Orchids are one of the most exquisite and diverse plant species in nature. The seeds of orchids are non-endospermic and, therefore, dependent on endophytes for germination, growth, and adaptability. Orchids are prized for their beauty and therapeutic and culinary qualities by naturalists and the general public. Many orchid species are now endangered or vulnerable due to collectors' eagerness to take them. Current studies on orchids have concentrated on isolating and identifying the mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal endophytes that either directly or indirectly help orchids to grow, develop, and produce beneficial secondary metabolites. In orchids, bacterial endophytes play an essential role in the formation of mycorrhizae and the stability of relationships between plants and fungi. Endophytic bacteria can grow in orchids by producing phytohormones, doing photosynthesis, fixing nitrogen, promoting the mineral nutrition cycle, forming siderophores, and producing diverse beneficial metabolites to improve biomass production, stress tolerance, and biocontrol of potential phytopathogenic fungal species. This article examines how endophytic bacteria are associated with orchids and their potential growth-promoting abilities.
{"title":"The potential of bacterial endophytes on orchids","authors":"Ansiya Aneesa, Rajeevan Parvathi, Appukuttannair Gangaprasad, Sugathan Shiburaj","doi":"10.14719/pst.2573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2573","url":null,"abstract":"Orchids are one of the most exquisite and diverse plant species in nature. The seeds of orchids are non-endospermic and, therefore, dependent on endophytes for germination, growth, and adaptability. Orchids are prized for their beauty and therapeutic and culinary qualities by naturalists and the general public. Many orchid species are now endangered or vulnerable due to collectors' eagerness to take them. Current studies on orchids have concentrated on isolating and identifying the mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal endophytes that either directly or indirectly help orchids to grow, develop, and produce beneficial secondary metabolites. In orchids, bacterial endophytes play an essential role in the formation of mycorrhizae and the stability of relationships between plants and fungi. Endophytic bacteria can grow in orchids by producing phytohormones, doing photosynthesis, fixing nitrogen, promoting the mineral nutrition cycle, forming siderophores, and producing diverse beneficial metabolites to improve biomass production, stress tolerance, and biocontrol of potential phytopathogenic fungal species. This article examines how endophytic bacteria are associated with orchids and their potential growth-promoting abilities.","PeriodicalId":509766,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"92 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141797800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gopala Krishna Tadiboina, S. Masina, Venkata Raghava Chabolu, Maitra Sagar
In developing countries like India, a cereal-based cropping system is one of the important practices, having a significant role in food security and the country’s economy. Among the cereal crops cultivated in India, maize is one among them having a huge market demand, and yield potential and can perform under various agroclimatic conditions. In the cultivation of cereal crops like maize, input optimization and intensification of farming by altering plant population are highly essential for agricultural sustainability as well as crop productivity. Nutrients can be efficiently applied through site site-specific approach by using a decision support system, namely, Nutrient Expert (NE) rather application of a recommended dose for an agroclimatic region. Considering the above fact, the research was carried out in the rabi season of 2022-2023 at the Post Graduate Research Farm ofCenturion University of Technology and Management (23?38' N latitude and 87?42' E longitude) in Odisha. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with different spacings and NE-based nutrient recommendations. The main factor consisted of 3 different spacings and 4 different nutrient recommendations were considered in sub-plots. The recommended dose of fertilizer for maize was 120-60-60 kg ha-1 of N: P2O5:K2O respectively. The results of the experiment revealed that the highest plant height (249 cm), dry matter accumulation (1556 g m-2), leaf area (5674 cm2 plant-1), grain yield (6362 kg ha-1), and stover yield (9334 kg ha-1) were obtained in 60 cm × 15 cm spacing. The NE-based nutrient management for a target yield for 10 t ha-1 recorded the highest values in terms of growth attributes, yield attributes, and yield of maize. The experiment concluded that providing fertilizers through NE-based nutrient recommendation for a target yield of 10 t ha-1 with a spacing of 60 cm × 15cm can be considered for obtaining better growth, yield attributes, and yield of maize.
