Fish, first jawed vertebrate group appearing in evolution, have immune system similar to those of mammals. These early animals' innate and adaptive immune systems are completely developed, having head kidney and thymus as primary, spleen and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue as secondary immune organs. The adaptive immunity performs key role in defence against recurring infections and elimination of fish pathogens with the help of its memory cells, T‐cell‐receptors and immunoglobulins. Epidermal secretions including antibacterial peptides, lysozymes, lectins, complement and C‐reactive proteins which function in disruption of antigens, phagocytosis, inflammatory response and mending of tissue injury play a significant role as elements of fish immune system. Fish, however, have greater innate immunity than humans do. Estrogens play crucial role in immunomodulation through nuclear oestrogen receptors, which are found in majority of immune cells and lymphoid organs in fish. There is mounting proof that xenoestrogens, that can attach as agonists to oestrogen receptors, pose significant ecotoxicological risk by disrupting the defence mechanism in fish. Though less potent than natural oestrogen, they can bioaccumulate to finally reach a substantial dose. This review's objective is to give an overview of the fish defence system, its estrogenic regulation and estrogenic‐endocrine disruption.
鱼类是进化过程中最早出现的有颌脊椎动物，其免疫系统与哺乳动物相似。这些早期动物的先天性免疫系统和适应性免疫系统已完全发育成熟，头部肾脏和胸腺是主要免疫器官，脾脏和粘膜相关淋巴组织是次要免疫器官。在记忆细胞、T 细胞受体和免疫球蛋白的帮助下，适应性免疫在抵御反复感染和清除鱼类病原体方面发挥着关键作用。表皮分泌物包括抗菌肽、溶菌酶、凝集素、补体和 C 反应蛋白，它们在破坏抗原、吞噬、炎症反应和修复组织损伤方面发挥着重要作用。然而，鱼类的先天免疫力比人类更强。雌激素通过核雌激素受体在免疫调节中发挥着重要作用，而雌激素受体存在于鱼类的大多数免疫细胞和淋巴器官中。越来越多的证据表明，异雌激素可以作为激动剂附着在雌激素受体上，破坏鱼类的防御机制，从而造成重大的生态毒理学风险。虽然异雌激素的效力低于天然雌激素，但它们可以通过生物累积最终达到相当大的剂量。本综述旨在概述鱼类防御系统、雌激素调节和雌激素-内分泌干扰。
{"title":"Immune system of fish with special reference to estrogenic immune regulation: A review","authors":"Ragini Sinha, Dipak Kumar Mandal","doi":"10.1111/azo.12519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12519","url":null,"abstract":"Fish, first jawed vertebrate group appearing in evolution, have immune system similar to those of mammals. These early animals' innate and adaptive immune systems are completely developed, having head kidney and thymus as primary, spleen and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue as secondary immune organs. The adaptive immunity performs key role in defence against recurring infections and elimination of fish pathogens with the help of its memory cells, T‐cell‐receptors and immunoglobulins. Epidermal secretions including antibacterial peptides, lysozymes, lectins, complement and C‐reactive proteins which function in disruption of antigens, phagocytosis, inflammatory response and mending of tissue injury play a significant role as elements of fish immune system. Fish, however, have greater innate immunity than humans do. Estrogens play crucial role in immunomodulation through nuclear oestrogen receptors, which are found in majority of immune cells and lymphoid organs in fish. There is mounting proof that xenoestrogens, that can attach as agonists to oestrogen receptors, pose significant ecotoxicological risk by disrupting the defence mechanism in fish. Though less potent than natural oestrogen, they can bioaccumulate to finally reach a substantial dose. This review's objective is to give an overview of the fish defence system, its estrogenic regulation and estrogenic‐endocrine disruption.","PeriodicalId":50945,"journal":{"name":"Acta Zoologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eleni A. Charmpila, Azad Teimori, Bettina Reichenbacher
The killifish genus Aphaniops consists of nine species distributed in Eastern Africa and the Middle East. However, distinguishing these species from each other based on morphological traits is challenging. Here we investigate the utility of otoliths (sagittae) in distinguishing between A. dispar, A. ginaonis, A. hormuzensis, A. kruppi and A. stoliczkanus. Our approach is based on otoliths from 89 specimens and involves (1) otolith morphometrics, following prior recommendations, (2) shape analysis of otolith contours based on discrete wavelet transformation—a novel method in killifish otolith research—and comparative statistical analyses. Both methods reveal significant interspecific variation in the otolith regions of the rostrum, antirostrum and excisura. While method (1) effectively discriminates most species, method (2) struggles to differentiate A. hormuzensis, A. stoliczkanus and A. kruppi. Additionally, both methods encounter challenges in correctly classifying A. hormuzensis due to the high otolith variability of this species in our sample. Possible factors accounting for their variability are environmental fluctuations at the sampled hot sulphuric spring (Khurgo) and potential introgressive hybridization. We conclude that otolith morphometry is a valuable tool for Aphaniops species identification. Furthermore, we found that the distinctiveness of species‐specific otolith traits increases with the divergence age of the species.
