Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1163/23524588-20230094
A. Voulgari-Kokota, R. Slijfer, L.W. Beukeboom, J. Falcao Salles, B. Wertheim
Farming of houseflies, as well as of other insects, could become a sustainable alternative for producing high-protein animal feed. Although promising, this comes with particular challenges, including monitoring insect health in large-scale farming facilities. In this study, we tested if the expression patterns of immunity-related genes could serve as early diagnostic markers for disease and help prevent infection spread with detrimental effects. We introduced a commonly used bacterial entomopathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis, in the housefly larval substrate and monitored larval biomass changes, pupation, and gene expression of three immunity-related genes: PGRP, defensin, and cecropin. We performed the infection assay for two strains of different geographic origins at two temperatures and with two concentrations of the bacterial inoculum. We found that gene expression was faster in indicating differences between larvae grown in treated and untreated substrate compared to monitoring larval growth and pupation. Most strikingly, although there were no significant effects on larval biomass for 48 hours after the substrate inoculation, the effects on gene expression in some cases manifested already two hours post substrate inoculation. As the two housefly strains showed different response speeds in gene upregulation, there is a need for more frequent routine testing to define which response levels could be considered as an alarm. We conclude that monitoring immunity-related genes and microbial surveys of insect-rearing substrates can be used to diagnose infection and prevent its spread early in mass-rearing settings.
{"title":"Immunity-related genes can serve as early diagnostic markers for infection in housefly rearing systems","authors":"A. Voulgari-Kokota, R. Slijfer, L.W. Beukeboom, J. Falcao Salles, B. Wertheim","doi":"10.1163/23524588-20230094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20230094","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Farming of houseflies, as well as of other insects, could become a sustainable alternative for producing high-protein animal feed. Although promising, this comes with particular challenges, including monitoring insect health in large-scale farming facilities. In this study, we tested if the expression patterns of immunity-related genes could serve as early diagnostic markers for disease and help prevent infection spread with detrimental effects. We introduced a commonly used bacterial entomopathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis, in the housefly larval substrate and monitored larval biomass changes, pupation, and gene expression of three immunity-related genes: PGRP, defensin, and cecropin. We performed the infection assay for two strains of different geographic origins at two temperatures and with two concentrations of the bacterial inoculum. We found that gene expression was faster in indicating differences between larvae grown in treated and untreated substrate compared to monitoring larval growth and pupation. Most strikingly, although there were no significant effects on larval biomass for 48 hours after the substrate inoculation, the effects on gene expression in some cases manifested already two hours post substrate inoculation. As the two housefly strains showed different response speeds in gene upregulation, there is a need for more frequent routine testing to define which response levels could be considered as an alarm. We conclude that monitoring immunity-related genes and microbial surveys of insect-rearing substrates can be used to diagnose infection and prevent its spread early in mass-rearing settings.","PeriodicalId":509242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140687043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001093
G. Bosch, B.A. Loureiro, D. Schokker, S.K. Kar, A. Paul, N. Sluczanowski
We aimed to evaluate the effects of including black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFL) meal in a dry extruded food on nutritional quality and some health aspects in healthy adult cats. Two dry extruded foods with either poultry meal (control) or 37.5% BSFL meal were fed to eight (3.8-5.2 kg BW; 2.3-y.o.) cats in a cross-over design with two 28-day periods. Food acceptance was recorded throughout the study and samples were collected during the last 7 days of each period for assessment of apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, faecal consistency, fermentation products and microbiota, and blood biochemistry and haematology. Foods were well-accepted and faeces were well-formed with optimal consistency scores. Digestibility values for dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen and gross energy were considered high for the BSFL meal-based food but lower than for the control food (). Unexpectedly, inclusion of BSFL meal had a profound impact on the intestinal microbial activity and composition as illustrated by increased faecal short-chain fatty acids () and biogenic amines concentrations () and reduced bacterial diversity () and shifts in multiple genera (e.g. more Bifidobacterium) in the faeces (). Minor changes in haematology and serum biochemistry parameters were found and deemed not clinically relevant. Overall, this study showed that a BSFL meal-based extruded dry food is readily accepted by healthy adult cats, yields optimal faecal consistency, had suitable nutrient digestibilities and can support their health when fed for 28 days with new leads for impact on feline gut health.
