Valeria Valenzuela Ruiz, Azucena Gándara-Ledezma, María Fernanda Villarreal-Delgado, Eber Villa-Rodríguez, F. I. Parra-Cota, Gustavo Santoyo, L. J. Gómez-Godínez, Luis A. Cira Chávez, S. de los Santos-Villalobos
In recent years, the adoption of sustainable pest management strategies has increased interest in the utilization of biopesticides, with a focus on harnessing beneficial microorganisms. Among these, lipopeptides, such as surfactins, iturins, and fengycins produced by the genus Bacillus, have gained significant attention due to their multifaceted biocontrol mechanisms and wide-ranging inhibitory effects. This review aims to address the regulation, biosynthesis, and production of three main lipopeptide families secreted by the genus Bacillus, as well as the identification and quantification analysis used to date, through the omic tools approach. The three families have been identified as key contributors to the biocontrol abilities of these bacteria, with their broad-spectrum activity making them valuable tools in integrated pest management approaches that aim to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides use while maintaining crop health and productivity.
{"title":"Regulation, Biosynthesis, and Extraction of Bacillus-Derived Lipopeptides and Its Implications in Biological Control of Phytopathogens","authors":"Valeria Valenzuela Ruiz, Azucena Gándara-Ledezma, María Fernanda Villarreal-Delgado, Eber Villa-Rodríguez, F. I. Parra-Cota, Gustavo Santoyo, L. J. Gómez-Godínez, Luis A. Cira Chávez, S. de los Santos-Villalobos","doi":"10.3390/stresses4010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4010007","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the adoption of sustainable pest management strategies has increased interest in the utilization of biopesticides, with a focus on harnessing beneficial microorganisms. Among these, lipopeptides, such as surfactins, iturins, and fengycins produced by the genus Bacillus, have gained significant attention due to their multifaceted biocontrol mechanisms and wide-ranging inhibitory effects. This review aims to address the regulation, biosynthesis, and production of three main lipopeptide families secreted by the genus Bacillus, as well as the identification and quantification analysis used to date, through the omic tools approach. The three families have been identified as key contributors to the biocontrol abilities of these bacteria, with their broad-spectrum activity making them valuable tools in integrated pest management approaches that aim to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides use while maintaining crop health and productivity.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":" 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139620112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adilson Antonio Rizzon, W. Silvestre, C. B. Vicenço, L. Rota, G. Pauletti
The production of seedlings is one of the main activities for implementing agricultural crops. Many factors are involved in producing quality seedlings, including nutrition, health, genetics, and climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, and light. To evaluate the effect of light supplementation, a study was conducted using supplementary artificial light to produce lettuce and cauliflower seedlings. Sowing was carried out in styrofoam trays under a floating irrigation system. Part of the experiment containing the two species, received treatment with LED light for an additional 4 h per day, in addition to solar radiation (10 h∙day−1). The remaining seedlings received only solar radiation (without supplementation). After 37 days, the seedlings’ biometric (leaf area, root length, aerial dry mass, and root dry mass) and biochemical parameters (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, chlorophyll a/b, and total chlorophyll) were analyzed. The data showed that the complementary light enhanced the performance in all the biometric parameters evaluated in the experiment for lettuce and cauliflower. The biochemical parameters in lettuce were also higher in seedlings with light supplementation. For cauliflower, supplementary light did not differ from the natural photoperiod for biochemical parameters except for a reduction in the levels of total phenolic compounds. Considering the enhanced biometric and biochemical parameters and greater dry weight and leaf area of the seedlings grown with supplemental light, using such a tool can optimize seedling development, possibly reducing production time in the nursery and providing greater productivity.
