic clinical situations. Therefore, cardiac imaging methods are crucial to assessing LV segmental aspects in ASC patients. We propose a new paradigm that ASC may develop in hypertensive patients with SHM. We document the segmental progression of microscopic LV remodeling using a third-generation microscopic ultrasound and note that BSH takes a longer time to occur morphologically than an acutely developed syndrome. However, the majority of ASC events have a predominant base, and the absence of segmental remodeling details, including BSH and cardiac decompensation with apical ballooning, on echocardiographic reports may mask the possible underlying hypertensive disease. In fact, beyond ASC cases, previously undiagnosed hypertension is very common, even in developed countries, and is associated with masked target organ damage.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140972830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rafael Marzall Amaral, Lesly Astrid Calva Sarango, C. E. R. Reis, Tulio Otávio Jardim D’almeida Lins, Ericka Beatriz Schultz, Daniel Carballo Guerrero
Periods with high precipitation and temporary waterlogging in the humid tropics are challenging to the production and survival of some grasses of the genus Urochloa. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of five types of grass belonging to the genus Urochloa under waterlogging conditions through productive and morphological traits. The grasses [U. arrecta (Tanner), U. arrecta x U. mutica (Brachipará), U. brizantha cv. Marandú, U. hybrid cv. Cayman and U. humidicola cv. Llanero] were planted in pots and kept under field capacity for 33 days; then, half of them were submitted to (i) field capacity (33% humidity retention) and the other half were submitted to (ii) waterlogging conditions (2 cm of water above soil level) for 28 days. In this study, Tanner and Brachipará grasses showed higher dry shoot mass under waterlogging conditions, which were followed by Llanero, Cayman, and Marandú, respectively. Llanero, Tanner, and Brachipará presented higher waterlogging tolerance coefficients, 78.7, 76.5, and 64.5, respectively, being less affected than Cayman and Marandú (41.0 and 23.1, respectively). Brachipará, Tanner, and Cayman presented a higher root volume under waterlogging conditions, while Marandú root volume decreased by 88.77%. The Tanner, Brachipará, and Llanero genotypes were more tolerant to poorly drained or waterlogged soils than Cayman and Marandú genotypes.
潮湿热带地区的高降水量期和暂时性涝害对乌洛藻属的一些禾本科植物的生产和生存构成了挑战。本研究旨在通过产量和形态特征评估五种禾本科筇竹属植物在水涝条件下的耐受性。这些草[U. arrecta (Tanner), U. arrecta x U. mutica (Brachipará), U. brizantha cv. Marandú, U. hybrid cv. Cayman 和 U. humidloa]在水涝条件下的耐受性。Cayman 和 U. humidicola cv. Llanero]种植在花盆中，并在田间条件下保持 33 天；然后将其中一半置于（i）田间条件下（湿度保持 33%），另一半置于（ii）水涝条件下（水位高于土壤 2 厘米），持续 28 天。在这项研究中，坦纳草和布拉奇帕拉草在积水条件下表现出较高的干芽质量，其次分别是拉内罗草、开曼草和马兰杜草。Llanero、Tanner 和 Brachipará 的耐涝系数分别为 78.7、76.5 和 64.5，高于 Cayman 和 Marandú（分别为 41.0 和 23.1）。在水涝条件下，Brachipará、Tanner 和 Cayman 的根系体积较大，而 Marandú 的根系体积减少了 88.77%。与开曼和马兰杜基因型相比，坦纳、布拉克帕拉和拉内罗基因型更耐受排水不良或积水的土壤。
{"title":"Comparison of the Waterlogging Tolerance and Morphological Responses of Five Urochloa spp. Grasses","authors":"Rafael Marzall Amaral, Lesly Astrid Calva Sarango, C. E. R. Reis, Tulio Otávio Jardim D’almeida Lins, Ericka Beatriz Schultz, Daniel Carballo Guerrero","doi":"10.3390/stresses4020020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020020","url":null,"abstract":"Periods with high precipitation and temporary waterlogging in the humid tropics are challenging to the production and survival of some grasses of the genus Urochloa. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of five types of grass belonging to the genus Urochloa under waterlogging conditions through productive and morphological traits. The grasses [U. arrecta (Tanner), U. arrecta x U. mutica (Brachipará), U. brizantha cv. Marandú, U. hybrid cv. Cayman and U. humidicola cv. Llanero] were planted in pots and kept under field capacity for 33 days; then, half of them were submitted to (i) field capacity (33% humidity retention) and the other half were submitted to (ii) waterlogging conditions (2 cm of water above soil level) for 28 days. In this study, Tanner and Brachipará grasses showed higher dry shoot mass under waterlogging conditions, which were followed by Llanero, Cayman, and Marandú, respectively. Llanero, Tanner, and Brachipará presented higher waterlogging tolerance coefficients, 78.7, 76.5, and 64.5, respectively, being less affected than Cayman and Marandú (41.0 and 23.1, respectively). Brachipará, Tanner, and Cayman presented a higher root volume under waterlogging conditions, while Marandú root volume decreased by 88.77%. The Tanner, Brachipará, and Llanero genotypes were more tolerant to poorly drained or waterlogged soils than Cayman and Marandú genotypes.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140999238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth Morgan, Grace Chung, Seokwon Jo, Briana Clifton, S. Wernimont, E. Alejandro