{"title":"Black soldier fly larvae meal in an extruded food: effects on nutritional quality and health parameters in healthy adult cats","authors":"G. Bosch, B.A. Loureiro, D. Schokker, S.K. Kar, A. Paul, N. Sluczanowski","doi":"10.1163/23524588-00001093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001093","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000We aimed to evaluate the effects of including black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFL) meal in a dry extruded food on nutritional quality and some health aspects in healthy adult cats. Two dry extruded foods with either poultry meal (control) or 37.5% BSFL meal were fed to eight (3.8-5.2 kg BW; 2.3-y.o.) cats in a cross-over design with two 28-day periods. Food acceptance was recorded throughout the study and samples were collected during the last 7 days of each period for assessment of apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, faecal consistency, fermentation products and microbiota, and blood biochemistry and haematology. Foods were well-accepted and faeces were well-formed with optimal consistency scores. Digestibility values for dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen and gross energy were considered high for the BSFL meal-based food but lower than for the control food (). Unexpectedly, inclusion of BSFL meal had a profound impact on the intestinal microbial activity and composition as illustrated by increased faecal short-chain fatty acids () and biogenic amines concentrations () and reduced bacterial diversity () and shifts in multiple genera (e.g. more Bifidobacterium) in the faeces (). Minor changes in haematology and serum biochemistry parameters were found and deemed not clinically relevant. Overall, this study showed that a BSFL meal-based extruded dry food is readily accepted by healthy adult cats, yields optimal faecal consistency, had suitable nutrient digestibilities and can support their health when fed for 28 days with new leads for impact on feline gut health.","PeriodicalId":509242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":" 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140691405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001043
V. Hill, C. Lopez-Viso, J. Brameld, A. Salter, T. Parr
Maximising the yield of product from livestock is common practice in the agriculture industry and there is potential to extend this practice to the emerging insect industry, to produce high-quality, sustainable protein. Tenebrio molitor larvae, commonly called yellow mealworms, were fed for 28 days on wheat bran containing the juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxifen at either 2 mg pyriproxifen/kg wheat bran (JH-PL) or 15 mg pyriproxifen/kg wheat bran (JH-PH). As expected, pupation was inhibited in both pyriproxifen treated groups and significant changes in nutritional composition were observed. Pyriproxifen treated mealworms had a higher protein content per 100 grams of dried material, while fat content was reduced 68% in JH-PH compared to control. These changes were associated with an increase in moisture content and reduction in energy content. The fatty acid profile of extracted fat also displayed significant alterations, with pyriproxifen treated mealworms showing an increase in proportions of saturated fatty acids, reduction in oleic acid but no effect on linoleic acid. The amino acid composition also exhibited a change in composition as a result of pyriproxifen treatment, including an increase in the essential amino acid, lysine, in JH-PH treated mealworms. This change in amino acid profile was associated with a change in the protein composition as observed on SDS-PAGE, with the appearance of a new band identified as the egg-yolk protein, vitellogenin, which has lipid-transporter activity. Hence, pyriproxifen treatment of mealworms has a repartitioning effect, resulting in an increase in the proportion of protein and a decrease in fat on a dry matter basis, demonstrating that mealworm nutrient composition can be manipulated to provide a higher value feed ingredient.