在印度这样的发展中国家，以谷物为基础的种植系统是重要的耕作方式之一，在粮食安全和国家经济中发挥着重要作用。在印度种植的谷类作物中，玉米是市场需求巨大、产量潜力巨大且能在各种农业气候条件下生长的作物之一。在玉米等谷类作物的种植过程中，通过改变植物数量来优化投入和加强耕作，对于农业的可持续性和作物生产率至关重要。通过使用决策支持系统，即 "营养专家"（Nutrient Expert，NE），可以针对具体地点有效地施用养分，而不是根据农业气候区域施用推荐剂量。考虑到上述事实，研究于 2022-2023 年的蕾季在奥迪沙的森图里昂技术与管理大学研究生研究农场（北纬 23?38'，东经 87?42'）进行。试验采用分块设计，不同的间距和基于东北亚的养分建议。主因子包括 3 个不同的间距，子小区考虑了 4 种不同的养分建议。玉米的肥料推荐剂量分别为 120-60-60 kg ha-1 N：P2O5：K2O。试验结果表明，株行距为 60 cm × 15 cm 的玉米株高最高（249 cm），干物质积累最高（1556 g m-2），叶面积最高（5674 cm2 plant-1），谷物产量最高（6362 kg ha-1），秸秆产量最高（9334 kg ha-1）。目标产量为 10 吨/公顷-1 的东北亚养分管理在玉米的生长属性、产量属性和产量方面都达到了最高值。试验得出的结论是，在 60 厘米 × 15 厘米的株行距下，通过基于近地养分的目标产量 10 吨/公顷的养分推荐，可以考虑提供肥料，以获得更好的玉米生长、产量属性和产量。
{"title":"Unraveling the advantages of site-specific nutrient management in maize (Zea mays L.) for enhancing the growth and productivity under varied plant populations in the hot and moist sub-humid region of Odisha","authors":"Gopala Krishna Tadiboina, S. Masina, Venkata Raghava Chabolu, Maitra Sagar","doi":"10.14719/pst.3171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3171","url":null,"abstract":"In developing countries like India, a cereal-based cropping system is one of the important practices, having a significant role in food security and the country’s economy. Among the cereal crops cultivated in India, maize is one among them having a huge market demand, and yield potential and can perform under various agroclimatic conditions. In the cultivation of cereal crops like maize, input optimization and intensification of farming by altering plant population are highly essential for agricultural sustainability as well as crop productivity. Nutrients can be efficiently applied through site site-specific approach by using a decision support system, namely, Nutrient Expert (NE) rather application of a recommended dose for an agroclimatic region. Considering the above fact, the research was carried out in the rabi season of 2022-2023 at the Post Graduate Research Farm ofCenturion University of Technology and Management (23?38' N latitude and 87?42' E longitude) in Odisha. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with different spacings and NE-based nutrient recommendations. The main factor consisted of 3 different spacings and 4 different nutrient recommendations were considered in sub-plots. The recommended dose of fertilizer for maize was 120-60-60 kg ha-1 of N: P2O5:K2O respectively. The results of the experiment revealed that the highest plant height (249 cm), dry matter accumulation (1556 g m-2), leaf area (5674 cm2 plant-1), grain yield (6362 kg ha-1), and stover yield (9334 kg ha-1) were obtained in 60 cm × 15 cm spacing. The NE-based nutrient management for a target yield for 10 t ha-1 recorded the highest values in terms of growth attributes, yield attributes, and yield of maize. The experiment concluded that providing fertilizers through NE-based nutrient recommendation for a target yield of 10 t ha-1 with a spacing of 60 cm × 15cm can be considered for obtaining better growth, yield attributes, and yield of maize.","PeriodicalId":509766,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"44 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141805386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Significant conceptual changes have occurred over the past years in plant conservation, with major methodological advances incorporating modern techniques, technology, and disciplines. The global, national, and regional loss of biodiversity is a multifaceted issue affecting social, economic, organizational, political, scientific, and communicational scenarios. The identification of root causes is key to preventing biodiversity loss. India's diverse ecosystem supports various needs, including food, medicine, clothing, and shelter. Spatial biodiversity assessment is important for prioritizing and monitoring mechanisms and efforts in the context of land use, land cover change, unprecedented overexploitation, uncontrolled pollution, and alien species invasion. Odisha, an eastern Indian state, is rich in natural resources, with tropical moist, and dry deciduous forests covering remote areas of many districts, north-south-western hills, plateaus, and isolated pockets. Conservation efforts have expanded with protected areas, Red Lists, ex-situ facilities, wild plant accessions, and some developed species recovery programs. The conservation community is concerned about how to respond to the continuously depleting bioresources. Conservation prioritization focuses on protecting socioeconomically, medicinally, and environmentally significant species and living communities, regions of high species richness and endemism, and active functional ecosystems. The present review explores how to address sustainable biodiversity conservation practices and natural ecosystems aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goals No. 13 and 15.
