Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.3390/magnetism4030014
Frank Zhigang Wang
In 1971, Chua defined an ideal memristor that links magnetic flux φ and electric charge q. In a magnetic lump with a current-carrying conductor, we found that the direct interaction between physical magnetic flux φ and physical electric charge q is memristive by nature in terms of a time-invariant φ-q curve being nonlinear, continuously differentiable and strictly monotonically increasing. Although we succeeded in demonstrating that the “ideal/real/perfect/… memristor” needs magnetism, the structure still suffers from two serious limitations: 1. a parasitic “inductor” effect and 2. bistability and dynamic sweep of a continuous resistance range. Then, we discussed how to overcome these two limitations to make a fully functioning ideal memristor with multiple or an infinite number of stable states and no parasitic inductance. We then gave a number of innovations to the current memristor structure, such as an “open” structure, nanoscale size, magnetic materials with cubic anisotropy (or even isotropy) and sequential switching of the magnetic domains. Contrary to the conjecture that “an ideal memristor may not exist or may be a purely mathematical concept”, we remain optimistic that an ideal memristor will be discovered in nature or will be made in the laboratory. Our finding of the memristive flux–charge interaction may advance the development and application of the memristor technology.
{"title":"Can We Still Find an Ideal Memristor?","authors":"Frank Zhigang Wang","doi":"10.3390/magnetism4030014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism4030014","url":null,"abstract":"In 1971, Chua defined an ideal memristor that links magnetic flux φ and electric charge q. In a magnetic lump with a current-carrying conductor, we found that the direct interaction between physical magnetic flux φ and physical electric charge q is memristive by nature in terms of a time-invariant φ-q curve being nonlinear, continuously differentiable and strictly monotonically increasing. Although we succeeded in demonstrating that the “ideal/real/perfect/… memristor” needs magnetism, the structure still suffers from two serious limitations: 1. a parasitic “inductor” effect and 2. bistability and dynamic sweep of a continuous resistance range. Then, we discussed how to overcome these two limitations to make a fully functioning ideal memristor with multiple or an infinite number of stable states and no parasitic inductance. We then gave a number of innovations to the current memristor structure, such as an “open” structure, nanoscale size, magnetic materials with cubic anisotropy (or even isotropy) and sequential switching of the magnetic domains. Contrary to the conjecture that “an ideal memristor may not exist or may be a purely mathematical concept”, we remain optimistic that an ideal memristor will be discovered in nature or will be made in the laboratory. Our finding of the memristive flux–charge interaction may advance the development and application of the memristor technology.","PeriodicalId":509814,"journal":{"name":"Magnetism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141640294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-10DOI: 10.3390/magnetism4020009
Tomasz Kubiak
The investigation and clarification of the properties of surface-functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles in a biological environment are key challenges prior to their medical applications. In the present work, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) combined with the spin labeling technique was utilized to better understand the behavior of nitroxides attached to magnetite nanoparticles dispersed in body fluid. EPR spectra of spin-labeled, silane-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles in human serum and whole blood were recorded and analyzed for both room- and low-temperature values. In all cases, the obtained EPR signal consisted of a broad line from magnetite cores and a characteristic signal from the attached 4-Amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (4-amino-TEMPO). Even for liquid samples, the anisotropic components of magnetic tensors did not fully average out, which was reflected in the differences in the intensity of three narrow hyperfine lines from nitroxide. At 230 K the irregular slow-motion signal from the attached radical was also simulated using the EasySpin toolbox, which allowed to determine the parameters related to magnetic tensors and the dynamics of the spin label. The study showed that the anisotropy of the motion of the spin label 4-amino-TEMPO reflects its interactions with the surrounding medium and the manner of the attachment of the nitroxide to the surface of nanoparticles.