{"title":"The juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxifen, alters protein and fat composition of Tenebrio molitor larvae","authors":"V. Hill, C. Lopez-Viso, J. Brameld, A. Salter, T. Parr","doi":"10.1163/23524588-00001043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001043","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Maximising the yield of product from livestock is common practice in the agriculture industry and there is potential to extend this practice to the emerging insect industry, to produce high-quality, sustainable protein. Tenebrio molitor larvae, commonly called yellow mealworms, were fed for 28 days on wheat bran containing the juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxifen at either 2 mg pyriproxifen/kg wheat bran (JH-PL) or 15 mg pyriproxifen/kg wheat bran (JH-PH). As expected, pupation was inhibited in both pyriproxifen treated groups and significant changes in nutritional composition were observed. Pyriproxifen treated mealworms had a higher protein content per 100 grams of dried material, while fat content was reduced 68% in JH-PH compared to control. These changes were associated with an increase in moisture content and reduction in energy content. The fatty acid profile of extracted fat also displayed significant alterations, with pyriproxifen treated mealworms showing an increase in proportions of saturated fatty acids, reduction in oleic acid but no effect on linoleic acid. The amino acid composition also exhibited a change in composition as a result of pyriproxifen treatment, including an increase in the essential amino acid, lysine, in JH-PH treated mealworms. This change in amino acid profile was associated with a change in the protein composition as observed on SDS-PAGE, with the appearance of a new band identified as the egg-yolk protein, vitellogenin, which has lipid-transporter activity. Hence, pyriproxifen treatment of mealworms has a repartitioning effect, resulting in an increase in the proportion of protein and a decrease in fat on a dry matter basis, demonstrating that mealworm nutrient composition can be manipulated to provide a higher value feed ingredient.","PeriodicalId":509242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140692154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001003
F. Grosso, E. Calà, N. Regalli, M. Meneguz
Worldwide, about 244 million t/yr of waste are produced by canteens and restaurant, of which 4.7 million t/yr are generated at the Italian level. Canteen waste (CW) could be used for feeding larvae of insect to obtain new marketable products (e.g. protein meal, frass and chitin). Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) are voracious and polyphagous species, and CW is a complete food for them. Furthermore, BSFL are capable to bioaccumulate some heavy metals thus allowing to obtain safe organic frass, but the bioaccumulation in larvae intended for feed purpose needs to be evaluated. The CW was sampled once a month and the sampling was carried out for a year from a local canteen, located in the northern part of Italy. The feeding was conducted in quadruplicate in plastic containers (12 l) and 2,000 g of CW and 2,000 5 days-old larvae were allocated in each box. Each trial ended after 7 days and growth performances were evaluated. The results reported an average dry matter final larval biomass, along the year, of 83.8 ± 46.05 g and an average dry matter frass quantity equal to 199.9 ± 140.32 g. The percentage of dry matter for initial diet was 21.7 ± 14.10, for final larval biomass was 34.3 ± 7.39%, and for the residue of 62.2 ± 17.01%. The initial diet, BSFL before and after feeding, and the residue were sampled and oven dried. Elemental analyses were performed with a mass spectrometer in triplicate for evaluating arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury quantities within CW, residues and BSFL before and after feeding. This trial certifies the ability of BSFL to accumulate (BAF > 1) arsenic (average of 0.165 ± 0.1480 ppm), lead (average of 0.238 ± 0.1562 ppm), cadmium (average of 0.077 ± 0.0367 ppm), and mercury (average of 0.008 ± 0.0043 ppm) during feeding, and it proves that the bioaccumulation complies with European legal limits on the amount of heavy metals in larvae.