鳉鱼属有九个物种，分布在非洲东部和中东地区。然而，根据形态特征区分这些物种具有挑战性。在此，我们研究了耳石（sagittae）在区分 A. dispar、A. ginaonis、A. hormuzensis、A. kruppi 和 A. stoliczkanus 方面的作用。我们的方法以 89 个标本的耳石为基础，包括：（1）耳石形态计量学，遵循先前的建议；（2）基于离散小波变换的耳石轮廓形状分析--这是杀生鱼耳石研究中的一种新方法--以及比较统计分析。这两种方法都揭示了喙、反喙和外喙等耳石区域存在明显的种间差异。虽然方法（1）能有效区分大多数物种，但方法（2）却难以区分荷尔蒙鱼（A. hormuzensis）、斯托利茨卡努斯鱼（A. stoliczkanus）和克鲁皮鱼（A. kruppi）。此外，这两种方法在正确分类荷尔鲁津鱼时都遇到了挑战，因为在我们的样本中，该物种的耳石变异性很高。造成其变异性的可能因素是取样硫酸热泉（Khurgo）的环境波动和潜在的引种杂交。我们的结论是，耳石形态测量是鉴定 Aphaniops 物种的重要工具。此外，我们还发现，物种特异性耳石特征的独特性会随着物种的分化年龄而增加。
{"title":"Otolith‐based species identification in the killifish Aphaniops (Teleostei; Cyprinodontiformes; Aphaniidae) using both morphometry and wavelet analysis","authors":"Eleni A. Charmpila, Azad Teimori, Bettina Reichenbacher","doi":"10.1111/azo.12518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12518","url":null,"abstract":"The killifish genus <jats:italic>Aphaniops</jats:italic> consists of nine species distributed in Eastern Africa and the Middle East. However, distinguishing these species from each other based on morphological traits is challenging. Here we investigate the utility of otoliths (sagittae) in distinguishing between <jats:italic>A. dispar</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. ginaonis</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. hormuzensis</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. kruppi</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A. stoliczkanus</jats:italic>. Our approach is based on otoliths from 89 specimens and involves (1) otolith morphometrics, following prior recommendations, (2) shape analysis of otolith contours based on discrete wavelet transformation—a novel method in killifish otolith research—and comparative statistical analyses. Both methods reveal significant interspecific variation in the otolith regions of the rostrum, antirostrum and excisura. While method (1) effectively discriminates most species, method (2) struggles to differentiate <jats:italic>A. hormuzensis</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. stoliczkanus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A. kruppi</jats:italic>. Additionally, both methods encounter challenges in correctly classifying <jats:italic>A. hormuzensis</jats:italic> due to the high otolith variability of this species in our sample. Possible factors accounting for their variability are environmental fluctuations at the sampled hot sulphuric spring (Khurgo) and potential introgressive hybridization. We conclude that otolith morphometry is a valuable tool for <jats:italic>Aphaniops</jats:italic> species identification. Furthermore, we found that the distinctiveness of species‐specific otolith traits increases with the divergence age of the species.","PeriodicalId":50945,"journal":{"name":"Acta Zoologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna L. Mikhlina, Ekaterina D. Nikitenko, Elena V. Vortsepneva
Calcareous skeletal structures are common among different invertebrate groups, including Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, and Echinodermata. They appear externally as shells, plates, or scales, or internally as subepidermal spicules. Although typically formed outside of the cells, in one class of gastropod molluscs, the Heterobranchia, subepidermal and intracellular spicules are found—a rare case, at least for the molluscs. This type of spicules is present in several phylogenetically distant groups of heterobranch molluscs (Rhodopemorpha, Acochlidimorpha, and Nudibranchia), each different in terms of morphology and autecology. This raises questions about the origin and homology of subepidermal spicules in heterobranch molluscs. To answer these questions, understanding the process of spicule formation is crucial. This is impeded by insufficient data on the fine structure of the subepidermal spicules and adjacent epithelia. To address this problem, we carried out a comprehensive morphological study of subepidermal spicules and the body wall in one species of Acochlidimorpha. We revealed variations in the cellular composition of the epidermis, musculature organization, and spicules' arrangement, which most likely reflect the different functional roles of the spicule complex within Heterobranchia representatives. However, the obtained data are insufficient to answer the question of the origin of spicules and their homology within Heterobranchia.
