Pub Date : 2020-04-27DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2020.1753293
A. Khapugin, T. Silaeva
ABSTRACT Spatial conservation tools usually focus on identifying areas having species groups of interest. Consequently, there is a need to identify the main factors influencing the concentration of species (hotspots) and their locations. We asked: whether existing strictly protected areas are efficient to cover the main regional biodiversity hotspots; what characteristics are associated with hotspot arrangement; what is the minimal distance from a biodiversity research center needed to cover the main biodiversity amount. We analyzed factors influencing the spatial arrangement of 164 threatened plant species in the Republic of Mordovia (European Russia). To quantify species distribution, we used a grid mapping approach using 100 km2 quadrats. We identified four biodiversity research centers (BDRC) of threatened plant species in the study area, including two protected areas, the town of Saransk, and a regional key conservation area. About 50% of species and species locations were concentrated within a 24-km radius around BDRCs. From our results, buffer zones of protected areas should have a 5–10 km width and the establishment of new protected areas should be preceded by the identification of regional biodiversity hotspots. Additionally, the correctness of protected area arrangement with plant species richness in a region should be tested.
{"title":"The Arrangement of Threatened Plants in Mordovia: The Role of Biodiversity Research Centers","authors":"A. Khapugin, T. Silaeva","doi":"10.1080/11956860.2020.1753293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2020.1753293","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Spatial conservation tools usually focus on identifying areas having species groups of interest. Consequently, there is a need to identify the main factors influencing the concentration of species (hotspots) and their locations. We asked: whether existing strictly protected areas are efficient to cover the main regional biodiversity hotspots; what characteristics are associated with hotspot arrangement; what is the minimal distance from a biodiversity research center needed to cover the main biodiversity amount. We analyzed factors influencing the spatial arrangement of 164 threatened plant species in the Republic of Mordovia (European Russia). To quantify species distribution, we used a grid mapping approach using 100 km2 quadrats. We identified four biodiversity research centers (BDRC) of threatened plant species in the study area, including two protected areas, the town of Saransk, and a regional key conservation area. About 50% of species and species locations were concentrated within a 24-km radius around BDRCs. From our results, buffer zones of protected areas should have a 5–10 km width and the establishment of new protected areas should be preceded by the identification of regional biodiversity hotspots. Additionally, the correctness of protected area arrangement with plant species richness in a region should be tested.","PeriodicalId":51030,"journal":{"name":"Ecoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11956860.2020.1753293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59822962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-27DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2020.1753312
P. Zhu, Wei Wei, X. Bai, N. Wu, Yuping Hou
ABSTRACT Rhus typhina L., an exotic plant that is widely distributed in China, is harmful to native ecosystems; however, little is known about its effects on soil microbial communities. Therefore, we investigated the effects of R. typhina on soil bacterial communities by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and compared the effects of R. typhina and native (Rhus chinensis Mill.) and non-invasive exotic species (Amorpha fruticosa L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L.) on soil bacterial communities via a greenhouse experiment. R. typhina decreased the diversity of the soil bacterial community compared with R. chinensis, and A. fruticosa. R. typhina soil was characterized by more Actinobacteria and lesser Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria than the other soils. Among Actinobacteria members, there was a difference in the relative abundance of Nocardioides and Streptomyces, and this could be advantageous for the growth of R. typhina. However, there was no significant difference in the soil bacterial community structure associated with R. typhina and other species. Moreover, the concentrations of total carbon, potassium, and nitrate were found to be the major soil factors influencing the relative abundance of soil bacteria.