育苗是实施农作物种植的主要活动之一。生产优质秧苗涉及许多因素，包括营养、健康、遗传以及温度、湿度和光照等气候因素。为了评估光照补充的效果，研究人员利用补充人工光照来培育莴苣和花椰菜幼苗。播种是在浮动灌溉系统下的泡沫塑料盘中进行的。在包含这两种植物的实验中，除了太阳辐射（10 小时/天-1）外，部分秧苗还接受了每天额外 4 小时的 LED 光照。其余的幼苗只接受太阳辐射（无补充）。37 天后，分析了幼苗的生物计量参数（叶面积、根长、气干质量和根干质量）和生化参数（酚类化合物、类黄酮、叶绿素 a/b 和总叶绿素）。数据显示，补光提高了莴苣和花椰菜在实验中评估的所有生物计量参数的性能。补充光照的莴苣幼苗的生化指标也更高。对于花椰菜来说，除了总酚类化合物水平降低外，补充光照与自然光周期在生化参数方面没有差异。考虑到补光培育的秧苗的生物计量和生化参数提高，干重和叶面积增大，使用这种工具可以优化秧苗的生长发育，从而缩短育苗时间，提高生产率。
{"title":"Supplementary Light on the Development of Lettuce and Cauliflower Seedlings","authors":"Adilson Antonio Rizzon, W. Silvestre, C. B. Vicenço, L. Rota, G. Pauletti","doi":"10.3390/stresses4010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4010006","url":null,"abstract":"The production of seedlings is one of the main activities for implementing agricultural crops. Many factors are involved in producing quality seedlings, including nutrition, health, genetics, and climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, and light. To evaluate the effect of light supplementation, a study was conducted using supplementary artificial light to produce lettuce and cauliflower seedlings. Sowing was carried out in styrofoam trays under a floating irrigation system. Part of the experiment containing the two species, received treatment with LED light for an additional 4 h per day, in addition to solar radiation (10 h∙day−1). The remaining seedlings received only solar radiation (without supplementation). After 37 days, the seedlings’ biometric (leaf area, root length, aerial dry mass, and root dry mass) and biochemical parameters (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, chlorophyll a/b, and total chlorophyll) were analyzed. The data showed that the complementary light enhanced the performance in all the biometric parameters evaluated in the experiment for lettuce and cauliflower. The biochemical parameters in lettuce were also higher in seedlings with light supplementation. For cauliflower, supplementary light did not differ from the natural photoperiod for biochemical parameters except for a reduction in the levels of total phenolic compounds. Considering the enhanced biometric and biochemical parameters and greater dry weight and leaf area of the seedlings grown with supplemental light, using such a tool can optimize seedling development, possibly reducing production time in the nursery and providing greater productivity.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139439165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdelmounaim Baslam, R. Aboufatima, Hamid Kabdy, S. Boussaa, A. Chait, Marouane Baslam
Plants have long been valued for their medicinal and nutritional contributions to human life. Anacyclus pyrethrum, a member of the Asteraceae family, has attracted increasing attention as a source of natural products with diverse applications. In this study, we explored the toxicity and pharmacological properties of the aqueous extract of A. pyrethrum (AEAP). The acute toxicity study involved groups of mice subjected to oral administration of varying doses of AEAP, with immediate post-administration observations to detect any signs of toxicity or mortality. Comprehensive biochemical and hematological analyses encompassed assessments of renal function. The pharmacological profile was assessed by evaluating antinociceptive, anxiolytic, and antidepressant effects, which were measured using the hot plate test, elevated plus maze, open field test, and forced swim test, respectively. Different doses (100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) were administered to rats via gavage for this assessment. The results revealed that the acute toxicity demonstrated the safety of AEAP at the tested doses, with no observed mortality or significant alterations. Moreover, it revealed that AEAP possesses an LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg. The pharmacological properties of AEAP demonstrated anxiolytic and antidepressant activities at a dose of 200 mg/kg, while no antinociceptive effect was observed. These findings underscore the potential of A. pyrethrum as a natural source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic applications. Further research is needed to explore long-term and chronic effects for a comprehensive assessment.
