Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000187
K. Miller
INTRODUCTION Exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) are painful involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle during or after exercise. They are the most common heat-related illness (5) and affect recreationally active individuals (17) and competitive athletes alike (2,8,25). Despite their commonality, fewwell-designed research studies exist examining the cause, treatment, and prevention of EAMCs. As a result, numerous myths exist about EAMCs. My goal in thisMedical Report will be to debunk some of these myths by examining the scientific evidence.
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Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000215
Vanessa A. Curtis, A. Peterson
Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) should be encouraged to live full and healthy lives. For many patients with T1DM, this includes sports participation. This review provides an overview of T1DM and its treatment with emphasis on challenges that are encountered frequently by the athlete and his or her health care providers. Glucose homeostasis requires a dynamic balance that includes mechanisms to raise and lower blood glucose. Normally, beta cells in the pancreas respond to dietary carbohydrate intake and release insulin to maintain blood glucose within a narrow target for optimal health. Insulin allows blood glucose to be used for energy or stored for future use. Later, when the blood glucose begins to fall, the pancreas quickly halts insulin release. In an exercising or fasted state, when cells need more energy than is available, the body releases counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone) to help mobilize glucose that has been stored and promote energy release from fat stores. In addition, working skeletal muscle expresses transporters that allow it to take in glucose from the blood without the help of insulin. This is very important for glucose homeostasis in athletes. T1DM is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. The condition has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 500 Americans less than 20 years of age, with the highest prevalence in non-Hispanic whites (1). This results in an insulin deficiency that prevents the blood glucose from entering cells and providing energy, which, in turn, leads to increases in blood glucose (hyperglycemia) while depriving the cell of its main energy source. The body responds to the lack of available energy by mobilizing energy stored as fat. The unchecked breakdown of the body's fat stores (fatty acid oxidation) results in weight loss and the production of ketones as a byproduct. Ketones do provide an energy substrate but also are strongly anionic and can lead to dangerous acidosis (ketoacidosis). Patients with T1DM are dependent on injections or infusions of exogenous insulin. For many years, the two available forms of insulin were short-acting regular insulin and intermediateacting neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin. These insulins are given at set doses and times, typically in three daily injections. With this plan, the patient must eat a constant amount of carbohydrates at prescribed times to maintain euglycemia. Although effective and relatively inexpensive, the regular/NPH regimen requires adherence to a rigid lifestyle. With the advent
{"title":"Care of the Athlete with Diabetes","authors":"Vanessa A. Curtis, A. Peterson","doi":"10.1249/fit.0000000000000215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/fit.0000000000000215","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) should be encouraged to live full and healthy lives. For many patients with T1DM, this includes sports participation. This review provides an overview of T1DM and its treatment with emphasis on challenges that are encountered frequently by the athlete and his or her health care providers. Glucose homeostasis requires a dynamic balance that includes mechanisms to raise and lower blood glucose. Normally, beta cells in the pancreas respond to dietary carbohydrate intake and release insulin to maintain blood glucose within a narrow target for optimal health. Insulin allows blood glucose to be used for energy or stored for future use. Later, when the blood glucose begins to fall, the pancreas quickly halts insulin release. In an exercising or fasted state, when cells need more energy than is available, the body releases counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone) to help mobilize glucose that has been stored and promote energy release from fat stores. In addition, working skeletal muscle expresses transporters that allow it to take in glucose from the blood without the help of insulin. This is very important for glucose homeostasis in athletes. T1DM is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. The condition has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 500 Americans less than 20 years of age, with the highest prevalence in non-Hispanic whites (1). This results in an insulin deficiency that prevents the blood glucose from entering cells and providing energy, which, in turn, leads to increases in blood glucose (hyperglycemia) while depriving the cell of its main energy source. The body responds to the lack of available energy by mobilizing energy stored as fat. The unchecked breakdown of the body's fat stores (fatty acid oxidation) results in weight loss and the production of ketones as a byproduct. Ketones do provide an energy substrate but also are strongly anionic and can lead to dangerous acidosis (ketoacidosis). Patients with T1DM are dependent on injections or infusions of exogenous insulin. For many years, the two available forms of insulin were short-acting regular insulin and intermediateacting neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin. These insulins are given at set doses and times, typically in three daily injections. With this plan, the patient must eat a constant amount of carbohydrates at prescribed times to maintain euglycemia. Although effective and relatively inexpensive, the regular/NPH regimen requires adherence to a rigid lifestyle. With the advent","PeriodicalId":50908,"journal":{"name":"Acsms Health & Fitness Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"39-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1249/fit.0000000000000215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66081794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000241