{"title":"Canteen waste as food for black soldier fly larvae: risk of heavy metals accumulation? Variability during one year of rearing","authors":"F. Grosso, E. Calà, N. Regalli, M. Meneguz","doi":"10.1163/23524588-00001003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Worldwide, about 244 million t/yr of waste are produced by canteens and restaurant, of which 4.7 million t/yr are generated at the Italian level. Canteen waste (CW) could be used for feeding larvae of insect to obtain new marketable products (e.g. protein meal, frass and chitin). Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) are voracious and polyphagous species, and CW is a complete food for them. Furthermore, BSFL are capable to bioaccumulate some heavy metals thus allowing to obtain safe organic frass, but the bioaccumulation in larvae intended for feed purpose needs to be evaluated. The CW was sampled once a month and the sampling was carried out for a year from a local canteen, located in the northern part of Italy. The feeding was conducted in quadruplicate in plastic containers (12 l) and 2,000 g of CW and 2,000 5 days-old larvae were allocated in each box. Each trial ended after 7 days and growth performances were evaluated. The results reported an average dry matter final larval biomass, along the year, of 83.8 ± 46.05 g and an average dry matter frass quantity equal to 199.9 ± 140.32 g. The percentage of dry matter for initial diet was 21.7 ± 14.10, for final larval biomass was 34.3 ± 7.39%, and for the residue of 62.2 ± 17.01%. The initial diet, BSFL before and after feeding, and the residue were sampled and oven dried. Elemental analyses were performed with a mass spectrometer in triplicate for evaluating arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury quantities within CW, residues and BSFL before and after feeding. This trial certifies the ability of BSFL to accumulate (BAF > 1) arsenic (average of 0.165 ± 0.1480 ppm), lead (average of 0.238 ± 0.1562 ppm), cadmium (average of 0.077 ± 0.0367 ppm), and mercury (average of 0.008 ± 0.0043 ppm) during feeding, and it proves that the bioaccumulation complies with European legal limits on the amount of heavy metals in larvae.","PeriodicalId":509242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"11 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140710511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001039
T. Ben-Mordechay, R. Gutman, L. Shaltiel-Harpaz, I. Opatovsky
With the growing human population the demand for protein is rising and waste production is increasing. Insects can provide a sustainable solution for both problems and produce food (protein and fat) from waste. Our study tested the ability of the black soldier fly (BSF) to reduce agricultural waste and produce a high-value product rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Initially, we tested the diet limitations of the larvae. We tested the composition of the agricultural wastes (brewery and avocado wastes) and the ability of the larvae to grow on them. A mixed diet based on brewery and avocado wastes was composed to increase larval weight and improve their fatty acid composition. The larvae were limited by the protein and water content of the diet (7% and 70%, respectively). The mixed diet that met the requirements of a minimal ratio of protein (7%) and optimal water content (70%), did not improve larval weight but increased the unsaturated fatty acid content. Therefore, using BSF larvae to reduce waste and produce protein is feasible; however, the end product should be considered when composing their diet from a waste mixture.
{"title":"How to reduce waste using black soldier fly larvae and produce a high-quality product","authors":"T. Ben-Mordechay, R. Gutman, L. Shaltiel-Harpaz, I. Opatovsky","doi":"10.1163/23524588-00001039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000With the growing human population the demand for protein is rising and waste production is increasing. Insects can provide a sustainable solution for both problems and produce food (protein and fat) from waste. Our study tested the ability of the black soldier fly (BSF) to reduce agricultural waste and produce a high-value product rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Initially, we tested the diet limitations of the larvae. We tested the composition of the agricultural wastes (brewery and avocado wastes) and the ability of the larvae to grow on them. A mixed diet based on brewery and avocado wastes was composed to increase larval weight and improve their fatty acid composition. The larvae were limited by the protein and water content of the diet (7% and 70%, respectively). The mixed diet that met the requirements of a minimal ratio of protein (7%) and optimal water content (70%), did not improve larval weight but increased the unsaturated fatty acid content. Therefore, using BSF larvae to reduce waste and produce protein is feasible; however, the end product should be considered when composing their diet from a waste mixture.","PeriodicalId":509242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"2 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140712416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001055
Q.J. Meltus, B. Mudereri, R. Mutamiswa, E.M. Abdel-Rahman, J. Matunhu, R. Musundire, S. Niassy, H.E.Z. Tonnang
Gonimbrasia belina, known as the mopane worm, is a large edible caterpillar in tropical and subtropical regions. However, little is known about the bioecology of this species as influenced by its host trees. This study evaluated the importance of different potential host trees in understanding mopane worms’ behaviour and spatial distribution. To assess their relative importance, the study compared models incorporating various mopane worm host trees and predictor variables. Using the species distribution modelling (SDM) package in R, an ensemble of random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and boosted regression tree (BRT) algorithms were used to assess the spatial extent of mopane worm distribution in Southern Africa. Four host tree-based scenarios were developed to assess their contribution to the relative distribution of the mopane worm i.e. (1) by excluding all the potential host trees as explanatory variables and considering only the environmental variables, (2) focusing on the primary host tree, Colophospermum mopane as an explanatory variable together with the other environmental variables, (3) incorporating all the host trees, including C. mopane and (4) examining all other host trees excluding C. mopane. Results demonstrated that incorporating all host trees enhanced the models’ predictive abilities (mean AUC = 0.87) underscoring the significant impact of the alternative host trees on the mopane worm distribution patterns beyond just the C. mopane. This study highlights the significance of host trees in predicting the behaviour and distribution of mopane worm populations, providing valuable insights and decision-making for mopane worm use as an alternative protein source, conservation efforts, and land management practices.