{"title":"The Influence of Blood and Serum Microenvironment on Spin-Labeled Magnetic Nanoparticles","authors":"Tomasz Kubiak","doi":"10.3390/magnetism4020009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism4020009","url":null,"abstract":"The investigation and clarification of the properties of surface-functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles in a biological environment are key challenges prior to their medical applications. In the present work, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) combined with the spin labeling technique was utilized to better understand the behavior of nitroxides attached to magnetite nanoparticles dispersed in body fluid. EPR spectra of spin-labeled, silane-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles in human serum and whole blood were recorded and analyzed for both room- and low-temperature values. In all cases, the obtained EPR signal consisted of a broad line from magnetite cores and a characteristic signal from the attached 4-Amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (4-amino-TEMPO). Even for liquid samples, the anisotropic components of magnetic tensors did not fully average out, which was reflected in the differences in the intensity of three narrow hyperfine lines from nitroxide. At 230 K the irregular slow-motion signal from the attached radical was also simulated using the EasySpin toolbox, which allowed to determine the parameters related to magnetic tensors and the dynamics of the spin label. The study showed that the anisotropy of the motion of the spin label 4-amino-TEMPO reflects its interactions with the surrounding medium and the manner of the attachment of the nitroxide to the surface of nanoparticles.","PeriodicalId":509814,"journal":{"name":"Magnetism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140994139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-07DOI: 10.3390/magnetism4020008
Lara B. Oliveira, T. S. Paiva, Hamilton A. Teixeira, C. D. de Araujo
Inspired in pyrochlore materials presenting residual entropy and featuring collective excitation behaving like emergent monopoles, geometrically frustrated arrays of nanomagnets, denominated artificial spin ices (ASIs), were proposed as an interesting platform to investigate such excitation at room temperature. However, in such artificial systems, emergent magnetic monopoles lack the same freedom present their natural counterpart, once energetic strings connecting opposite magnetic charges arise. In this work, we aim to experimentally investigate the proposed degeneracy obtained in connected square arrays of ASIs, a characteristic that allows a reduction in the string connecting monopole–antimonopole pairs in regular non-connected ASIs and could represent an important development for technological applications of connected nanomagnets. As in general those systems are developed by nanofabrication processes involving expensive and time-consuming physical vapour deposition techniques, we also present a new nanofabrication route using an electrodeposition technique for permalloy growth in different lattice geometries as an alternative for fast and low-cost ASI system production.
受呈现残余熵并具有类似突发性单极子的集体激发特性的火成岩材料的启发，人们提出了几何挫折纳米磁体阵列（称为人造自旋冰（ASI）），作为研究室温下这种激发的有趣平台。然而，在这种人造系统中，一旦出现连接相反磁荷的高能弦，出现的磁单极子就缺乏与自然对应物相同的自由度。在这项工作中，我们的目标是通过实验研究在连接的方形阵列 ASI 中获得的退变性，这种特性可以减少常规非连接 ASI 中连接单极-反单极对的磁串，并可能代表连接纳米磁体技术应用的重要发展。一般来说，这些系统都是通过纳米制造工艺开发的，其中涉及昂贵而耗时的物理气相沉积技术，因此我们还提出了一种新的纳米制造途径，即使用电沉积技术在不同的晶格几何形状中生长过金属合金，作为快速、低成本生产 ASI 系统的替代方法。
{"title":"Magnetoresistive Evidence of Degeneracy in Nanomagnets Obtained by Electrodeposition Technique","authors":"Lara B. Oliveira, T. S. Paiva, Hamilton A. Teixeira, C. D. de Araujo","doi":"10.3390/magnetism4020008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism4020008","url":null,"abstract":"Inspired in pyrochlore materials presenting residual entropy and featuring collective excitation behaving like emergent monopoles, geometrically frustrated arrays of nanomagnets, denominated artificial spin ices (ASIs), were proposed as an interesting platform to investigate such excitation at room temperature. However, in such artificial systems, emergent magnetic monopoles lack the same freedom present their natural counterpart, once energetic strings connecting opposite magnetic charges arise. In this work, we aim to experimentally investigate the proposed degeneracy obtained in connected square arrays of ASIs, a characteristic that allows a reduction in the string connecting monopole–antimonopole pairs in regular non-connected ASIs and could represent an important development for technological applications of connected nanomagnets. As in general those systems are developed by nanofabrication processes involving expensive and time-consuming physical vapour deposition techniques, we also present a new nanofabrication route using an electrodeposition technique for permalloy growth in different lattice geometries as an alternative for fast and low-cost ASI system production.","PeriodicalId":509814,"journal":{"name":"Magnetism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140732695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.3390/magnetism4020007