{"title":"Plant diversity conservation issues and challenges: A review","authors":"Snigdha Behera, Abanikanta Bhadra","doi":"10.14719/pst.3778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3778","url":null,"abstract":"Significant conceptual changes have occurred over the past years in plant conservation, with major methodological advances incorporating modern techniques, technology, and disciplines. The global, national, and regional loss of biodiversity is a multifaceted issue affecting social, economic, organizational, political, scientific, and communicational scenarios. The identification of root causes is key to preventing biodiversity loss. India's diverse ecosystem supports various needs, including food, medicine, clothing, and shelter. Spatial biodiversity assessment is important for prioritizing and monitoring mechanisms and efforts in the context of land use, land cover change, unprecedented overexploitation, uncontrolled pollution, and alien species invasion. Odisha, an eastern Indian state, is rich in natural resources, with tropical moist, and dry deciduous forests covering remote areas of many districts, north-south-western hills, plateaus, and isolated pockets. Conservation efforts have expanded with protected areas, Red Lists, ex-situ facilities, wild plant accessions, and some developed species recovery programs. The conservation community is concerned about how to respond to the continuously depleting bioresources. Conservation prioritization focuses on protecting socioeconomically, medicinally, and environmentally significant species and living communities, regions of high species richness and endemism, and active functional ecosystems. The present review explores how to address sustainable biodiversity conservation practices and natural ecosystems aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goals No. 13 and 15.","PeriodicalId":509766,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"38 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141804065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present investigation was undertaken to develop a variety of jackfruit. Hence, the research was conducted on the bearing trees of different jackfruit genotypes in the Pudukkottai District of Tamil Nadu, India, during the year 2016-2019. Fifty-five jackfruit genotypes, viz., KDM-AhJ-01 to KDM-AhJ-55, were selected for the study to identify superior ones. The season of fruiting in each genotype was recorded and classified into early (March-April), mid-season (May-June), and late (July-August). The genotype 46 was found to be mid-season bearing (May-June, 2016-2019). Meanwhile, KDM-AhJ -08, KDM-AhJ -10, and KDM-AhJ -35 were found to have late season bearing (July to August 2016-2019). The genotypes KDM-AhJ 31 and KDM-AhJ 32 were produced during the main season (March-April, 2016-2019) and also during the off-season (September -November 2016-2019) production of jackfruit. The highest number of fruits per plant (43.33.00) was obtained from 08, followed by 31 (33.33). Maximum individual fruit weight was gained from 46 (16.33 kg) followed by 10 (14.33 kg), and a minimum of (4.67 kg) was observed that genotype 08 was suitable for small families. Yield varied from 62.67 kg/tree to 458.33. Yield was recorded from 10. The highest number of flakes per fruit was obtained from 10 (210.00). The highest Flakes: Seed ratio was obtained from 10 (5.30). Upper limit TSS content recorded to 08 (29.17° brix). The highest total sugar (25.20%), highest protein, lowest acidity (0.10%), and lowest ascorbic acid content were found to be 8. Maximum carotene content was recorded on KDM-AhJ- 46, followed by 8 and 10. Maximum color and appearance of 9.00 were obtained from the genotypes KDM-AhJ- 10. A maximum overall acceptability of 9.75 was observed by genotype 08, followed by 10 (9.00). Genotype 51, recorded for the TSS content of (6° brix) followed by the genotypes viz.,6, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, and 26 (7° brix), was found to have low TSS content, hence it is suitable for diabetic patients. Genotype 37 was identified for vegetable purposes in the immature stage, and ripened fruits were more suitable for table purposes. KDM-AhJ- 31 and 39 identified for thousand fruited jackfruit genotype. Flake color varied from white, yellow, whitish yellow, light yellow, bright yellow, and senthuram/deep orange. The genotypes KDM-AhJ-01, 4, 7, and 10 showed good deep orange (Senthuram color) flakes. Genotype 45 recorded pure white flakes that were very sweet in taste. The owner of this jackfruit farmer, S.Karthick, said this is for Seeni pala. Genotypes 17, 18, and 19 were identified for Tharaipala. The shelf life of flakes varied distinctly among the fifty-five jackfruit germplasms. The genotypes KDM-AhJ -08 and KDM-Ah -10 record for five days. Among the 55 genotypes, diversity was recorded for every genotype. Based on overall performance concerning vegetative growth, yield, and quality, characters were recorded to identify the superior genotypes.