Gonimbrasia belina，又名毛盘虫，是热带和亚热带地区的一种大型食用毛虫。然而，人们对该物种受寄主植物影响的生物生态学知之甚少。这项研究评估了不同潜在寄主植物对了解毛盘虫行为和空间分布的重要性。为了评估它们的相对重要性，该研究比较了包含各种毛盘虫寄主树和预测变量的模型。利用 R 中的物种分布建模（SDM）软件包，使用随机森林（RF）、支持向量机（SVM）和提升回归树（BRT）算法的组合来评估南部非洲毛刺虫的空间分布范围。研究人员开发了四种基于寄主树的方案，以评估它们对毛盘虫相对分布的贡献，即：（1）排除所有潜在寄主树作为解释变量，只考虑环境变量；（2）将主要寄主树 Colophospermum mopane 作为解释变量，同时考虑其他环境变量；（3）纳入包括 C. mopane 在内的所有寄主树；（4）研究不包括 C. mopane 在内的所有其他寄主树。结果表明，将所有寄主植物纳入模型可提高模型的预测能力（平均 AUC = 0.87），这突出表明，除 C. mopane 外，其他寄主植物对 mopane 虫的分布模式也有重要影响。这项研究强调了寄主树在预测毛盘虫种群行为和分布方面的重要性，为将毛盘虫用作替代蛋白质来源、保护工作和土地管理实践提供了宝贵的见解和决策依据。
{"title":"Host tree-based scenario modelling for predicting a key edible insect, mopane worm Gonimbrasia belina (Westwood, 1894) distribution in Southern Africa","authors":"Q.J. Meltus, B. Mudereri, R. Mutamiswa, E.M. Abdel-Rahman, J. Matunhu, R. Musundire, S. Niassy, H.E.Z. Tonnang","doi":"10.1163/23524588-00001055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001055","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Gonimbrasia belina, known as the mopane worm, is a large edible caterpillar in tropical and subtropical regions. However, little is known about the bioecology of this species as influenced by its host trees. This study evaluated the importance of different potential host trees in understanding mopane worms’ behaviour and spatial distribution. To assess their relative importance, the study compared models incorporating various mopane worm host trees and predictor variables. Using the species distribution modelling (SDM) package in R, an ensemble of random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and boosted regression tree (BRT) algorithms were used to assess the spatial extent of mopane worm distribution in Southern Africa. Four host tree-based scenarios were developed to assess their contribution to the relative distribution of the mopane worm i.e. (1) by excluding all the potential host trees as explanatory variables and considering only the environmental variables, (2) focusing on the primary host tree, Colophospermum mopane as an explanatory variable together with the other environmental variables, (3) incorporating all the host trees, including C. mopane and (4) examining all other host trees excluding C. mopane. Results demonstrated that incorporating all host trees enhanced the models’ predictive abilities (mean AUC = 0.87) underscoring the significant impact of the alternative host trees on the mopane worm distribution patterns beyond just the C. mopane. This study highlights the significance of host trees in predicting the behaviour and distribution of mopane worm populations, providing valuable insights and decision-making for mopane worm use as an alternative protein source, conservation efforts, and land management practices.","PeriodicalId":509242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"80 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140710978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001135
P. Gu, L.Q. Chen, K.N. Zhang, H.R. Hu, K.L. Yang, Z.S. Zhang, X. Ren, C. Liu, Z.H. Zhang, J. Zhou, H. Miao
Cyanobacteria blooms, a global environmental problem, have caused serious economic and ecological disasters worldwide. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are known to feed and develop on a wide range of feed sources, which makes the use of BSFL bioconversion promising for harvested cyanobacteria. In this study, cyanobacteria were compounded into feedstock by three different treatments, and then BSFL was placed into the substrates to explore the effect of treatments on BSFL growth performance and nutrient yield. It was found that the alterations in the nutrient composition of the substrate and the content of key compounds (vitamin C and microcystin-LR) caused by different treatments were responsible for the different growth performance of BSFL. Difference in larvae digestive enzyme activities caused by changes in treatment processes and substrate moisture content will ultimately affect the BSFL nutrient production. The larvae stress response to different treatment processes demonstrated that the low moisture content environment has an inhibitory effect on the growth of BSFL, and the harvested cyanobacteria treated by the sun-drying treatment process exhibited less interference on BSFL. Through a brief economic assessment, we conclude that cyanobacteria can only produce benefits with the sun-drying treatment process where the substrate moisture content needs to be maintained at 70-80%, wall-breaking and heating treatment and heating treatment processes showed a deficit due to a higher cost and a lower output. This study provides a reference for promoting the utilization of cyanobacteria and proffer instructive significance for the biotransformation of cyanobacteria by BSFL.