Andrey O. Leonov
The structure of skyrmion and spiral solutions, investigated within the phenomenological Dzyaloshinskii model of chiral magnets near the ordering temperatures, is characterized by the strong interplay between longitudinal and angular order parameters, which may be responsible for experimentally observed precursor effects. Within the precursor regions, additional effects, such as pressure, electric fields, chemical doping, uniaxial strains and/or magnetocrystalline anisotropies, modify the energetic landscape and may even lead to the stability of such exotic phases as a square staggered lattice of half-skyrmions, the internal structure of which employs the concept of the “soft” modulus and contains points with zero modulus value. Here, we additionally alter the stiffness of the magnetization modulus to favor one- and two-dimensional modulated states with large modulations of the order parameter magnitude. The computed phase diagram, which omits any additional effects, exhibits stability pockets with a square half-skyrmion lattice, a hexagonal skyrmion lattice with the magnetization in the center of the cells parallel to the applied magnetic field, and helicoids with propagation transverse to the field, i.e., those phases in which the notion of localized defects is replaced by the picture of a smooth but more complex tiling of space. We note that the results can be adapted to metallic glasses, in which the energy contributions are the same and originate from the inherent frustration in the models, and chiral liquid crystals with a different ratio of elastic constants.
{"title":"Chiral Modulations in Non-Heisenberg Models of Non-Centrosymmetric Magnets Near the Ordering Temperatures","authors":"Andrey O. Leonov","doi":"10.3390/magnetism4020007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism4020007","url":null,"abstract":"The structure of skyrmion and spiral solutions, investigated within the phenomenological Dzyaloshinskii model of chiral magnets near the ordering temperatures, is characterized by the strong interplay between longitudinal and angular order parameters, which may be responsible for experimentally observed precursor effects. Within the precursor regions, additional effects, such as pressure, electric fields, chemical doping, uniaxial strains and/or magnetocrystalline anisotropies, modify the energetic landscape and may even lead to the stability of such exotic phases as a square staggered lattice of half-skyrmions, the internal structure of which employs the concept of the “soft” modulus and contains points with zero modulus value. Here, we additionally alter the stiffness of the magnetization modulus to favor one- and two-dimensional modulated states with large modulations of the order parameter magnitude. The computed phase diagram, which omits any additional effects, exhibits stability pockets with a square half-skyrmion lattice, a hexagonal skyrmion lattice with the magnetization in the center of the cells parallel to the applied magnetic field, and helicoids with propagation transverse to the field, i.e., those phases in which the notion of localized defects is replaced by the picture of a smooth but more complex tiling of space. We note that the results can be adapted to metallic glasses, in which the energy contributions are the same and originate from the inherent frustration in the models, and chiral liquid crystals with a different ratio of elastic constants.","PeriodicalId":509814,"journal":{"name":"Magnetism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140785000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-18DOI: 10.3390/magnetism4010005
S. Hayami
We report our numerical results on the stability of the skyrmion crystal phase in an external magnetic field for both in-plane and out-of-plane directions in a centrosymmetric host. We analyze a spin model with the two-spin symmetric anisotropic exchange interaction that arises from relativistic spin–orbit coupling on a triangular lattice. By performing simulated annealing, we construct magnetic phase diagrams when the magnetic field is tilted from the out-of-plane field direction to the in-plane field direction. We find a different stability tendency of the skyrmion crystal phase according to the directions of the in-plane field, which provides a signal of the two-spin symmetric anisotropic exchange interaction for stabilizing the skyrmion crystal phase. Our results indicate that the mechanism of the skyrmion crystal phase triggered by the two-spin symmetric anisotropic exchange interaction can be experimentally tested by applying the in-plane magnetic field.