{"title":"Diversity of jack fruit germplasm in Pudukkottai district of Tamil Nadu","authors":"R. Jayavalli, S. J. R. Sheeba, K. Kumanan","doi":"10.14719/pst.4139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.4139","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation was undertaken to develop a variety of jackfruit. Hence, the research was conducted on the bearing trees of different jackfruit genotypes in the Pudukkottai District of Tamil Nadu, India, during the year 2016-2019. Fifty-five jackfruit genotypes, viz., KDM-AhJ-01 to KDM-AhJ-55, were selected for the study to identify superior ones. The season of fruiting in each genotype was recorded and classified into early (March-April), mid-season (May-June), and late (July-August). The genotype 46 was found to be mid-season bearing (May-June, 2016-2019). Meanwhile, KDM-AhJ -08, KDM-AhJ -10, and KDM-AhJ -35 were found to have late season bearing (July to August 2016-2019). The genotypes KDM-AhJ 31 and KDM-AhJ 32 were produced during the main season (March-April, 2016-2019) and also during the off-season (September -November 2016-2019) production of jackfruit. The highest number of fruits per plant (43.33.00) was obtained from 08, followed by 31 (33.33). Maximum individual fruit weight was gained from 46 (16.33 kg) followed by 10 (14.33 kg), and a minimum of (4.67 kg) was observed that genotype 08 was suitable for small families. Yield varied from 62.67 kg/tree to 458.33. Yield was recorded from 10. The highest number of flakes per fruit was obtained from 10 (210.00). The highest Flakes: Seed ratio was obtained from 10 (5.30). Upper limit TSS content recorded to 08 (29.17° brix). The highest total sugar (25.20%), highest protein, lowest acidity (0.10%), and lowest ascorbic acid content were found to be 8. Maximum carotene content was recorded on KDM-AhJ- 46, followed by 8 and 10. Maximum color and appearance of 9.00 were obtained from the genotypes KDM-AhJ- 10. A maximum overall acceptability of 9.75 was observed by genotype 08, followed by 10 (9.00). Genotype 51, recorded for the TSS content of (6° brix) followed by the genotypes viz.,6, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, and 26 (7° brix), was found to have low TSS content, hence it is suitable for diabetic patients. Genotype 37 was identified for vegetable purposes in the immature stage, and ripened fruits were more suitable for table purposes. KDM-AhJ- 31 and 39 identified for thousand fruited jackfruit genotype. Flake color varied from white, yellow, whitish yellow, light yellow, bright yellow, and senthuram/deep orange. The genotypes KDM-AhJ-01, 4, 7, and 10 showed good deep orange (Senthuram color) flakes. Genotype 45 recorded pure white flakes that were very sweet in taste. The owner of this jackfruit farmer, S.Karthick, said this is for Seeni pala. Genotypes 17, 18, and 19 were identified for Tharaipala. The shelf life of flakes varied distinctly among the fifty-five jackfruit germplasms. The genotypes KDM-AhJ -08 and KDM-Ah -10 record for five days. Among the 55 genotypes, diversity was recorded for every genotype. Based on overall performance concerning vegetative growth, yield, and quality, characters were recorded to identify the superior genotypes.","PeriodicalId":509766,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141807674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruilong Zou, Haider Sultan, Saad Muse Muhamed, Mohammad Nauman Khan, Jian Pan, Wanjie Liao, Qianqian Li, Shizhao Cheng, Jingyun Tian, Zhenrui Cao, Ye Tao, Lixiao Nie
The integration of rubber plantations with agroforestry systems, or the under-forest economy, represents a pivotal shift towards sustainable agriculture in China. This paper reviews the latest research on agroforestry practices and innovations within China's rubber plantation under-forest economy, with a focus on the balance between economic productivity and environmental sustainability. We explore the adoption of diverse agroforestry models that incorporate rubber trees with other valuable plant species, aiming to enhance ecosystem services, biodiversity, and farmers' livelihoods. The review highlights significant advancements in sustainable management practices, including species selection, planting designs, and soil and water conservation techniques that contribute to the resilience of these systems against environmental stresses. Economic analyses underscore the potential for rubber agroforestry systems to improve income diversification and stability for rural communities while also navigating market challenges. Environmental assessments reveal the positive impacts of these practices on carbon sequestration, biodiversity preservation, and soil health, positioning rubber agroforestry as a beneficial strategy for mitigating climate change effects. However, the review also identifies challenges, including the need for supportive policy frameworks, access to knowledge and technology for smallholders, and further research on long-term sustainability outcomes. Future directions for research are proposed, emphasizing the integration of ecological, economic, and social dimensions to fully realize the potential of the rubber under-forest economy in China.