{"title":"Effects of Invasive Rhus typhina L. on Bacterial Diversity and Community Composition in Soil","authors":"P. Zhu, Wei Wei, X. Bai, N. Wu, Yuping Hou","doi":"10.1080/11956860.2020.1753312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2020.1753312","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rhus typhina L., an exotic plant that is widely distributed in China, is harmful to native ecosystems; however, little is known about its effects on soil microbial communities. Therefore, we investigated the effects of R. typhina on soil bacterial communities by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and compared the effects of R. typhina and native (Rhus chinensis Mill.) and non-invasive exotic species (Amorpha fruticosa L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L.) on soil bacterial communities via a greenhouse experiment. R. typhina decreased the diversity of the soil bacterial community compared with R. chinensis, and A. fruticosa. R. typhina soil was characterized by more Actinobacteria and lesser Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria than the other soils. Among Actinobacteria members, there was a difference in the relative abundance of Nocardioides and Streptomyces, and this could be advantageous for the growth of R. typhina. However, there was no significant difference in the soil bacterial community structure associated with R. typhina and other species. Moreover, the concentrations of total carbon, potassium, and nitrate were found to be the major soil factors influencing the relative abundance of soil bacteria.","PeriodicalId":51030,"journal":{"name":"Ecoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11956860.2020.1753312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42559184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-26DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2020.1752500
S. Chakraborty, Souvik Barik, R. Saha, Ajanta Dey, Kaushik Deuti, C. Venkatraman, Subhendu Mazumdar, G. Saha
ABSTRACT The fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) is a medium-sized felid, which uses various habitats including areas adjoining wetlands. This species is listed as ‘vulnerable’ in the IUCN Red List 2016, Appendix 2 of CITES and under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act. In spite of being mired with several threats, studies on fishing cats outside protected areas are scarce in West Bengal, and their confirmed presence has so far been reported only from the Howrah and Hooghly districts. This is the first published account of the presence of fishing cats in human-dominated landscapes of East Medinipur (West Bengal, India) through camera-trap evidence. We have observed that habitat alterations and disturbances associated with the construction of a brick kiln have possibly led to the displacement of fishing cats and other associated wildlife species from the study area. Similar surveys in yet unexplored areas of fishing cat distribution range are needed to identify remaining populations, threats to their survival and to initiate appropriate conservation initiatives. Our findings indicate that current anthropocentric land-use policies need to be reviewed to reduce anthropogenic disturbances and destruction of habitats sustaining fishing cats and other wildlife in human-dominated landscapes.
{"title":"Camera-Trap Records of Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) from East Medinipur (West Bengal, India), and Notes on Threats to This Population","authors":"S. Chakraborty, Souvik Barik, R. Saha, Ajanta Dey, Kaushik Deuti, C. Venkatraman, Subhendu Mazumdar, G. Saha","doi":"10.1080/11956860.2020.1752500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2020.1752500","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) is a medium-sized felid, which uses various habitats including areas adjoining wetlands. This species is listed as ‘vulnerable’ in the IUCN Red List 2016, Appendix 2 of CITES and under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act. In spite of being mired with several threats, studies on fishing cats outside protected areas are scarce in West Bengal, and their confirmed presence has so far been reported only from the Howrah and Hooghly districts. This is the first published account of the presence of fishing cats in human-dominated landscapes of East Medinipur (West Bengal, India) through camera-trap evidence. We have observed that habitat alterations and disturbances associated with the construction of a brick kiln have possibly led to the displacement of fishing cats and other associated wildlife species from the study area. Similar surveys in yet unexplored areas of fishing cat distribution range are needed to identify remaining populations, threats to their survival and to initiate appropriate conservation initiatives. Our findings indicate that current anthropocentric land-use policies need to be reviewed to reduce anthropogenic disturbances and destruction of habitats sustaining fishing cats and other wildlife in human-dominated landscapes.","PeriodicalId":51030,"journal":{"name":"Ecoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11956860.2020.1752500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47137607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-26DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2020.1753313
J. Brisson, Valérie Teasdale, P. Boivin, C. Lavoie
ABSTRACT We conducted a mesocosm restoration experiment to test the efficacy of early summer sowing of seed mixtures for inhibiting the emergence, growth and/or survival of giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) seedlings. H. mantegazzianum is invasive in Europe and North America, where it has a negative effect on plant diversity and represents a serious health hazard, due to the photodermatitis it may cause. We tested five plant mixtures comprising a selection of North American native or naturalized non-invasive plant species. Compared to the unseeded control mesocosm, all plant covers reduced seedling emergence, growth and survival of H. mantegazzianum. There were large differences between mixtures regarding inhibition effects. The nature of the effects depended on species composition, with one mixture more effective in preventing establishment, another essentially affecting seedling growth and survival. Total plant cover, irrespective of seed mixtures, appeared to have a major effect on H. mantegazzianum. Other factors that may have played a role included the litter from the seeded plants and the allelopathic effect of Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis). Our study adds to the growing body of evidence promoting the restoration of a plant cover as a means to prevent reinfestation by invasive species following a control operation.