{"title":"Effect of In-Plane Magnetic Field on Skyrmions in a Centrosymmetric Triangular-Lattice System with Symmetric Anisotropic Exchange Interaction","authors":"S. Hayami","doi":"10.3390/magnetism4010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism4010005","url":null,"abstract":"We report our numerical results on the stability of the skyrmion crystal phase in an external magnetic field for both in-plane and out-of-plane directions in a centrosymmetric host. We analyze a spin model with the two-spin symmetric anisotropic exchange interaction that arises from relativistic spin–orbit coupling on a triangular lattice. By performing simulated annealing, we construct magnetic phase diagrams when the magnetic field is tilted from the out-of-plane field direction to the in-plane field direction. We find a different stability tendency of the skyrmion crystal phase according to the directions of the in-plane field, which provides a signal of the two-spin symmetric anisotropic exchange interaction for stabilizing the skyrmion crystal phase. Our results indicate that the mechanism of the skyrmion crystal phase triggered by the two-spin symmetric anisotropic exchange interaction can be experimentally tested by applying the in-plane magnetic field.","PeriodicalId":509814,"journal":{"name":"Magnetism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140231773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-18DOI: 10.3390/magnetism4010006
Waled Albakosh, Rawad W. Asfour, Tarek S. Abdou, Yas Khalil, S. Khamas
This article delves into the capabilities of 3D-printed millimeter-wave (mmWave) layered cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas (CDRAs). The proposed design yielded promising results, boasting a remarkable 53% impedance bandwidth spanning the frequency spectrum from 18 to 34 GHz. Furthermore, the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth achieved an impressive 17%, coupled with a maximum gain of 13.3 dBic. These notable results underscore the efficacy of the proposed design, positioning it as a viable solution for applications in Beyond 5G (B5G). A novel assembly technique was also investigated, employing additive manufacturing to seamlessly merge two layers with distinct dielectric constants into a singular layer. This innovative approach systematically eliminates the potential for air gaps between layers, enhancing the antenna’s overall performance. This approach exhibited potential, particularly in the performance of a millimeter-wave circularly polarized (CP) cylindrical DRA featuring a perforated coating layer. The synergy between measurements and simulations demonstrates a remarkable alignment, providing robust validation of the effectiveness of the proposed design.
{"title":"Wideband Millimeter-Wave Perforated Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna Configuration","authors":"Waled Albakosh, Rawad W. Asfour, Tarek S. Abdou, Yas Khalil, S. Khamas","doi":"10.3390/magnetism4010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism4010006","url":null,"abstract":"This article delves into the capabilities of 3D-printed millimeter-wave (mmWave) layered cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas (CDRAs). The proposed design yielded promising results, boasting a remarkable 53% impedance bandwidth spanning the frequency spectrum from 18 to 34 GHz. Furthermore, the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth achieved an impressive 17%, coupled with a maximum gain of 13.3 dBic. These notable results underscore the efficacy of the proposed design, positioning it as a viable solution for applications in Beyond 5G (B5G). A novel assembly technique was also investigated, employing additive manufacturing to seamlessly merge two layers with distinct dielectric constants into a singular layer. This innovative approach systematically eliminates the potential for air gaps between layers, enhancing the antenna’s overall performance. This approach exhibited potential, particularly in the performance of a millimeter-wave circularly polarized (CP) cylindrical DRA featuring a perforated coating layer. The synergy between measurements and simulations demonstrates a remarkable alignment, providing robust validation of the effectiveness of the proposed design.","PeriodicalId":509814,"journal":{"name":"Magnetism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140231743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.3390/magnetism4010004
Julien Gasnier, Christophe Dolabdjian
Studying the spatial response of a single-axis magnetometer could be the key parameter to optimize the ultimate performances of magnetic heads of detection. Indeed, the problem of non-orthogonality, misalignment, and 3D spatial response could be improved based on the knowledge of the 3D sensor spatial response. In that way, we have investigated the latter for our giant magneto-impedance (GMI) magnetometer, as a far-field pattern, by using a three-axis Helmholtz coil system. Firstly, we calibrate our device and secondly, we apply a specific 3D magnetic field to obtain this pattern. The latter helps to observe the directional or angular dependence of the sensor sensitivity versus the applied magnetic field, as we exemplified. The results confirm the excellent directivity of our off-diagonal GMI magnetometer. The evaluation of the associated error compared to an ideal vector magnetometer is also given and discussed.