{"title":"Sustainable integration of rubber plantations within agroforestry systems in China: current research and future directions","authors":"Ruilong Zou, Haider Sultan, Saad Muse Muhamed, Mohammad Nauman Khan, Jian Pan, Wanjie Liao, Qianqian Li, Shizhao Cheng, Jingyun Tian, Zhenrui Cao, Ye Tao, Lixiao Nie","doi":"10.14719/pst.4180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.4180","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of rubber plantations with agroforestry systems, or the under-forest economy, represents a pivotal shift towards sustainable agriculture in China. This paper reviews the latest research on agroforestry practices and innovations within China's rubber plantation under-forest economy, with a focus on the balance between economic productivity and environmental sustainability. We explore the adoption of diverse agroforestry models that incorporate rubber trees with other valuable plant species, aiming to enhance ecosystem services, biodiversity, and farmers' livelihoods. The review highlights significant advancements in sustainable management practices, including species selection, planting designs, and soil and water conservation techniques that contribute to the resilience of these systems against environmental stresses. Economic analyses underscore the potential for rubber agroforestry systems to improve income diversification and stability for rural communities while also navigating market challenges. Environmental assessments reveal the positive impacts of these practices on carbon sequestration, biodiversity preservation, and soil health, positioning rubber agroforestry as a beneficial strategy for mitigating climate change effects. However, the review also identifies challenges, including the need for supportive policy frameworks, access to knowledge and technology for smallholders, and further research on long-term sustainability outcomes. Future directions for research are proposed, emphasizing the integration of ecological, economic, and social dimensions to fully realize the potential of the rubber under-forest economy in China.","PeriodicalId":509766,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"123 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141811982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antibiotic resistance is increasing due to the increased use of antibiotics. The emergence of new antibacterial drugs with fewer side effects than antibiotics is an issue. The medicinal plant rosemary is widely used in traditional medicine. In this study, an ethanol extract from the leaves of this plant was tested against the most common hospital-acquired infections. The following study aimed to ascertain the phytochemicals, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of commercial rosemary flavonoids in leaf extract used on major hospital pathogens through disc diffusion and MIC tests. The Rosmarinus officinalis plant was used in this experimental study to evaluate its antimicrobial efficacy against pathogens by disc diffusion and MIC tests. The leaves of this plant were extracted in ethanol at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, and 25 mg/ml and evaluated for their antimicrobial effect against several pathogenic strains. In addition, the optical density in the spectrophotometer (620 nm) was used to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. In this investigation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were all sensitive to the effects of the ethanolic extract of rosemary leaves at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of E. coli and P. aeruginosa in this extract changed from 25 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml concentration, while the other types of bacteria required only 200 and 100 mg/ml. These findings imply that high concentrations of rosemary extract inhibited all species, including E. coli, S. aureus, P. Aeruginosa, and E. faecalis.