W. Kraemer
Ph ot o co ur te sy of D rs .T od d. The evolution of the science of resistance training has been influenced by the anecdotal insights of individuals involved with the various sports using resistance training (e.g., Olympic weightlifting), commercial product development, and the progressive advances in the technological and analytical capabilities available in exercise science laboratories around the world. Scientists who studied strength training were therefore interested from different perspectives resulting in a continuum from basic to more applied research studies. The early evolution of the science of resistance training started at the more applied aspects of understanding how programs affected end point outcomes in patients and individuals interested in strength fitness. Through time, the search for greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms of adaptation pushed the study of resistance training into the hands of many different laboratories because of its prolific adaptive characteristics. The early evolution of the science of resistance training in the United States offers some subtle insights into its worldwide impact for the field of resistance training research. Therefore, the purpose of this brief review is to provide a narrow perspective on part of the history that shaped the science in the field of resistance training. For an extensive view of resistance training history and physical culture, I direct your attention to the University of Texas and the Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sport, directed by Drs. Janice and Terry Todd (Figure 1).
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Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000190
B. Watson, S. Rorke
To understand the efficacy of compression garments on endurance running performance and recovery.
了解压缩服装对耐力跑性能和恢复的功效。
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Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000237
W. Westcott
To recognize that more than 65% of American adults are overweight or obese and more than 95% of American adults perform too little physical activity. To understand that resistance exercise is a highly effectivemeans for rebuilding muscle, recharging resting metabolism, and reducing fat in overweight and obese individuals. To realize that people with high body weight and low physical fitness are more likely to engage in low-volume and short-duration strength training programs. To design research-based resistance training protocols that are physiologically and psychologically appropriate for beginning exercisers. To evaluate similarities and differences in sex responses to resistance exercise.
{"title":"STRENGTH TRAINING FOR THOSE WHO NEED IT MOST","authors":"W. Westcott","doi":"10.1249/fit.0000000000000237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/fit.0000000000000237","url":null,"abstract":"To recognize that more than 65% of American adults are overweight or obese and more than 95% of American adults perform too little physical activity. To understand that resistance exercise is a highly effectivemeans for rebuilding muscle, recharging resting metabolism, and reducing fat in overweight and obese individuals. To realize that people with high body weight and low physical fitness are more likely to engage in low-volume and short-duration strength training programs. To design research-based resistance training protocols that are physiologically and psychologically appropriate for beginning exercisers. To evaluate similarities and differences in sex responses to resistance exercise.","PeriodicalId":50908,"journal":{"name":"Acsms Health & Fitness Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"23-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1249/fit.0000000000000237","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66082437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000242
C. Thompson
{"title":"MEDICINE BALL POWER TRAINING EXERCISES FOR OLDER ADULTS","authors":"C. Thompson","doi":"10.1249/fit.0000000000000242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/fit.0000000000000242","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50908,"journal":{"name":"Acsms Health & Fitness Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"41-43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1249/fit.0000000000000242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66082503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000222
J. A. Peterson
Copyr 1 YGEN. Approximately every 43 seconds, someone in the United States has a heart attack. Of the 735,000 Americans who experience one annually, approximately 15% will die. Truth be known, the onset of a heart attack is a fairly straightforward event. A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to the heart is lost or unduly restricted, typically because one of the coronary arteries that supplies blood to the heart muscle is blocked. Such a blockage usually is the result of the buildup of plaque within the wall of the artery.