{"title":"The Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of the Anacyclus pyrethrum Aqueous Extract: Implications for Medicinal and Therapeutic Applications","authors":"Abdelmounaim Baslam, R. Aboufatima, Hamid Kabdy, S. Boussaa, A. Chait, Marouane Baslam","doi":"10.3390/stresses4010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4010005","url":null,"abstract":"Plants have long been valued for their medicinal and nutritional contributions to human life. Anacyclus pyrethrum, a member of the Asteraceae family, has attracted increasing attention as a source of natural products with diverse applications. In this study, we explored the toxicity and pharmacological properties of the aqueous extract of A. pyrethrum (AEAP). The acute toxicity study involved groups of mice subjected to oral administration of varying doses of AEAP, with immediate post-administration observations to detect any signs of toxicity or mortality. Comprehensive biochemical and hematological analyses encompassed assessments of renal function. The pharmacological profile was assessed by evaluating antinociceptive, anxiolytic, and antidepressant effects, which were measured using the hot plate test, elevated plus maze, open field test, and forced swim test, respectively. Different doses (100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) were administered to rats via gavage for this assessment. The results revealed that the acute toxicity demonstrated the safety of AEAP at the tested doses, with no observed mortality or significant alterations. Moreover, it revealed that AEAP possesses an LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg. The pharmacological properties of AEAP demonstrated anxiolytic and antidepressant activities at a dose of 200 mg/kg, while no antinociceptive effect was observed. These findings underscore the potential of A. pyrethrum as a natural source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic applications. Further research is needed to explore long-term and chronic effects for a comprehensive assessment.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"17 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139443092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tracy Aoun, Diana Danielova Gueorguieva, Kevin Y. Wu
Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) is a debilitating autoimmune condition characterized by significant inflammation of orbital tissues, including the extraocular muscles and adipose tissues. The pathological mechanisms underlying this inflammation involve a complex interplay of stress responses at the cellular and molecular level. This review aims to critically evaluate and synthesize existing literature on the mechanisms of orbital inflammation in TED. We discuss the role of autoantibodies, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the initiation and propagation of the inflammatory process. Additionally, we explore how stress responses triggered by these elements affect the integrity of orbital tissues and contribute to its remodeling. Our review underscores the need for continued research in this field, which may pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies for TED.
{"title":"Orbital Inflammation in Thyroid Eye Disease: Stress Responses and Their Implications","authors":"Tracy Aoun, Diana Danielova Gueorguieva, Kevin Y. Wu","doi":"10.3390/stresses4010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4010004","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) is a debilitating autoimmune condition characterized by significant inflammation of orbital tissues, including the extraocular muscles and adipose tissues. The pathological mechanisms underlying this inflammation involve a complex interplay of stress responses at the cellular and molecular level. This review aims to critically evaluate and synthesize existing literature on the mechanisms of orbital inflammation in TED. We discuss the role of autoantibodies, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the initiation and propagation of the inflammatory process. Additionally, we explore how stress responses triggered by these elements affect the integrity of orbital tissues and contribute to its remodeling. Our review underscores the need for continued research in this field, which may pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies for TED.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethylene, a gaseous phytohormone, is emerging as a central player in the intricate web of plant developmental processes from germination to senescence under optimal and stressed conditions. The presence of ethylene has been noted in different plant parts, including the stems, leaves, flowers, roots, seeds, and fruits. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the regulatory impact of ethylene on pivotal plant developmental processes, such as cell division and elongation, senescence, abscission, fruit and flower development, root hair formation, chloroplast maturation, and photosynthesis. The review also encompasses ethylene biosynthesis and signaling: a snapshot of the regulatory mechanisms governing ethylene production. Understanding of the impact of ethylene’s regulatory functions on plant developmental processes has significant implications for agriculture, biotechnology, and our fundamental comprehension of plant biology. This review underscores the potential of ethylene to revolutionize plant development and crop management.
{"title":"Role of Ethylene in the Regulation of Plant Developmental Processes","authors":"Sheen Khan, Ameena Fatima Alvi, Nafees A. Khan","doi":"10.3390/stresses4010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4010003","url":null,"abstract":"Ethylene, a gaseous phytohormone, is emerging as a central player in the intricate web of plant developmental processes from germination to senescence under optimal and stressed conditions. The presence of ethylene has been noted in different plant parts, including the stems, leaves, flowers, roots, seeds, and fruits. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the regulatory impact of ethylene on pivotal plant developmental processes, such as cell division and elongation, senescence, abscission, fruit and flower development, root hair formation, chloroplast maturation, and photosynthesis. The review also encompasses ethylene biosynthesis and signaling: a snapshot of the regulatory mechanisms governing ethylene production. Understanding of the impact of ethylene’s regulatory functions on plant developmental processes has significant implications for agriculture, biotechnology, and our fundamental comprehension of plant biology. This review underscores the potential of ethylene to revolutionize plant development and crop management.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"49 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139447279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthi Bampali, O. Karoutzou, Alexandra Katsarou, K. Haralampidis, L. Skaltsounis, Sophia Rhizopoulou
In this study, a detailed phytochemical investigation of compounds in the twigs of the mistletoe Loranthus europaeus Jacq., which belongs to the Loranthaceae family, is presented. Specimens were collected from the mistletoe L. europaeus growing on oak trees in the mainland of Greece. The alliance of oaks and mistletoes became a symbol of knowledge and strength for many centuries. Although numerous compounds of aerial tissues of other mistletoes, e.g., Viscum album, have been published, few studies have been conducted to investigate the metabolic and physiological traits of the hemiparasitic, deciduous Loranthus europaeus. LC-HRMS-based analysis led to a detailed characterization of ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extracts of the twigs of L. europaeus, which, to the best of our knowledge, exhibit enhanced antioxidant potential. Hence, twenty-four and twenty-six compounds were tentatively identified from the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane twigs’ extracts, respectively; these compounds belong to fatty acids, flavonoids, and flavonoid glycosides. Also, chlorophyll, soluble sugar, starch, and lipid contents in the twigs of L. europaeus, which have not hitherto been published, were investigated.