{"title":"Not all heroes wear shells: New data on the spicules' morphology in acochlidimorph mollusc","authors":"Anna L. Mikhlina, Ekaterina D. Nikitenko, Elena V. Vortsepneva","doi":"10.1111/azo.12517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12517","url":null,"abstract":"Calcareous skeletal structures are common among different invertebrate groups, including Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, and Echinodermata. They appear externally as shells, plates, or scales, or internally as subepidermal spicules. Although typically formed outside of the cells, in one class of gastropod molluscs, the Heterobranchia, subepidermal and intracellular spicules are found—a rare case, at least for the molluscs. This type of spicules is present in several phylogenetically distant groups of heterobranch molluscs (Rhodopemorpha, Acochlidimorpha, and Nudibranchia), each different in terms of morphology and autecology. This raises questions about the origin and homology of subepidermal spicules in heterobranch molluscs. To answer these questions, understanding the process of spicule formation is crucial. This is impeded by insufficient data on the fine structure of the subepidermal spicules and adjacent epithelia. To address this problem, we carried out a comprehensive morphological study of subepidermal spicules and the body wall in one species of Acochlidimorpha. We revealed variations in the cellular composition of the epidermis, musculature organization, and spicules' arrangement, which most likely reflect the different functional roles of the spicule complex within Heterobranchia representatives. However, the obtained data are insufficient to answer the question of the origin of spicules and their homology within Heterobranchia.","PeriodicalId":50945,"journal":{"name":"Acta Zoologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study reports the formation of claws in lizards and their cornification. From a flat epidermis with lose mesenchyme, the skin forms undulations that become symmetric domes and later asymmetric for the elongation of their proximal part that gives rise to the outer scale surface. At the tip of digits claws develop in association with a mesenchyme that surrounds the cartilage of the last phalange. Beta‐cells of claws appear 2–3 embryonic stages before those of scales formed in other body regions, including digital scales. The epidermis of the developing claw initially forms 3–4 embryonic layers under which elongated beta‐cells accumulate long bundles of corneous material, immunopositive for CBPs. Claw beta‐keratinocytes incorporate tritiated proline and accumulate numerous, oriented corneous bundles that rapidly occupy the entire cell. The bundles are electron‐dense under transmission electron microscopy, suggesting that, in association to CBPs, other proteins are synthesized and increase the mechanical resistance of claws. Immunolabelling for cysteine‐rich IFKs, HA and HB, shows that these keratins co‐localize with CBPs only in claws but are low to absent in digital scales and adhesive setae. This indicates that the hardness of claws mainly depends from the association between these different proteins rich in glycine and cysteine.