由于抗生素使用量的增加，抗生素耐药性也在不断增加。与抗生素相比，副作用更小的新型抗菌药物的出现是一个问题。药用植物迷迭香被广泛用于传统医药中。在这项研究中，针对最常见的医院感染病例，测试了从这种植物的叶子中提取的乙醇提取物。接下来的研究旨在通过碟片扩散和 MIC 试验，确定迷迭香叶提取物中的商用迷迭香类黄酮对医院主要病原体的植物化学成分、抗菌和抗氧化活性。本实验研究使用迷迭香植物，通过碟片扩散和 MIC 试验评估其对病原体的抗菌功效。该植物的叶片经乙醇提取，浓度分别为 200、100、50 和 25 毫克/毫升，对几种病原体菌株的抗菌效果进行了评估。此外，分光光度计（620 纳米）中的光密度被用来计算最低抑菌浓度（MIC）测试。在这项研究中，铜绿假单胞菌、粪肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌对浓度为 200 毫克/毫升的迷迭香叶乙醇提取物都很敏感。大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌在这种提取物中的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）从 25 毫克/毫升变为 100 毫克/毫升，而其他类型的细菌只需要 200 毫克/毫升和 100 毫克/毫升。这些发现意味着高浓度迷迭香提取物对所有菌种都有抑制作用，包括大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌和粪肠球菌。
{"title":"Phytochemical screening and antioxidant properties of alcoholic extract and antibacterial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L., Leaves","authors":"T. S. Al-Tayawi, Esraa M Ade, Farah Hazim Omer","doi":"10.14719/pst.3897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3897","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotic resistance is increasing due to the increased use of antibiotics. The emergence of new antibacterial drugs with fewer side effects than antibiotics is an issue. The medicinal plant rosemary is widely used in traditional medicine. In this study, an ethanol extract from the leaves of this plant was tested against the most common hospital-acquired infections. The following study aimed to ascertain the phytochemicals, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of commercial rosemary flavonoids in leaf extract used on major hospital pathogens through disc diffusion and MIC tests. The Rosmarinus officinalis plant was used in this experimental study to evaluate its antimicrobial efficacy against pathogens by disc diffusion and MIC tests. The leaves of this plant were extracted in ethanol at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, and 25 mg/ml and evaluated for their antimicrobial effect against several pathogenic strains. In addition, the optical density in the spectrophotometer (620 nm) was used to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. In this investigation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were all sensitive to the effects of the ethanolic extract of rosemary leaves at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of E. coli and P. aeruginosa in this extract changed from 25 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml concentration, while the other types of bacteria required only 200 and 100 mg/ml. These findings imply that high concentrations of rosemary extract inhibited all species, including E. coli, S. aureus, P. Aeruginosa, and E. faecalis.","PeriodicalId":509766,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"79 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Eastern Ghats, a discontinuous range of mountains spanning Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka has a humid tropical monsoon climate with moderate to high temperatures and heavy rainfall. The Eastern Ghats offer a diverse range of flora and fauna, including endemics. The vegetation is classified into various forest types, including moist deciduous, dry deciduous, dry evergreen, evergreen, semi-evergreen, scrub jungles, and savannah. Eastern Ghat reflects the healthy carrying capacity of the ecosystem. The Eastern Ghats boasts a diverse plant community, with over 3200 flowering plant species, largely due to geographic factors, high seasonality, and elevational variations. The Eastern Ghats, a significant biodiversity granary in India, has been the subject of numerous taxonomic and quantitative surveys. The eastern coast of India's eastern forest (Eastern Ghats) is facing a decline in plant diversity due to overexploitation, habitat destruction, and rampant grazing. This has led to species loss and extinction. The forest cover has also decreased due to anthropogenic pressures. However, there is a lack of significant research on plant species population dynamics, soil surveys, soil chemistry, geomorphology, geobotany, pedology, edaphology, and phytochemistry. To address this, modern science and technology approaches, such as geomorphometry and geobotanical studies using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, are the need of the hour.
{"title":"The Eastern Ghat of India: A review on plant ecological perspectives","authors":"Snigdha Behera, Sanjaya Kumar Pattanayak, Abanikanta Bhadra","doi":"10.14719/pst.3684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3684","url":null,"abstract":"The Eastern Ghats, a discontinuous range of mountains spanning Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka has a humid tropical monsoon climate with moderate to high temperatures and heavy rainfall. The Eastern Ghats offer a diverse range of flora and fauna, including endemics. The vegetation is classified into various forest types, including moist deciduous, dry deciduous, dry evergreen, evergreen, semi-evergreen, scrub jungles, and savannah. Eastern Ghat reflects the healthy carrying capacity of the ecosystem. The Eastern Ghats boasts a diverse plant community, with over 3200 flowering plant species, largely due to geographic factors, high seasonality, and elevational variations. The Eastern Ghats, a significant biodiversity granary in India, has been the subject of numerous taxonomic and quantitative surveys. The eastern coast of India's eastern forest (Eastern Ghats) is facing a decline in plant diversity due to overexploitation, habitat destruction, and rampant grazing. This has led to species loss and extinction. The forest cover has also decreased due to anthropogenic pressures. However, there is a lack of significant research on plant species population dynamics, soil surveys, soil chemistry, geomorphology, geobotany, pedology, edaphology, and phytochemistry. To address this, modern science and technology approaches, such as geomorphometry and geobotanical studies using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, are the need of the hour.","PeriodicalId":509766,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"9 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141816235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The experiment was conducted on a pomegranate field located in a deciduous