{"title":"Functional and Qualitative Metabolic Compounds in the Twigs of the Deciduous Mistletoe Loranthus europaeus Jacq.","authors":"Anthi Bampali, O. Karoutzou, Alexandra Katsarou, K. Haralampidis, L. Skaltsounis, Sophia Rhizopoulou","doi":"10.3390/stresses4010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4010002","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a detailed phytochemical investigation of compounds in the twigs of the mistletoe Loranthus europaeus Jacq., which belongs to the Loranthaceae family, is presented. Specimens were collected from the mistletoe L. europaeus growing on oak trees in the mainland of Greece. The alliance of oaks and mistletoes became a symbol of knowledge and strength for many centuries. Although numerous compounds of aerial tissues of other mistletoes, e.g., Viscum album, have been published, few studies have been conducted to investigate the metabolic and physiological traits of the hemiparasitic, deciduous Loranthus europaeus. LC-HRMS-based analysis led to a detailed characterization of ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extracts of the twigs of L. europaeus, which, to the best of our knowledge, exhibit enhanced antioxidant potential. Hence, twenty-four and twenty-six compounds were tentatively identified from the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane twigs’ extracts, respectively; these compounds belong to fatty acids, flavonoids, and flavonoid glycosides. Also, chlorophyll, soluble sugar, starch, and lipid contents in the twigs of L. europaeus, which have not hitherto been published, were investigated.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"8 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139147563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Camila Arce, Rodrigo G. Mira, Matías Lira, W. Cerpa
Alcohol is one of the most used legal drugs abused worldwide, and its consumption is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. There is an increasing concern about the starting age of consumption of this drug since it has become evident that it is at younger ages. The so-called “pattern of consumption by binge” corresponds to ingesting large amounts of alcohol in a short period and is the most popular among young people. Previous studies show that alcohol causes damage in different areas, such as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex, and adolescents are more susceptible to alcohol toxicity. Alcohol inhibits the membrane glutamate receptor, NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR). Using a binge-like alcohol administration protocol in adolescent rats (PND25), we investigate decision making through the attentional set-shifting test (ASST) and alterations in the NMDAR signaling in related areas. We observe an impairment in executive function without alterations in NMDAR abundance. However, binge alcohol changes NMDAR signaling and decreases quantity in the synapse, mainly in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. We suggest that prefrontal cortex impairment could arise from damaged connections with the hippocampus and hypothalamus, affecting the survival pathway and memory and learning process.