{"title":"Development, differentiation and toughness in lizard claws derive from two types of cysteine–glycine‐rich proteins","authors":"Lorenzo Alibardi","doi":"10.1111/azo.12516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12516","url":null,"abstract":"The present study reports the formation of claws in lizards and their cornification. From a flat epidermis with lose mesenchyme, the skin forms undulations that become symmetric domes and later asymmetric for the elongation of their proximal part that gives rise to the outer scale surface. At the tip of digits claws develop in association with a mesenchyme that surrounds the cartilage of the last phalange. Beta‐cells of claws appear 2–3 embryonic stages before those of scales formed in other body regions, including digital scales. The epidermis of the developing claw initially forms 3–4 embryonic layers under which elongated beta‐cells accumulate long bundles of corneous material, immunopositive for CBPs. Claw beta‐keratinocytes incorporate tritiated proline and accumulate numerous, oriented corneous bundles that rapidly occupy the entire cell. The bundles are electron‐dense under transmission electron microscopy, suggesting that, in association to CBPs, other proteins are synthesized and increase the mechanical resistance of claws. Immunolabelling for cysteine‐rich IFKs, HA and HB, shows that these keratins co‐localize with CBPs only in claws but are low to absent in digital scales and adhesive setae. This indicates that the hardness of claws mainly depends from the association between these different proteins rich in glycine and cysteine.","PeriodicalId":50945,"journal":{"name":"Acta Zoologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141969130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guillermo Escobar, Víctor Zaracho, Pedro Cuaranta, Carolina Barboza, Carolina Píccoli, Carlos A. Luna, Oscar F. Gallego, Mateo D. Monferran
The palaeofauna of the Quaternary is mostly known from the mammals' record, while the herpetofauna is less represented. In the same way, in northeastern Argentina reptile fossils records are scarce, usually represented by preliminary communications. This paper focuses on the study of herpetofauna remains from the Isla El Disparito archaeological site. The faunal materials collected at the site revealed an increase in taxonomic diversity related to the Quaternary herpetofauna in the IED site, with over 50% of the bone remains represented by anurans and at least six recognized squamates taxa. The purpose of this study is to properly identify these new records of herpetofauna remains from northeastern Argentina during the Holocene as well as to provide a dichotomous key of postcranial remains for identifying extant squamates taxa in other Quaternary sites from Argentina. The identified squamate assemblage includes the lizard Ophiodes sp., the snake families Typhlopidae, Dipsadidae, Viperidae and undetermined colubroids, along with anuran bone remains (Anura indet. and ?Hylidae). Additionally, the findings contribute to a better understanding of the herpetological assemblage in Argentina, providing insights into the composition of South American squamates during the Quaternary.
{"title":"Herpetofauna diversity from late Holocene wetlands of northeastern Argentina","authors":"Guillermo Escobar, Víctor Zaracho, Pedro Cuaranta, Carolina Barboza, Carolina Píccoli, Carlos A. Luna, Oscar F. Gallego, Mateo D. Monferran","doi":"10.1111/azo.12513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12513","url":null,"abstract":"The palaeofauna of the Quaternary is mostly known from the mammals' record, while the herpetofauna is less represented. In the same way, in northeastern Argentina reptile fossils records are scarce, usually represented by preliminary communications. This paper focuses on the study of herpetofauna remains from the Isla El Disparito archaeological site. The faunal materials collected at the site revealed an increase in taxonomic diversity related to the Quaternary herpetofauna in the IED site, with over 50% of the bone remains represented by anurans and at least six recognized squamates taxa. The purpose of this study is to properly identify these new records of herpetofauna remains from northeastern Argentina during the Holocene as well as to provide a dichotomous key of postcranial remains for identifying extant squamates taxa in other Quaternary sites from Argentina. The identified squamate assemblage includes the lizard <jats:italic>Ophiodes</jats:italic> sp., the snake families Typhlopidae, Dipsadidae, Viperidae and undetermined colubroids, along with anuran bone remains (Anura indet. and ?Hylidae). Additionally, the findings contribute to a better understanding of the herpetological assemblage in Argentina, providing insights into the composition of South American squamates during the Quaternary.","PeriodicalId":50945,"journal":{"name":"Acta Zoologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141746474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Pak, Gamze Turgay-İzzetoğlu, Mehmet Salih Yıkılmaz, S. İzzetoğlu
The fat body, originating from mesodermal tissue of coelomic cavities during embryogenesis, can be found throughout the insect's body. In some insects, the fat body has two types (peripheral and perivisceral fat bodies) according to its location. In the fat body, trophocytes are known to be the basic cell type. Other fat body cells differentiating from the trophocytes are urocytes, mycetocytes, chromatocytes and haemoglobin cells. The study aimed to demonstrate the general structure and cell types of the fat body during the postembryonic developmental stages of Bombyx mori (L.). With Haematoxylin–Eosin staining, there is a single type of fat body throughout the larval stages but during Pp and P0 stages it consists of perivisceral and peripheral fat bodies. We also observed that the compact structure of the fat body at the beginning of the larval stage began to loosen as it transformed into the pupal stage. In the adult stage, it was reorganized during the metamorphosis and it didn't show both fat bodies distinction. At this stage, the fat body appeared in a loose, lace‐like structure. We determined that B. mori fat body only consists of trophocytes and also among them; the fat body associated cells, oenocytes are detected.