{"title":"Plant Cover Restoration to Inhibit Seedling Emergence, Growth or Survival of an Exotic Invasive Plant Species","authors":"J. Brisson, Valérie Teasdale, P. Boivin, C. Lavoie","doi":"10.1080/11956860.2020.1753313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2020.1753313","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We conducted a mesocosm restoration experiment to test the efficacy of early summer sowing of seed mixtures for inhibiting the emergence, growth and/or survival of giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) seedlings. H. mantegazzianum is invasive in Europe and North America, where it has a negative effect on plant diversity and represents a serious health hazard, due to the photodermatitis it may cause. We tested five plant mixtures comprising a selection of North American native or naturalized non-invasive plant species. Compared to the unseeded control mesocosm, all plant covers reduced seedling emergence, growth and survival of H. mantegazzianum. There were large differences between mixtures regarding inhibition effects. The nature of the effects depended on species composition, with one mixture more effective in preventing establishment, another essentially affecting seedling growth and survival. Total plant cover, irrespective of seed mixtures, appeared to have a major effect on H. mantegazzianum. Other factors that may have played a role included the litter from the seeded plants and the allelopathic effect of Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis). Our study adds to the growing body of evidence promoting the restoration of a plant cover as a means to prevent reinfestation by invasive species following a control operation.","PeriodicalId":51030,"journal":{"name":"Ecoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11956860.2020.1753313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44240697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-20DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2020.1753311
Todd J. Rounsaville
ABSTRACT Although nearly half of all Magnolia species are threatened globally, human-assisted movement and cultivation of some species has led to their escape within non-indigenous ecosystems. The ongoing naturalization of select Magnolia taxa has been associated with climate change and variously characterized as assisted-migration, range shift/expansion, or biological invasion. This study documented recruitment patterns in space and time for two species of introduced ‘umbrella’ magnolias, which have become increasingly prolific in New England. A census was conducted that identified a total of 388 Magnolia macrophylla (SE US.) and M. obovata (Japan) individuals that escaped from cultivation and colonized an adjacent oak forest. Seedling recruitment occurred rapidly in response to forest disturbance, and mean tree age was significantly different as a function of three discrete disturbance events. M. obovata was a more successful colonizer overall, yielding more individuals (326 vs. 62), and recruiting further (90% quantile = 388 ± 91 vs. 228 ± 44 m) than M. macrophylla, given founding populations that were of identical size (n = 3) and similar age. This study represents the first documented escape of M. obovata in North America, while M. macrophylla has been documented elsewhere in New England and linked to increased temperature and precipitation patterns.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Recruitment Patterns of Two Introduced Magnolia L. Species in a Disturbed Oak Forest","authors":"Todd J. Rounsaville","doi":"10.1080/11956860.2020.1753311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2020.1753311","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although nearly half of all Magnolia species are threatened globally, human-assisted movement and cultivation of some species has led to their escape within non-indigenous ecosystems. The ongoing naturalization of select Magnolia taxa has been associated with climate change and variously characterized as assisted-migration, range shift/expansion, or biological invasion. This study documented recruitment patterns in space and time for two species of introduced ‘umbrella’ magnolias, which have become increasingly prolific in New England. A census was conducted that identified a total of 388 Magnolia macrophylla (SE US.) and M. obovata (Japan) individuals that escaped from cultivation and colonized an adjacent oak forest. Seedling recruitment occurred rapidly in response to forest disturbance, and mean tree age was significantly different as a function of three discrete disturbance events. M. obovata was a more successful colonizer overall, yielding more individuals (326 vs. 62), and recruiting further (90% quantile = 388 ± 91 vs. 228 ± 44 m) than M. macrophylla, given founding populations that were of identical size (n = 3) and similar age. This study represents the first documented escape of M. obovata in North America, while M. macrophylla has been documented elsewhere in New England and linked to increased temperature and precipitation patterns.","PeriodicalId":51030,"journal":{"name":"Ecoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11956860.2020.1753311","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42177725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2019.1698252
M. Bonamy, A. Harbicht, T. Herrmann, Christine Gagnon
ABSTRACT Among the least known of Canada's large predators, the wolverine's status as threatened, or endangered throughout its eastern range, makes it a candidate for conservation programs. A lack of public support, however, can dramatically reduce the chances of such programs being successful. To assess the current state of support for wolverine conservation, knowledge and perceptions toward this species among the public, adults visiting the St. Félicien zoo were surveyed. Knowledge among participants was generally low and misconceptions were abundant, even among repeat visitors to the zoo. Attitudes, however, were mostly positive. To assess how exposure can influence perceptions, children were surveyed who had or had not attended a 5-day camp at the zoo. Both groups demonstrated similar levels of knowledge about wolverine. However, children who had attended the camp demonstrated a greater aesthetic appreciation and fewer negative associations with wolverines. These results suggest that while the wolverine is not a well-known species, people's perceptions toward this species are not necessarily negative. Additionally, information provided by zoos, in a variety of forms, may not always be acquired by visitors, but may still have a positive influence on how the public perceives cryptic misunderstood species such as the wolverine.