{"title":"Binge-like Alcohol Administration Alters Decision Making in an Adolescent Rat Model: Role of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Signaling","authors":"Camila Arce, Rodrigo G. Mira, Matías Lira, W. Cerpa","doi":"10.3390/stresses4010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4010001","url":null,"abstract":"Alcohol is one of the most used legal drugs abused worldwide, and its consumption is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. There is an increasing concern about the starting age of consumption of this drug since it has become evident that it is at younger ages. The so-called “pattern of consumption by binge” corresponds to ingesting large amounts of alcohol in a short period and is the most popular among young people. Previous studies show that alcohol causes damage in different areas, such as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex, and adolescents are more susceptible to alcohol toxicity. Alcohol inhibits the membrane glutamate receptor, NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR). Using a binge-like alcohol administration protocol in adolescent rats (PND25), we investigate decision making through the attentional set-shifting test (ASST) and alterations in the NMDAR signaling in related areas. We observe an impairment in executive function without alterations in NMDAR abundance. However, binge alcohol changes NMDAR signaling and decreases quantity in the synapse, mainly in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. We suggest that prefrontal cortex impairment could arise from damaged connections with the hippocampus and hypothalamus, affecting the survival pathway and memory and learning process.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"28 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139166178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Coelho, T. D. Sodré, Lara N. Sousa, Thadeu M. Silva, J. Simões, V. Souza, R. F. Siqueira, H. C. Manso Filho
The purpose of this study was to assess the stress responses associated with vaquejada simulating tests (VSTs). Ten clinically healthy 8.9 ± 4.3-year-old Quarter horses, weighing 441.3 ± 25.0 kg, performed two VSTs five days apart. In the first VST (M1), animals ran three times with a 5-min rest between races; and in the second (M2), they ran with a 15-min rest between races. Horses were examined before (T0) and immediately after the third run (T1) and at 4 h (T2) of recovery. Stress biomarkers included heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), cortisol, and white blood cell count. All variables were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests, considering p < 0.05. A significant reduction in cortisol was observed for pull (p = 0.0463) and helper (p = 0.0349) horses when they had a 15-min rest between races. The rMSSD and mean R-R values for helper horses were also significantly lower in M2. In conclusion, the 15-min rest interval proved to be better than the 5-min period for both categories of equine athletes used in vaquejada mainly for helper horses. A longer rest time between races allowed the organic recovery necessary for these animals to impose a greater applied physical effort load, which is a fact that guarantees good performance and well-being.
{"title":"Analysis of Stress Predictors in Vaquejada Horses Running with Different Interval Rest Periods","authors":"C. Coelho, T. D. Sodré, Lara N. Sousa, Thadeu M. Silva, J. Simões, V. Souza, R. F. Siqueira, H. C. Manso Filho","doi":"10.3390/stresses3040058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses3040058","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to assess the stress responses associated with vaquejada simulating tests (VSTs). Ten clinically healthy 8.9 ± 4.3-year-old Quarter horses, weighing 441.3 ± 25.0 kg, performed two VSTs five days apart. In the first VST (M1), animals ran three times with a 5-min rest between races; and in the second (M2), they ran with a 15-min rest between races. Horses were examined before (T0) and immediately after the third run (T1) and at 4 h (T2) of recovery. Stress biomarkers included heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), cortisol, and white blood cell count. All variables were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests, considering p < 0.05. A significant reduction in cortisol was observed for pull (p = 0.0463) and helper (p = 0.0349) horses when they had a 15-min rest between races. The rMSSD and mean R-R values for helper horses were also significantly lower in M2. In conclusion, the 15-min rest interval proved to be better than the 5-min period for both categories of equine athletes used in vaquejada mainly for helper horses. A longer rest time between races allowed the organic recovery necessary for these animals to impose a greater applied physical effort load, which is a fact that guarantees good performance and well-being.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139180504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rafael Douradinho, P. Sica, Fernando Tonoli, Eduardo Mattos, Matheus Oliveira, Alana Pinto, L. Mota, T. Faria, Vitória Franco Costa, Gabriela Leite, Valter Arthur, Suani Coelho, Antonio Baptista
High-gravity fermentation, used for ethanol production from sugarcane, corn, and mixed substrates, offers several benefits. Yeast, a rapidly multiplying unicellular microorganism, can be adapted for high sugar and ethanol tolerance on a lab scale. However, different substrates can enhance fermentation efficiency. Our study consisted of two experiments. In the first, we compared simple batch feeding with a fed-batch system for yeast selection in high-gravity fermentation. We ran eight cycles with increasing initial sugar contents (50 to 300 g L−1). No significant differences were observed in the first seven cycles, but in the eighth, the fed-batch system showed lower glycerol and fructose contents and higher cell viability than the simple batch system. In the second experiment, we used the fed-batch system with 300 g L−1 from sugarcane, corn, and mixed wort. The results showed that mixed wort produced higher ethanol contents and greater fermentation efficiency compared to corn and sugarcane as substrates. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the fed-batch system is more suitable for high-gravity fermentation on a lab scale, and the combination of sugarcane juice and corn can enhance fermentation efficiency, paving the way for integrating these substrates in industrial ethanol production.