{"title":"A comparative study of fat body at different developmental stages in Bombyx mori (L.): Histological and ultrastructural aspects","authors":"A. Pak, Gamze Turgay-İzzetoğlu, Mehmet Salih Yıkılmaz, S. İzzetoğlu","doi":"10.1111/azo.12515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12515","url":null,"abstract":"The fat body, originating from mesodermal tissue of coelomic cavities during embryogenesis, can be found throughout the insect's body. In some insects, the fat body has two types (peripheral and perivisceral fat bodies) according to its location. In the fat body, trophocytes are known to be the basic cell type. Other fat body cells differentiating from the trophocytes are urocytes, mycetocytes, chromatocytes and haemoglobin cells. The study aimed to demonstrate the general structure and cell types of the fat body during the postembryonic developmental stages of Bombyx mori (L.). With Haematoxylin–Eosin staining, there is a single type of fat body throughout the larval stages but during Pp and P0 stages it consists of perivisceral and peripheral fat bodies. We also observed that the compact structure of the fat body at the beginning of the larval stage began to loosen as it transformed into the pupal stage. In the adult stage, it was reorganized during the metamorphosis and it didn't show both fat bodies distinction. At this stage, the fat body appeared in a loose, lace‐like structure. We determined that B. mori fat body only consists of trophocytes and also among them; the fat body associated cells, oenocytes are detected.","PeriodicalId":50945,"journal":{"name":"Acta Zoologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141649797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rafael Carvalho Santos, Jeniffer Natalia Teles, Fernando Luis Mantelatto, Rogerio Caetano Costa
Synalpheus ubatuba zoea I was described by assessing laboratory‐hatched larvae. It was compared to other Synalpheus descriptions available in the literature. Partial sequences of parental female's 16S rRNA were analysed and it provided additional evidence for species identification. The first S. ubatuba zoea can be identified by a set of morphological characteristics, namely: antennal scale 4‐articled; basial endite of the maxillule with 3 stout spines + 1 spine; coxal endite of the maxilla with 3 plumose setae and 1 simple seta; basis of the first maxilliped with 4 spines and 2 simple setae; endopod of the third maxilliped with 5‐articled with 0, 0, 0, 2 (1 serrate + 1 simple) setae, 4 simple setae. There was significant larval morphology difference between these characteristics in comparison to other species in the Brevicarpus group (S. brevicarpus and S. minus) which S. ubatuba belongs to. Despite systematic and ecological information provided in the original S. ubatuba description, the present study is the first to focus on the particular features of this species' larval morphology. Evidence of the herein provided larval morphology traits in addition to potential comparison to congeners presenting well‐known larval descriptions, supported the identification of newly discovered species.