{"title":"Effects of treatment process on larvae growth performance and nutrient yield during cyanobacteria bioconversion by black soldier fly","authors":"P. Gu, L.Q. Chen, K.N. Zhang, H.R. Hu, K.L. Yang, Z.S. Zhang, X. Ren, C. Liu, Z.H. Zhang, J. Zhou, H. Miao","doi":"10.1163/23524588-00001135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001135","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Cyanobacteria blooms, a global environmental problem, have caused serious economic and ecological disasters worldwide. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are known to feed and develop on a wide range of feed sources, which makes the use of BSFL bioconversion promising for harvested cyanobacteria. In this study, cyanobacteria were compounded into feedstock by three different treatments, and then BSFL was placed into the substrates to explore the effect of treatments on BSFL growth performance and nutrient yield. It was found that the alterations in the nutrient composition of the substrate and the content of key compounds (vitamin C and microcystin-LR) caused by different treatments were responsible for the different growth performance of BSFL. Difference in larvae digestive enzyme activities caused by changes in treatment processes and substrate moisture content will ultimately affect the BSFL nutrient production. The larvae stress response to different treatment processes demonstrated that the low moisture content environment has an inhibitory effect on the growth of BSFL, and the harvested cyanobacteria treated by the sun-drying treatment process exhibited less interference on BSFL. Through a brief economic assessment, we conclude that cyanobacteria can only produce benefits with the sun-drying treatment process where the substrate moisture content needs to be maintained at 70-80%, wall-breaking and heating treatment and heating treatment processes showed a deficit due to a higher cost and a lower output. This study provides a reference for promoting the utilization of cyanobacteria and proffer instructive significance for the biotransformation of cyanobacteria by BSFL.","PeriodicalId":509242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"88 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140724884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001067
D. Jilkova, A. Marien, J. Hulin, K. Zdeňková, O. Fumière, E. Čermáková, G. Berben, F. Debode
Edible insects are rich in protein and can serve as a significant source of vitamins and minerals. The house cricket (Acheta domesticus) stands out as one of the most nutritious edible insects. In various parts of the world, crickets are consumed roasted, baked, fried, boiled and in the form of cricket flour, a powder of dried and ground crickets. In Europe, processed animal proteins derived from eight insect species (including A. domesticus) have received authorization for use in fish, pig and poultry feed. Therefore, the development of a method for detecting house crickets is essential to verify product compliance and provide accurate labelling information to the end user. In this study, we have established a real-time PCR assay for the specific detection of house crickets. This method is based on the amplification of a mitochondrial fragment that codes for cytochrome b. We assessed its specificity by testing it against 39 other insect species, 7 plant species and 31 other animal species. Furthermore, we successfully evaluated the amplification efficiency, sensitivity, robustness, applicability on commercial samples and transferability to a second laboratory.