{"title":"Public Opinion Toward a Misunderstood Predator: What do People Really Know about Wolverine and Can Educational Programs Promote its Conservation?","authors":"M. Bonamy, A. Harbicht, T. Herrmann, Christine Gagnon","doi":"10.1080/11956860.2019.1698252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2019.1698252","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Among the least known of Canada's large predators, the wolverine's status as threatened, or endangered throughout its eastern range, makes it a candidate for conservation programs. A lack of public support, however, can dramatically reduce the chances of such programs being successful. To assess the current state of support for wolverine conservation, knowledge and perceptions toward this species among the public, adults visiting the St. Félicien zoo were surveyed. Knowledge among participants was generally low and misconceptions were abundant, even among repeat visitors to the zoo. Attitudes, however, were mostly positive. To assess how exposure can influence perceptions, children were surveyed who had or had not attended a 5-day camp at the zoo. Both groups demonstrated similar levels of knowledge about wolverine. However, children who had attended the camp demonstrated a greater aesthetic appreciation and fewer negative associations with wolverines. These results suggest that while the wolverine is not a well-known species, people's perceptions toward this species are not necessarily negative. Additionally, information provided by zoos, in a variety of forms, may not always be acquired by visitors, but may still have a positive influence on how the public perceives cryptic misunderstood species such as the wolverine.","PeriodicalId":51030,"journal":{"name":"Ecoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11956860.2019.1698252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49169276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2019.1698258
K. Timoney, S. Mamet
ABSTRACT In this study we examined (1) whether there has been significant tree cover change over the period 1960–2010 in a 960,000 km2 subarctic study region in western and central Canada, and (2) the degree to which Global Forest Change (GFC) tree cover data agree with other datasets. We compared GFC tree cover to cover estimates from air photos (c. 1960), ground-level plot data (c. 1982–84), annotated low-level oblique photographs (c. 2005–09), and air photo footprints on the World Imagery Base Map (c. 2010). Tree cover changes since 1960 varied by physiographic and ecological regions. Afforestation was modest to non-significant depending on the region. We observed no evidence of northward tree migration. An increase in the areal extent of burned forests, mostly in areas south of the forest-tundra, was the largest change detected. We documented systematic discrepancies between our tree cover estimates and GFC data. GFC underestimates of tree cover typically occurred in areas of low tree density. Areas where GFC data overestimated tree cover were common, especially near the northern limits of trees and in areas dominated by dense or tall shrubs. Predictions of climate-driven vegetation response derived solely from remotely sensed data may not be reliable.