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) and low birth weight increase the risk of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes and heart failure in adulthood. Placental insufficiency is widely considered a major contributor to FGR. Two crucial placental proteins involved in nutrient and stress sensing—O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase—play roles in post-translational protein modification and protein translation, influencing cellular growth and metabolism in response to maternal stress, hypoxia, and nutritional status in the placenta. In our study, we examined the gene and protein profiles of OGT and mTOR in FGR and control placentae, comparing those appropriate for gestational age (AGA), while also considering potential confounding effects of fetal sex and delivery mode. Our findings revealed no significant differences in gene expression, protein levels, or activity of OGT, OGA, mTOR, or their associated markers between female AGA and FGR cesarean placentae, nor between female AGA and male AGA cesarean placentae. Additionally, the mode of delivery in female AGA placentae did not affect the levels or activity of these proteins. Overall, our study did not observe significant differences in nutrient sensor protein expression after stratifying by FGR, sex, and delivery mode. Nevertheless, these unbiased results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities of placental gene expression involving OGT and mTOR.
胎儿生长受限（FGR）和低出生体重会增加成年后患非传染性疾病（如 2 型糖尿病和心力衰竭）的风险。胎盘功能不全被广泛认为是导致胎儿生长受限的主要原因。两种参与营养和应激感应的重要胎盘蛋白--O-连接的 N-乙酰葡糖胺转移酶（OGT）和雷帕霉素机制靶点激酶（mTOR）在翻译后蛋白修饰和蛋白翻译中发挥作用，影响细胞生长和代谢以应对母体应激、缺氧和胎盘营养状况。在我们的研究中，我们检测了FGR胎盘和对照胎盘中OGT和mTOR的基因和蛋白谱，比较了适合胎龄（AGA）的基因和蛋白谱，同时还考虑了胎儿性别和分娩方式的潜在混杂影响。我们的研究结果表明，在女性 AGA 胎盘和 FGR 剖宫产胎盘之间，以及女性 AGA 胎盘和男性 AGA 剖宫产胎盘之间，OGT、OGA、mTOR 或其相关标记物的基因表达、蛋白水平或活性均无明显差异。此外，女性 AGA 胎盘的分娩方式并不影响这些蛋白质的水平或活性。总体而言，我们的研究没有观察到营养传感器蛋白表达在按FGR、性别和分娩方式分层后的显著差异。尽管如此，这些无偏见的结果还是让我们对涉及 OGT 和 mTOR 的胎盘基因表达的复杂性有了更全面的了解。
{"title":"Gene and Protein Expression of Placental Nutrient-Stress Sensor Proteins in Fetal Growth Restriction","authors":"Elizabeth Morgan, Grace Chung, Seokwon Jo, Briana Clifton, S. Wernimont, E. Alejandro","doi":"10.3390/stresses4020019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020019","url":null,"abstract":"Fetal growth restriction (FGR) and low birth weight increase the risk of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes and heart failure in adulthood. Placental insufficiency is widely considered a major contributor to FGR. Two crucial placental proteins involved in nutrient and stress sensing—O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase—play roles in post-translational protein modification and protein translation, influencing cellular growth and metabolism in response to maternal stress, hypoxia, and nutritional status in the placenta. In our study, we examined the gene and protein profiles of OGT and mTOR in FGR and control placentae, comparing those appropriate for gestational age (AGA), while also considering potential confounding effects of fetal sex and delivery mode. Our findings revealed no significant differences in gene expression, protein levels, or activity of OGT, OGA, mTOR, or their associated markers between female AGA and FGR cesarean placentae, nor between female AGA and male AGA cesarean placentae. Additionally, the mode of delivery in female AGA placentae did not affect the levels or activity of these proteins. Overall, our study did not observe significant differences in nutrient sensor protein expression after stratifying by FGR, sex, and delivery mode. Nevertheless, these unbiased results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities of placental gene expression involving OGT and mTOR.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"138 4‐5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140698479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：