fruit orchard at the Agricultural Research and Experimentation Station, which is associated with the College of Agriculture at the University of Kirkuk in the Republic of Iraq. The experiment took place during the 2023 season. The study incorporated 2 variables. The experiment consisted of 2 factors: the first factor included 5 levels of organic fertilization (0, 250 and 500 g tree-1 of residue poultry and 15 and 30 g tree-1 of humic acid) and the second factor involved spraying with 3 concentrations of amino acids (0-, 5- and 10- mL L-1). The experimental design used was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) within factorial experiments, with 2 factors and 3 replicates. The study involved a total of 90 young pomegranate trees, with 2 trees assigned to each experimental unit. The data were analyzed using Duncan's multinomial test at a significance level of 0.05. Applying 500 g of chicken waste per tree resulted in a notable enhancement in vegetative development, namely in stem length. The leaf area and dry weight of the leaves were measured at 6.45 cm2 and 54.67 % respectively. The level of 30 g tree-1 of humic acid resulted in a significant increase in the stem diameter, branch length and branch diameter, which was recorded at 23.16 mm, 39.98 cm and 6.30 mm respectively, compared to the control treatment. The application of a 10 mL L-1 concentration of amino acids led to a notable enhancement in the observed traits (stem length and branches, their diameters, leaf area and dry weight of leaves) in comparison to the control treatment. The mutual influence of organic fertilizer and spraying with amino acids resulted in a noticeable and statistically significant effect. This effect was particularly evident when using a level of 500 g tree-1 of chicken waste for fertilization and a concentration of 10 mL L-1 of amino acids for spraying, as it positively impacted most parameters.
{"title":"Effect of organic fertilizer and amino acids on the vegetative growth of young pomegranate trees Punica granatum L. c.v. “Wonderful”","authors":"Astera Abdullah Omer Jaff, R. A. Medan","doi":"10.14719/pst.3588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3588","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted on a pomegranate field located in a deciduous fruit orchard at the Agricultural Research and Experimentation Station, which is associated with the College of Agriculture at the University of Kirkuk in the Republic of Iraq. The experiment took place during the 2023 season. The study incorporated 2 variables. The experiment consisted of 2 factors: the first factor included 5 levels of organic fertilization (0, 250 and 500 g tree-1 of residue poultry and 15 and 30 g tree-1 of humic acid) and the second factor involved spraying with 3 concentrations of amino acids (0-, 5- and 10- mL L-1). The experimental design used was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) within factorial experiments, with 2 factors and 3 replicates. The study involved a total of 90 young pomegranate trees, with 2 trees assigned to each experimental unit. The data were analyzed using Duncan's multinomial test at a significance level of 0.05. Applying 500 g of chicken waste per tree resulted in a notable enhancement in vegetative development, namely in stem length. The leaf area and dry weight of the leaves were measured at 6.45 cm2 and 54.67 % respectively. The level of 30 g tree-1 of humic acid resulted in a significant increase in the stem diameter, branch length and branch diameter, which was recorded at 23.16 mm, 39.98 cm and 6.30 mm respectively, compared to the control treatment. The application of a 10 mL L-1 concentration of amino acids led to a notable enhancement in the observed traits (stem length and branches, their diameters, leaf area and dry weight of leaves) in comparison to the control treatment. The mutual influence of organic fertilizer and spraying with amino acids resulted in a noticeable and statistically significant effect. This effect was particularly evident when using a level of 500 g tree-1 of chicken waste for fertilization and a concentration of 10 mL L-1 of amino acids for spraying, as it positively impacted most parameters.","PeriodicalId":509766,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141817623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Darshan Kumar, Ayesha Ansari, N. Rai, Amit Gupta, Navin Kumar
Fungal infections affect over 1 billion people worldwide each year, including superficial infections like athlete's foot and more severe systemic infections. Fungal diseases are responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths annually, a figure comparable to or exceeding the mortality rate of diseases like malaria or tuberculosis. The limited arsenal of available antifungal drugs, coupled with the emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains, has increased this concern. Therefore, there is a significant need to explore alternative therapeutics to overcome fungal pathogens. Carvacrol, phenolic monoterpenoids, is present in essential oils of many plants and is known for its biological and pharmacological properties. In the present study, the efficacy of carvacrol was investigated against four Candida glabrata strains isolated from patients of vulvovaginal candidiasis, which have shown varying extents of susceptibility against fluconazole. Carvacrol, a phytoactive monoterpene phenol, has shown a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) ranging from 75 to 125 µg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration of 150 and 175 µg/mL for all clinical isolates, including wild-type strains. Carvacrol, in combination with fluconazole, has shown a strong synergism against wild type C. glabrata with a FIC index value of 0.156. Preliminary mechanistic investigations unveiled that exposure to carvacrol significantly reduced cell surface hydrophobicity and ergosterol content in all strains. In conclusion, carvacrol holds promising potential as an effective antifungal agent against C. glabrata, which is categorized as high priority in the first fungal pathogen priority list of the World Health Organisation released in 2022 for highlighting priority areas for action, including the development of effective therapeutic solution.