{"title":"Life history of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus ubatuba: Morphological description of the first larval stage reared in laboratory","authors":"Rafael Carvalho Santos, Jeniffer Natalia Teles, Fernando Luis Mantelatto, Rogerio Caetano Costa","doi":"10.1111/azo.12514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12514","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Synalpheus ubatuba</jats:italic> zoea I was described by assessing laboratory‐hatched larvae. It was compared to other <jats:italic>Synalpheus</jats:italic> descriptions available in the literature. Partial sequences of parental female's 16S rRNA were analysed and it provided additional evidence for species identification. The first <jats:italic>S. ubatuba</jats:italic> zoea can be identified by a set of morphological characteristics, namely: antennal scale 4‐articled; basial endite of the maxillule with 3 stout spines + 1 spine; coxal endite of the maxilla with 3 plumose setae and 1 simple seta; basis of the first maxilliped with 4 spines and 2 simple setae; endopod of the third maxilliped with 5‐articled with 0, 0, 0, 2 (1 serrate + 1 simple) setae, 4 simple setae. There was significant larval morphology difference between these characteristics in comparison to other species in the Brevicarpus group (<jats:italic>S. brevicarpus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. minus</jats:italic>) which <jats:italic>S. ubatuba</jats:italic> belongs to. Despite systematic and ecological information provided in the original <jats:italic>S. ubatuba</jats:italic> description, the present study is the first to focus on the particular features of this species' larval morphology. Evidence of the herein provided larval morphology traits in addition to potential comparison to congeners presenting well‐known larval descriptions, supported the identification of newly discovered species.","PeriodicalId":50945,"journal":{"name":"Acta Zoologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141611233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation during formation of the beak in tadpoles of Rana dalmatina. Acta Zoologica (Stockolm). The beak utilized in tadpoles of R. dalmatina for crushing vegetables is formed of cornified cell layers. A row of large wedge‐like cells forms a central pile that produces the sharp corneous lamina of the beak. The labial and oral surfaces of the beaks also accumulate corneous material during proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes from the epidermis to form a sheath around the central corneous cells. Corneocytes are shed during the growth of tadpoles. Electron microscopy reveals that keratin and mucus granules are main components of these keratinocytes. Electron‐dense organelles of unknown composition and with inside lamellae are also present. Using immunohistochemistry after post‐injection of 5BrdU, a marker of cell proliferation, the main timing of formation of the beak has been determined. After 2–5 h from injection, labelled nuclei of keratinocytes are seen in the basal layer, and sparse suprabasal labelled nuclei are detected after 5 h. Labelled keratinocytes are seen in suprabasal layers at 2 days post‐injection. At 5 and 6 days labelled keratinocytes are present in central corneous cells and in the lateral shell of corneocytes forming the labial and oral beak sides. Shedding a complete stratum corneum likely takes more days, but this depends on feeding usage.
达玛提娜蝌蚪喙形成过程中表皮细胞的增殖和分化。动物学报》（斯德哥尔摩）。达尔马提那蝌蚪用来压碎蔬菜的喙是由粟状细胞层形成的。一排大的楔形细胞形成一个中心堆，形成喙的锋利角质层。在表皮的角质细胞增殖和分化过程中，喙的唇面和口面也会堆积角质物质，在中央角质细胞周围形成一层鞘。角质细胞在蝌蚪的生长过程中脱落。电子显微镜显示，角蛋白和粘液颗粒是这些角质细胞的主要成分。此外，还存在成分不明的电子致密细胞器，其内部有薄片。在注射细胞增殖标记物 5BrdU 后，使用免疫组织化学方法确定了喙的主要形成时间。注射 2-5 h 后，基底层出现标记的角质细胞核，5 h 后检测到稀疏的基底上层标记核。注射后 5 天和 6 天，标记的角质细胞出现在中央角质细胞以及形成唇侧和口喙侧的角质细胞侧壳中。脱落完整的角质层可能需要更多天，但这取决于喂食情况。
{"title":"Epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation in the beak of tadpoles of Rana dalmatina","authors":"Lorenzo Alibardi","doi":"10.1111/azo.12512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12512","url":null,"abstract":"Epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation during formation of the beak in tadpoles of <jats:italic>Rana dalmatina</jats:italic>. Acta Zoologica (Stockolm). The beak utilized in tadpoles of <jats:italic>R. dalmatina</jats:italic> for crushing vegetables is formed of cornified cell layers. A row of large wedge‐like cells forms a central pile that produces the sharp corneous lamina of the beak. The labial and oral surfaces of the beaks also accumulate corneous material during proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes from the epidermis to form a sheath around the central corneous cells. Corneocytes are shed during the growth of tadpoles. Electron microscopy reveals that keratin and mucus granules