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Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000120
N. Pronk, D. Lagerstrøm, J. Haws
Health and education are the most important factors related to human capital. They form the basis of an individual’s and a population’s productivity and associate population health as a key ingredient to poverty reduction, economic growth, and long-term economic development of a region or entire societies (9,15). As such, both factors are extremely important to business and industry because they prepare the future workforce and (a) optimize the performance of current employees atwork and in their home life, (b) positively influence people’s lives in general, and (c) reduce overdependency on medical care resources. It is therefore not surprising that during times of ever-increasing medical care expenditures, ofwhichmuch of the burden is borne by business and industry, employers look to workplace health protection and promotion to better manage their costs (17). Generally speaking, workplace health programs have proven effective for health improvement (6,10,14,16). Literature reviews also support the notion thatworkplace wellness programs can generate savings in medical care expenditures and reduce productivity loss (1). However, criticism of these claims has surfaced in recent years as several analyses indicate that the savings may not be as robust as reported (2,3). So, where does this inconsistent view of results come from? Why do conflicting results emerge from systematic reviews conducted by highly credible sources? Arguably, not all programs are designed to produce results. Whereas workplace wellness programs have become quite common with the vast majority of companies (77%) in the United States (3), the most recent National Worksite Health Promotion survey points out that only 6.9% of companies have programs that may be considered comprehensive in design (8). Program design matters in producing results, and programs designed according to best practice principles tend to produce better outcomes (5,12). Therefore, a differentiation should bemade betweenwell-designed programs and those that do not adhere to well-established known practices related to successful programs.
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Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000108
W. F. Simpson
Current Perspectives About Scope of Practice Irecently attended the annual meeting for the Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) in San Antonio. This is the organization that encompasses the National Commission for Certifying Agencies that accredits ACSM certifications. The issue of scope of practice was addressed at one session, and the following are some important points to take home in our profession. ACSM currently has a credentialing board, the Committee of Certification and Registry Boards, which has established the basics of who can be certified, how they are examined, and grants a certification based on an examination prepared from a Job Task Analysis. Often, the basis of forming a regulatory board in a state is based on the certification board’s standards. For some time now, there have been calls frommany certifiedmembers stating that we need licensure to stand our ground. However, we must be cautious as we pursue licensure because it truly is not the ‘‘holy grail’’ with respect to ensuring security for exercise professionals. There are a number of reality checks that must be considered with regard to licensure. First, licensure is granted at the state level; therefore, it would take an organized state effort for this process to begin. Second, as with many professions, the regulation of the profession would likely differ from state to state and there are never any guarantees that a bill will ever pass and be signed into law. Other factors to consider include the securing of two or three legislators who will sponsor the proposed bill for legislation and move the bill into a committee. The additional challenge to having a bill advance is countering the objections that other groups or professions may have against the proposed legislation. Opposing groups often hire lobbying firms who monitor legislative efforts and, when alerts come forth, register objections throughout the process. This can add many delays to getting a bill to the floor and voted on. In addition, there is a difference between the law itself, which is the legislation, and the regulations (parameters of practice), which follow if the bill is passed. The law becomes the practice act. However, a trend today is to see legislators writing language into the bill (sometimes during floor debate) that becomes regulatory in nature. This process can become problematic in the future. If, for example, the Job Task Analysis suggests changes in what a profession does, and those parts are actually written in the law, then a new law must be written and changed by most likely a new set of legislators. Therefore, it is best to have the law written with the regulatory issues determined by an established board that oversees the practice act. More desirable is to have the law written to establish a regulatory board. Then the board becomes the authority to write the regulatory statutes for the profession. Most license laws address: • Who is to be licensed? • Who is the authority to oversee
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