{"title":"Osmotic Stress Alleviation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for High Ethanol Fermentations with Different Wort Substrates","authors":"Rafael Douradinho, P. Sica, Fernando Tonoli, Eduardo Mattos, Matheus Oliveira, Alana Pinto, L. Mota, T. Faria, Vitória Franco Costa, Gabriela Leite, Valter Arthur, Suani Coelho, Antonio Baptista","doi":"10.3390/stresses3040055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses3040055","url":null,"abstract":"High-gravity fermentation, used for ethanol production from sugarcane, corn, and mixed substrates, offers several benefits. Yeast, a rapidly multiplying unicellular microorganism, can be adapted for high sugar and ethanol tolerance on a lab scale. However, different substrates can enhance fermentation efficiency. Our study consisted of two experiments. In the first, we compared simple batch feeding with a fed-batch system for yeast selection in high-gravity fermentation. We ran eight cycles with increasing initial sugar contents (50 to 300 g L−1). No significant differences were observed in the first seven cycles, but in the eighth, the fed-batch system showed lower glycerol and fructose contents and higher cell viability than the simple batch system. In the second experiment, we used the fed-batch system with 300 g L−1 from sugarcane, corn, and mixed wort. The results showed that mixed wort produced higher ethanol contents and greater fermentation efficiency compared to corn and sugarcane as substrates. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the fed-batch system is more suitable for high-gravity fermentation on a lab scale, and the combination of sugarcane juice and corn can enhance fermentation efficiency, paving the way for integrating these substrates in industrial ethanol production.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139212384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shailesh Raj Acharya, Swati Shrestha, V. Michael, Yuqing Fu, Prerna Sabharwal, Shallu Thakur, G. Meru
Phytophthora capsici incites foliar blight, root, fruit, and crown rot in squash (Cucurbita spp.) and limits production worldwide. Resistance to crown rot in C. moschata breeding line #394-1-27-12 is conferred by three dominant genes, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance are poorly understood. In the current study, RNA sequencing was used to investigate transcriptional changes in #394-1-27-12 (resistant) and Butterbush (susceptible) following infection by P. capsici at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 h post inoculation (hpi). Overall, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Butterbush (2648) exceeded those in #394-1-27-12 (1729), but in both genotypes, the highest number of DEGs was observed at 72 hpi and least at 24 hpi. Our gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed a downregulation of the genes involved in polysaccharide and lignin metabolism in Butterbush but as an upregulation of those associated with regulation of peptidase activity. However, in #394-1-27-12, the downregulated genes were primarily associated with response to stimuli, whereas those upregulated were involved in oxidation–reduction and response to stress. The upregulated genes in #394-1-27-12 included defensin-like proteins, respiratory-burst oxidases, ethylene-responsive transcription factors, cytochrome P450 proteins, and peroxidases. These findings provide a framework for the functional validation of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to P. capsici in cucurbits.
{"title":"Transcriptional Changes during Phytophthora capsici Infection Reveal Potential Defense Mechanisms in Squash","authors":"Shailesh Raj Acharya, Swati Shrestha, V. Michael, Yuqing Fu, Prerna Sabharwal, Shallu Thakur, G. Meru","doi":"10.3390/stresses3040056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses3040056","url":null,"abstract":"Phytophthora capsici incites foliar blight, root, fruit, and crown rot in squash (Cucurbita spp.) and limits production worldwide. Resistance to crown rot in C. moschata breeding line #394-1-27-12 is conferred by three dominant genes, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance are poorly understood. In the current study, RNA sequencing was used to investigate transcriptional changes in #394-1-27-12 (resistant) and Butterbush (susceptible) following infection by P. capsici at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 h post inoculation (hpi). Overall, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Butterbush (2648) exceeded those in #394-1-27-12 (1729), but in both genotypes, the highest number of DEGs was observed at 72 hpi and least at 24 hpi. Our gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed a downregulation of the genes involved in polysaccharide and lignin metabolism in Butterbush but as an upregulation of those associated with regulation of peptidase activity. However, in #394-1-27-12, the downregulated genes were primarily associated with response to stimuli, whereas those upregulated were involved in oxidation–reduction and response to stress. The upregulated genes in #394-1-27-12 included defensin-like proteins, respiratory-burst oxidases, ethylene-responsive transcription factors, cytochrome P450 proteins, and peroxidases. These findings provide a framework for the functional validation of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to P. capsici in cucurbits.","PeriodicalId":508968,"journal":{"name":"Stresses","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139214941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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