{"title":"Far-Field Spatial Response of Off-Diagonal GMI Wire Magnetometers. Application to Magnetic Field Sources Sensing","authors":"Julien Gasnier, Christophe Dolabdjian","doi":"10.3390/magnetism4010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism4010004","url":null,"abstract":"Studying the spatial response of a single-axis magnetometer could be the key parameter to optimize the ultimate performances of magnetic heads of detection. Indeed, the problem of non-orthogonality, misalignment, and 3D spatial response could be improved based on the knowledge of the 3D sensor spatial response. In that way, we have investigated the latter for our giant magneto-impedance (GMI) magnetometer, as a far-field pattern, by using a three-axis Helmholtz coil system. Firstly, we calibrate our device and secondly, we apply a specific 3D magnetic field to obtain this pattern. The latter helps to observe the directional or angular dependence of the sensor sensitivity versus the applied magnetic field, as we exemplified. The results confirm the excellent directivity of our off-diagonal GMI magnetometer. The evaluation of the associated error compared to an ideal vector magnetometer is also given and discussed.","PeriodicalId":509814,"journal":{"name":"Magnetism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140442644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.3390/magnetism4010003
Emily D. Williams, Keith M. Taddei, Kulugammana G. S. Ranmohotti, Narendirakumar Narayanan, Thomas Heitmann, J. Kolis, L. Sanjeewa
Novel quantum materials offer the opportunity to expand next-generation computers, high-precision sensors, and new energy technologies. Among the most important factors influencing the development of quantum materials research is the ability of inorganic and materials chemists to grow high-quality single crystals. Here, the synthesis, structure characterization and magnetic properties of Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 are reported. It exhibits a novel two-dimensional (2D) structure with isolated layers of Cu nets. Single crystals of Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 were grown using a low-temperature hydrothermal method. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system and has space group symmetry of P21/n (No.14) with a unit cell of a = 8.1704(4) Å, b = 5.1659(2) Å, c = 14.7406(6) Å, β = 100.86(2), V = 611.01(5) Å3 and Z = 2. Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 comprises a 2D Cu-O-Cu lattice containing two unique copper sites, a CuO6 octahedra and a CuO5 square pyramid. The SeO3 groups bridge the 2D Cu-O-Cu layers isolating the neighboring Cu-O-Cu layers, thereby enhancing their 2D nature. Magnetic properties were determined by measuring the magnetic susceptibility of an array of randomly oriented single crystals of Na2Cu3(SeO3)4. The temperature-dependent magnetic measurement shows an antiferromagnetic transition at TN = 4 K. These results suggest the fruitfulness of hydrothermal synthesis in achieving novel quantum materials and encourage future work on the chemistry of transition metal selenite.