{"title":"Anti-fungal efficacy of Carvacrol against Candida glabrata clinical isolates of vulvovaginal candidiasis","authors":"Darshan Kumar, Ayesha Ansari, N. Rai, Amit Gupta, Navin Kumar","doi":"10.14719/pst.3140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3140","url":null,"abstract":"Fungal infections affect over 1 billion people worldwide each year, including superficial infections like athlete's foot and more severe systemic infections. Fungal diseases are responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths annually, a figure comparable to or exceeding the mortality rate of diseases like malaria or tuberculosis. The limited arsenal of available antifungal drugs, coupled with the emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains, has increased this concern. Therefore, there is a significant need to explore alternative therapeutics to overcome fungal pathogens. Carvacrol, phenolic monoterpenoids, is present in essential oils of many plants and is known for its biological and pharmacological properties. In the present study, the efficacy of carvacrol was investigated against four Candida glabrata strains isolated from patients of vulvovaginal candidiasis, which have shown varying extents of susceptibility against fluconazole. Carvacrol, a phytoactive monoterpene phenol, has shown a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) ranging from 75 to 125 µg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration of 150 and 175 µg/mL for all clinical isolates, including wild-type strains. Carvacrol, in combination with fluconazole, has shown a strong synergism against wild type C. glabrata with a FIC index value of 0.156. Preliminary mechanistic investigations unveiled that exposure to carvacrol significantly reduced cell surface hydrophobicity and ergosterol content in all strains. In conclusion, carvacrol holds promising potential as an effective antifungal agent against C. glabrata, which is categorized as high priority in the first fungal pathogen priority list of the World Health Organisation released in 2022 for highlighting priority areas for action, including the development of effective therapeutic solution.","PeriodicalId":509766,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"82 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141819249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biofertilizers symbolize a promising and eco-friendly approach to increasing agricultural productivity while reducing the hazardous environmental impact of chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers are compounds containing living microorganisms or their byproducts that, when applied to soil, enhance nutrient uptake and promote plant growth. These biological agents include nitrogen-fixing bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms. Biofertilizers are well recognized for their composition, cost-effectiveness, and environment-friendly nature. These are safe substitutes for hazardous synthetic fertilizers. They contribute to soil health and biodiversity conservation by enriching the soil with beneficial microorganisms. This review provides an overview of biofertilizers, their significance in modern agriculture, and their potential to promote sustainable farming practices.
{"title":"A Sustainable Agriculture Method Using Biofertilizers: An Eco-Friendly Approach","authors":"Himani Sharma, Rashmi Choudhary, Poonam, M. Kalia, Kalpna Thakur, Shanvi Nautiyal, Anjali Rawat, Muskan Kagday, Aashi Pal, Sonika Kalia, Indra Rautela","doi":"10.14719/pst.3094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3094","url":null,"abstract":"Biofertilizers symbolize a promising and eco-friendly approach to increasing agricultural productivity while reducing the hazardous environmental impact of chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers are compounds containing living microorganisms or their byproducts that, when applied to soil, enhance nutrient uptake and promote plant growth. These biological agents include nitrogen-fixing bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms. Biofertilizers are well recognized for their composition, cost-effectiveness, and environment-friendly nature. These are safe substitutes for hazardous synthetic fertilizers. They contribute to soil health and biodiversity conservation by enriching the soil with beneficial microorganisms. This review provides an overview of biofertilizers, their significance in modern agriculture, and their potential to promote sustainable farming practices.","PeriodicalId":509766,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science Today","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141820869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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