are main components of these keratinocytes. Electron‐dense organelles of unknown composition and with inside lamellae are also present. Using immunohistochemistry after post‐injection of 5BrdU, a marker of cell proliferation, the main timing of formation of the beak has been determined. After 2–5 h from injection, labelled nuclei of keratinocytes are seen in the basal layer, and sparse suprabasal labelled nuclei are detected after 5 h. Labelled keratinocytes are seen in suprabasal layers at 2 days post‐injection. At 5 and 6 days labelled keratinocytes are present in central corneous cells and in the lateral shell of corneocytes forming the labial and oral beak sides. Shedding a complete stratum corneum likely takes more days, but this depends on feeding usage.","PeriodicalId":50945,"journal":{"name":"Acta Zoologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141574434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ayesha Malik, Kiran Afshan, Mohammad K. Okla, Ibrahim A. Saleh, Abdul Razzaq, Munib Hussain, Sabika Firasat, Gulnora Mirzaeva, Bakhtiyor Kholmatov, Erinda Lika
Ticks are blood‐sucking parasite and transmit pathogens to humans, domestic and wild animals. Ticks are seriously damage the production of sheep and goats, resulting in heavy economic loss to farmers. The present study investigated microscopic and molecular identification of ticks and tick‐borne anaplasmosis infesting sheep and goats in three agro‐ecological zones of Pakistan. The collected ticks were identified at species level based on their morphological features through microscopy by using taxonomic keys. Four Rhipicephalus (R.) species namely: R. guilhoni Rh. geigyi, R. annulatus, R. pulchellus, two Haemaphysalis (Hae) spp. Hae. sulcate, Hae. punctate, one Ixodes ricinus and Hyalomma anatolicum were identified. The morphological variations in their body sizes, scutal pattern, female genital opening, spiracular plate length and male adanal plate were recorded. Furthermore, we assessed the effectiveness of utilizing the 16S rRNA gene sequence to differentiate Anaplasma samples at the species level. Microscopically suspected positive blood samples for Anaplasma were subjected to DNA extraction. Anaplasma was observed in the blood of 14 animals. The sequence similarity between Anaplasma marginale and the reference genome were 99.25%, while below this value indicating a distinct species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close similarity with A. marginale isolates from Iran, Vietnam and Pakistan This study contributes to the epidemiology of ticks and TBPs in the KP province and highlights the importance of proactive TBP surveillance in livestock.
{"title":"Insights into tick dynamics and anaplasmosis in ruminants: A microscopic and molecular perspective","authors":"Ayesha Malik, Kiran Afshan, Mohammad K. Okla, Ibrahim A. Saleh, Abdul Razzaq, Munib Hussain, Sabika Firasat, Gulnora Mirzaeva, Bakhtiyor Kholmatov, Erinda Lika","doi":"10.1111/azo.12510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12510","url":null,"abstract":"Ticks are blood‐sucking parasite and transmit pathogens to humans, domestic and wild animals. Ticks are seriously damage the production of sheep and goats, resulting in heavy economic loss to farmers. The present study investigated microscopic and molecular identification of ticks and tick‐borne anaplasmosis infesting sheep and goats in three agro‐ecological zones of Pakistan. The collected ticks were identified at species level based on their morphological features through microscopy by using taxonomic keys. Four <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus (R.)</jats:italic> species namely: <jats:italic>R. guilhoni Rh. geigyi</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>R. annulatus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>R. pulchellus</jats:italic>, two <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis (Hae)</jats:italic> spp. <jats:italic>Hae. sulcate</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Hae. punctate</jats:italic>, one <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus and Hyalomma anatolicum</jats:italic> were identified. The morphological variations in their body sizes, scutal pattern, female genital opening, spiracular plate length and male adanal plate were recorded. Furthermore, we assessed the effectiveness of utilizing the 16S rRNA gene sequence to differentiate <jats:italic>Anaplasma</jats:italic> samples at the species level. Microscopically suspected positive blood samples for <jats:italic>Anaplasma</jats:italic> were subjected to DNA extraction. <jats:italic>Anaplasma</jats:italic> was observed in the blood of 14 animals. The sequence similarity between <jats:italic>Anaplasma marginale</jats:italic> and the reference genome were 99.25%, while below this value indicating a distinct species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close similarity with <jats:italic>A. marginale</jats:italic> isolates from Iran, Vietnam and Pakistan This study contributes to the epidemiology of ticks and TBPs in the KP province and highlights the importance of proactive TBP surveillance in livestock.","PeriodicalId":50945,"journal":{"name":"Acta Zoologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141550441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whandenson M. Nascimento, Alexandre O. Almeida, Allysson P. Pinheiro