{"title":"Coexistence of Long-Range Magnetic Order and Magnetic Frustration of a Novel Two-Dimensional S = 1/2 Structure: Na2Cu3(SeO3)4","authors":"Emily D. Williams, Keith M. Taddei, Kulugammana G. S. Ranmohotti, Narendirakumar Narayanan, Thomas Heitmann, J. Kolis, L. Sanjeewa","doi":"10.3390/magnetism4010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism4010003","url":null,"abstract":"Novel quantum materials offer the opportunity to expand next-generation computers, high-precision sensors, and new energy technologies. Among the most important factors influencing the development of quantum materials research is the ability of inorganic and materials chemists to grow high-quality single crystals. Here, the synthesis, structure characterization and magnetic properties of Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 are reported. It exhibits a novel two-dimensional (2D) structure with isolated layers of Cu nets. Single crystals of Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 were grown using a low-temperature hydrothermal method. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system and has space group symmetry of P21/n (No.14) with a unit cell of a = 8.1704(4) Å, b = 5.1659(2) Å, c = 14.7406(6) Å, β = 100.86(2), V = 611.01(5) Å3 and Z = 2. Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 comprises a 2D Cu-O-Cu lattice containing two unique copper sites, a CuO6 octahedra and a CuO5 square pyramid. The SeO3 groups bridge the 2D Cu-O-Cu layers isolating the neighboring Cu-O-Cu layers, thereby enhancing their 2D nature. Magnetic properties were determined by measuring the magnetic susceptibility of an array of randomly oriented single crystals of Na2Cu3(SeO3)4. The temperature-dependent magnetic measurement shows an antiferromagnetic transition at TN = 4 K. These results suggest the fruitfulness of hydrothermal synthesis in achieving novel quantum materials and encourage future work on the chemistry of transition metal selenite.","PeriodicalId":509814,"journal":{"name":"Magnetism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139781535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.3390/magnetism4010003
Emily D. Williams, Keith M. Taddei, Kulugammana G. S. Ranmohotti, Narendirakumar Narayanan, Thomas Heitmann, J. Kolis, L. Sanjeewa
Novel quantum materials offer the opportunity to expand next-generation computers, high-precision sensors, and new energy technologies. Among the most important factors influencing the development of quantum materials research is the ability of inorganic and materials chemists to grow high-quality single crystals. Here, the synthesis, structure characterization and magnetic properties of Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 are reported. It exhibits a novel two-dimensional (2D) structure with isolated layers of Cu nets. Single crystals of Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 were grown using a low-temperature hydrothermal method. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system and has space group symmetry of P21/n (No.14) with a unit cell of a = 8.1704(4) Å, b = 5.1659(2) Å, c = 14.7406(6) Å, β = 100.86(2), V = 611.01(5) Å3 and Z = 2. Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 comprises a 2D Cu-O-Cu lattice containing two unique copper sites, a CuO6 octahedra and a CuO5 square pyramid. The SeO3 groups bridge the 2D Cu-O-Cu layers isolating the neighboring Cu-O-Cu layers, thereby enhancing their 2D nature. Magnetic properties were determined by measuring the magnetic susceptibility of an array of randomly oriented single crystals of Na2Cu3(SeO3)4. The temperature-dependent magnetic measurement shows an antiferromagnetic transition at TN = 4 K. These results suggest the fruitfulness of hydrothermal synthesis in achieving novel quantum materials and encourage future work on the chemistry of transition metal selenite.