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Pub Date : 2024-03-21DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001109
M. Sajjad, A. Sajjad, G.A. Chishti, M. Binyameen, A. Abbasi, I.U. Haq, A.Z. Gaafar, M.S. Hodhod
Poultry industry is one of the fastest growing agri-businesses in the world. However, the usage of expensive soybean meal and fishmeal as poultry feed ingredients is making it less profitable and environmentally unsustainable. Insects are becoming more popular as an alternate protein source in poultry feed because they are more sustainable, cost-efficient and eco-friendly than most of the conventional poultry feed sources. In the present study, we replaced 4%, 8% and 12% soybean meal with blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Calliphoridae: Diptera) larvae and evaluated its impact on growth performances, hematological parameters, intestinal morphometry and meat quality of Ross 308 broiler. For comparison, we also evaluated commercially available full fat Hermetia illucens (Stratiomyidae: Diptera) larvae. Three hundred and fifty 1-day-old chicks with initial weight of 40.28 g/chick were randomly divided into seven experimental diets (5 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen). All the dietary treatments were isocaloric and isonitrogenous, meeting the nutrient requirements of the broilers. The results revealed that the broiler fed on 12% C. megacephala or H. illucens had significantly higher () live weight, average daily weight gain and better feed conversion ratios. The diets containing 12% C. megacephala or H. illucens significantly improved the blood haematology and serum bio-chemistry in the broiler. The gut histological indices of jejunum and ileum such as villus height (Vh), crypt depth (Cd), villus width (Vw), and Vh/Cd ratios also improved by the feeding of 12% C. megacephala and H. illucens diets. The broiler fed on 12% H. illucens diet showed higher L* (lightness) and a* (redness), while those fed on 12% C. megacephala showed higher b* (yellowness) in breast meat (Pectoralis major). Both species performed equally well in growth performance, haematology, serum bio-chemistry, gut histology and meat quality. It was concluded that replacement of soybean meal with 12% C. megacephala or H. illucens larvae improves the growth performance, blood haematology, gut histology and meat color and lightness traits of broiler and thus can be used as an alternate source of protein in broiler feed.
家禽业是世界上发展最快的农业企业之一。然而，使用价格昂贵的豆粕和鱼粉作为家禽饲料原料，不仅降低了利润，而且对环境也是不可持续的。昆虫作为家禽饲料的替代蛋白质来源正变得越来越受欢迎，因为与大多数传统家禽饲料来源相比，昆虫更具可持续性、成本效益和生态友好性。在本研究中，我们分别用大黄粉蝇（Calliphoridae: Diptera）幼虫替代了 4%、8% 和 12% 的豆粕，并评估了其对 Ross 308 肉鸡生长性能、血液学参数、肠道形态测量和肉质的影响。为了进行比较，我们还评估了市售的全脂Hermetia illucens (Stratiomyidae: Diptera)幼虫。将初始体重为 40.28 克/只的 350 只 1 日龄雏鸡随机分成 7 个实验日粮（每个处理 5 个栏，每个栏 10 只鸡）。所有日粮都是等热量、等氮的，符合肉鸡的营养需求。结果表明，饲喂 12% C. megacephala 或 H. illucens 的肉鸡的活重、平均日增重和饲料转化率都明显高于其他饲粮。日粮中含有 12% 的鹅掌楸或白花蛇舌草可明显改善肉鸡的血液学和血清生化指标。空肠和回肠的肠道组织学指标，如绒毛高度（Vh）、隐窝深度（Cd）、绒毛宽度（Vw）和 Vh/Cd 比值也因饲喂 12% C. megacephala 和 H. illucens 日粮而得到改善。饲喂 12% H. illucens 日粮的肉鸡显示出更高的 L*（亮度）和 a*（红度），而饲喂 12% C. megacephala 日粮的肉鸡显示出更高的 b*（黄度）。这两种动物在生长性能、血液学、血清生物化学、肠道组织学和肉质方面表现相当。结论是，用 12% 的 C. megacephala 或 H. illucens 幼虫替代豆粕可改善肉鸡的生长性能、血液学、肠道组织学和肉的颜色和亮度特征，因此可用作肉鸡饲料中蛋白质的替代来源。
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Pub Date : 2024-03-18DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001126
R. M. Zaalberg, H. Nielsen, N. K. Noer, T. M. Schou, K. Jensen, S. Thormose, M. Kargo, M. Slagboom
Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are exceptionally efficient at converting otherwise unusable waste products, while having a minimal impact on the environment. To optimise the production of BSF larvae, selective breeding could be used. With selective breeding, the best individuals to breed the next generation are selected, for example, with a breeding goal. This study aimed to make the first step towards defining such a breeding goal, by estimating the economic values (EV) of traits that are important for the production of BSF larvae. EV were estimated for larval mass on day 15, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, growth rate, dry mass-, protein- and fat content, development time, eggs per fly, egg hatching rate, and larval mortality. A bio-economic model was used to estimate the profit of a BSF production system that produces 1000 kg of wet larvae at harvesting. The EV of a trait was estimated as the increase in profit when the trait value was increased by 10%, whilst the other traits remained unchanged. EV were expressed per 10% increase, and changes in revenues and costs were specified. The results showed traits with the highest EV were related to composition (dry mass-, and protein-content) and growth (larval mass, development time, growth rate). Traits related to reproduction and flies (development from pupa to fly, number of eggs) had the lowest EV. Due to the lack of information on genetic parameters, the EV are expressed per +10% of the mean value of a trait. In the future, when more information is available, the EV should be expressed per genetic standard deviation. In conclusion, this is the first study that estimated EV for an insect species. The results are a first step towards developing a more sophisticated breeding program for optimizing BSF production.
{"title":"A bio-economic model for estimating economic values of important production traits in the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)","authors":"R. M. Zaalberg, H. Nielsen, N. K. Noer, T. M. Schou, K. Jensen, S. Thormose, M. Kargo, M. Slagboom","doi":"10.1163/23524588-00001126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001126","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are exceptionally efficient at converting otherwise unusable waste products, while having a minimal impact on the environment. To optimise the production of BSF larvae, selective breeding could be used. With selective breeding, the best individuals to breed the next generation are selected, for example, with a breeding goal. This study aimed to make the first step towards defining such a breeding goal, by estimating the economic values (EV) of traits that are important for the production of BSF larvae. EV were estimated for larval mass on day 15, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, growth rate, dry mass-, protein- and fat content, development time, eggs per fly, egg hatching rate, and larval mortality. A bio-economic model was used to estimate the profit of a BSF production system that produces 1000 kg of wet larvae at harvesting. The EV of a trait was estimated as the increase in profit when the trait value was increased by 10%, whilst the other traits remained unchanged. EV were expressed per 10% increase, and changes in revenues and costs were specified. The results showed traits with the highest EV were related to composition (dry mass-, and protein-content) and growth (larval mass, development time, growth rate). Traits related to reproduction and flies (development from pupa to fly, number of eggs) had the lowest EV. Due to the lack of information on genetic parameters, the EV are expressed per +10% of the mean value of a trait. In the future, when more information is available, the EV should be expressed per genetic standard deviation. In conclusion, this is the first study that estimated EV for an insect species. The results are a first step towards developing a more sophisticated breeding program for optimizing BSF production.","PeriodicalId":509242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed","volume":"301 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140233118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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