The evolutionary success of the Alpheus snapping shrimps is linked to their snapping claws, which were considered the key innovation in the evolution of these shrimps. However, many aspects of the evolution of snapping claws remain unknown. We evaluate the degree of intra‐ and interspecific variation in the shape of the snapping claw in different snapping shrimp Alpheus species. For this, we used a geometric morphometric tool. We investigated the variation in snapping claw shape from two perspectives — interspecific variation and sexual shape dimorphism — in three species: Alpheus angulosus, A. carlae, and A. estuariensis, from three locations along the southern coast of Bahia state in northeastern Brazil. Our results revealed interspecific variation in the shape of the snapping claw among A. angulosus, A. carlae, and A. estuariensis. In addition, sexual shape dimorphism was confirmed in A. angulosus and A. carlae. However, in A. estuariensis, our results reveal sexual monomorphism in the snapping claw. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both ecological context and phylogenetic relationships when analysing the morphology of the snapping claw in Alpheus snapping shrimps. We suggest further investigations to better understand the interspecific variation and sexual dimorphism in snapping claws and their implications for the evolutionary history of these shrimps.
阿尔卑斯鳄的进化成功与它们的鳄爪有关，鳄爪被认为是这些虾进化过程中的关键创新。然而，关于鳄爪进化的许多方面仍然未知。我们评估了不同种类的阿尔普斯（Alpheus）对虾在种内和种间的鳄爪形状变异程度。为此，我们使用了一种几何形态计量工具。我们从两个角度--种间变异和性形二态--研究了三个物种的鳄爪形状变异：我们从两个角度研究了巴西东北部巴伊亚州南部沿海三个地点的三个物种：Alpheus angulosus、A. carlae 和 A. estuariensis 的甲鱼爪形状的变化。我们的研究结果表明，A. angulosus、A. carlae 和 A. estuariensis 的鳄爪形状存在种间差异。此外，A. angulosus 和 A. carlae 的性状二形性也得到了证实。然而，我们的研究结果表明，河口蛙的鳄爪具有性单态性。我们的发现强调了在分析阿尔卑斯鳄的鳄爪形态时考虑生态环境和系统发育关系的重要性。我们建议开展进一步研究，以更好地了解鳄爪的种间变异和性二态性及其对这些虾类进化史的影响。
{"title":"Shape variation in the snapping claw of Alpheus Fabricius, 1898 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): A geometric morphometrics approach","authors":"Whandenson M. Nascimento, Alexandre O. Almeida, Allysson P. Pinheiro","doi":"10.1111/azo.12511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12511","url":null,"abstract":"The evolutionary success of the <jats:italic>Alpheus</jats:italic> snapping shrimps is linked to their snapping claws, which were considered the key innovation in the evolution of these shrimps. However, many aspects of the evolution of snapping claws remain unknown. We evaluate the degree of intra‐ and interspecific variation in the shape of the snapping claw in different snapping shrimp <jats:italic>Alpheus</jats:italic> species. For this, we used a geometric morphometric tool. We investigated the variation in snapping claw shape from two perspectives — interspecific variation and sexual shape dimorphism — in three species: <jats:italic>Alpheus angulosus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. carlae,</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A. estuariensis</jats:italic>, from three locations along the southern coast of Bahia state in northeastern Brazil. Our results revealed interspecific variation in the shape of the snapping claw among <jats:italic>A. angulosus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. carlae,</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A. estuariensis</jats:italic>. In addition, sexual shape dimorphism was confirmed in <jats:italic>A. angulosus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A. carlae</jats:italic>. However, in <jats:italic>A. estuariensis</jats:italic>, our results reveal sexual monomorphism in the snapping claw. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both ecological context and phylogenetic relationships when analysing the morphology of the snapping claw in <jats:italic>Alpheus</jats:italic> snapping shrimps. We suggest further investigations to better understand the interspecific variation and sexual dimorphism in snapping claws and their implications for the evolutionary history of these shrimps.","PeriodicalId":50945,"journal":{"name":"Acta Zoologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141528879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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