{"title":"Coexistence of Long-Range Magnetic Order and Magnetic Frustration of a Novel Two-Dimensional S = 1/2 Structure: Na2Cu3(SeO3)4","authors":"Emily D. Williams, Keith M. Taddei, Kulugammana G. S. Ranmohotti, Narendirakumar Narayanan, Thomas Heitmann, J. Kolis, L. Sanjeewa","doi":"10.3390/magnetism4010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism4010003","url":null,"abstract":"Novel quantum materials offer the opportunity to expand next-generation computers, high-precision sensors, and new energy technologies. Among the most important factors influencing the development of quantum materials research is the ability of inorganic and materials chemists to grow high-quality single crystals. Here, the synthesis, structure characterization and magnetic properties of Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 are reported. It exhibits a novel two-dimensional (2D) structure with isolated layers of Cu nets. Single crystals of Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 were grown using a low-temperature hydrothermal method. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system and has space group symmetry of P21/n (No.14) with a unit cell of a = 8.1704(4) Å, b = 5.1659(2) Å, c = 14.7406(6) Å, β = 100.86(2), V = 611.01(5) Å3 and Z = 2. Na2Cu3(SeO3)4 comprises a 2D Cu-O-Cu lattice containing two unique copper sites, a CuO6 octahedra and a CuO5 square pyramid. The SeO3 groups bridge the 2D Cu-O-Cu layers isolating the neighboring Cu-O-Cu layers, thereby enhancing their 2D nature. Magnetic properties were determined by measuring the magnetic susceptibility of an array of randomly oriented single crystals of Na2Cu3(SeO3)4. The temperature-dependent magnetic measurement shows an antiferromagnetic transition at TN = 4 K. These results suggest the fruitfulness of hydrothermal synthesis in achieving novel quantum materials and encourage future work on the chemistry of transition metal selenite.","PeriodicalId":509814,"journal":{"name":"Magnetism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139841148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-04DOI: 10.3390/magnetism4010002
Sueli H. Masunaga, V. Barbeta, Fábio Abud, Milton S. Torikachvili, Renato F. Jardim
Measurements of specific heat and magnetization in single crystals were used to map out the magnetic phase diagram of Gd1−xErxB4 (x = 0.2 and 0.4) solid solutions along the c-axis. While GdB4 orders antiferromagnetically (AF) at 41.7 K, with the easy plane of magnetization oriented perpendicularly to the c-axis, ErB4 displays AF ordering below 15.4 K, with the easy axis along c. Therefore, in solid solutions, the competition between the different spin anisotropies, as well as frustration, lead to a complex spin configuration. These measurements reveal that a 40% substitution of Er for Gd is sufficient for generating a phase diagram similar to the one for the ErB4 system, characterized by the occurrence of plateau phases and other exotic features attributed to the interplay of competing magnetic anisotropies.
通过测量单晶体的比热和磁化率，绘制出了 Gd1-xErxB4 （x = 0.2 和 0.4）固溶体沿 c 轴的磁相图。GdB4 在 41.7 K 时反铁磁（AF）有序，易磁化面垂直于 c 轴，而 ErB4 则在 15.4 K 以下显示 AF 有序，易磁化轴沿着 c 轴。这些测量结果表明，只要用 40% 的 Er 取代 Gd，就足以产生与 ErB4 系统相图相似的相图，其特点是出现高原相和其他归因于相互竞争的磁各向异性相互作用的奇异特征。
{"title":"Phase Diagram Mapping out the Complex Magnetic Structure of Single Crystals of (Gd, Er)B4 Solid Solutions","authors":"Sueli H. Masunaga, V. Barbeta, Fábio Abud, Milton S. Torikachvili, Renato F. Jardim","doi":"10.3390/magnetism4010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism4010002","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of specific heat and magnetization in single crystals were used to map out the magnetic phase diagram of Gd1−xErxB4 (x = 0.2 and 0.4) solid solutions along the c-axis. While GdB4 orders antiferromagnetically (AF) at 41.7 K, with the easy plane of magnetization oriented perpendicularly to the c-axis, ErB4 displays AF ordering below 15.4 K, with the easy axis along c. Therefore, in solid solutions, the competition between the different spin anisotropies, as well as frustration, lead to a complex spin configuration. These measurements reveal that a 40% substitution of Er for Gd is sufficient for generating a phase diagram similar to the one for the ErB4 system, characterized by the occurrence of plateau phases and other exotic features attributed to the interplay of competing magnetic anisotropies.","PeriodicalId":509814,"journal":{"name":"Magnetism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139866949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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