{"title":"No Treeline Advance Over the Last 50 Years in Subarctic Western and Central Canada and the Problem of Vegetation Misclassification in Remotely Sensed Data","authors":"K. Timoney, S. Mamet","doi":"10.1080/11956860.2019.1698258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2019.1698258","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study we examined (1) whether there has been significant tree cover change over the period 1960–2010 in a 960,000 km2 subarctic study region in western and central Canada, and (2) the degree to which Global Forest Change (GFC) tree cover data agree with other datasets. We compared GFC tree cover to cover estimates from air photos (c. 1960), ground-level plot data (c. 1982–84), annotated low-level oblique photographs (c. 2005–09), and air photo footprints on the World Imagery Base Map (c. 2010). Tree cover changes since 1960 varied by physiographic and ecological regions. Afforestation was modest to non-significant depending on the region. We observed no evidence of northward tree migration. An increase in the areal extent of burned forests, mostly in areas south of the forest-tundra, was the largest change detected. We documented systematic discrepancies between our tree cover estimates and GFC data. GFC underestimates of tree cover typically occurred in areas of low tree density. Areas where GFC data overestimated tree cover were common, especially near the northern limits of trees and in areas dominated by dense or tall shrubs. Predictions of climate-driven vegetation response derived solely from remotely sensed data may not be reliable.","PeriodicalId":51030,"journal":{"name":"Ecoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11956860.2019.1698258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47694758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-30DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2020.1741497
Clark S. Bolliger, Calla V. Raymond, R. Schuster, J. Bennett
ABSTRACT Canada's Species at Risk Act (SARA) has been critiqued for only protecting species on federal lands. However, this shortcoming has never been quantitatively assessed in terms of species' ranges. We assessed the proportion of ranges of federally-listed terrestrial species at risk (SAR) receiving protection via SARA, excluding birds protected by the Migratory Birds Convention Act. Additionally, we assessed species protection provided by provincial and territorial protected areas within the ranges of SARA-listed species. We show that federal land provides protection within only 8.1% of species' Canadian ranges on average, and 63.1% of 252 terrestrial SAR are protected within less than 5% of their range. The addition of provincial and territorial protected areas increases this average to 14.6% and reduces the percent with less than 5% protection to 34.9% of species. Eighteen species receive 0% protection within their Canadian ranges. We found no significant difference in average protection among taxonomic groups. Canada's capacity to protect SAR via SARA could be improved by greater coordination among national, provincial and Indigenous governments, the creation of a more effective protected area network, exercising SARA's provision for emergency protection orders where applicable, and facilitating greater SAR protection on public and private lands.
{"title":"Spatial Coverage of Protection for Terrestrial Species under the Canadian Species at Risk Act","authors":"Clark S. Bolliger, Calla V. Raymond, R. Schuster, J. Bennett","doi":"10.1080/11956860.2020.1741497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2020.1741497","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Canada's Species at Risk Act (SARA) has been critiqued for only protecting species on federal lands. However, this shortcoming has never been quantitatively assessed in terms of species' ranges. We assessed the proportion of ranges of federally-listed terrestrial species at risk (SAR) receiving protection via SARA, excluding birds protected by the Migratory Birds Convention Act. Additionally, we assessed species protection provided by provincial and territorial protected areas within the ranges of SARA-listed species. We show that federal land provides protection within only 8.1% of species' Canadian ranges on average, and 63.1% of 252 terrestrial SAR are protected within less than 5% of their range. The addition of provincial and territorial protected areas increases this average to 14.6% and reduces the percent with less than 5% protection to 34.9% of species. Eighteen species receive 0% protection within their Canadian ranges. We found no significant difference in average protection among taxonomic groups. Canada's capacity to protect SAR via SARA could be improved by greater coordination among national, provincial and Indigenous governments, the creation of a more effective protected area network, exercising SARA's provision for emergency protection orders where applicable, and facilitating greater SAR protection on public and private lands.","PeriodicalId":51030,"journal":{"name":"Ecoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11956860.2020.1741497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42412579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-29DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2020.1735918
L. Herrera, F. Jaimes, M. Garavano, S. Delgado, V. Ispizúa
ABSTRACT In many areas of the agriculturalized Pampas of Argentina, rural roadsides (RRS) are the only relics of the grassland biome that originally dominated the region. Nowadays, no policies regulate the use and preservation of these environments. We assessed plant species diversity in 28 RRS in a representative area of the Southern Pampean region, and investigated the degree to which some RRS variables (width, slope, type, and density of RRS in a circular area of 2000 m in diameter) explain their floristic assemblages and species richness. We listed 107 species belonging to 25 families. The most species-rich families were Poaceae (33 species) and Asteraceae (22 species). Fifty percent of the species were native to the region and 58% perennial. There was a predominance of herbaceous dicots (68%), and 12 species (11%) were endemic to the region. A canonical correspondence analysis showed that the density of neighboring RRS significantly explained plant species assemblages. Exotic species richness decreased with the width of the RRS. We expect that this information and proper management will promote the potential of RRS for nature conservation as we consider RRS important refuge for grassland plants.
{"title":"Vegetation in Rural Roadsides of the Pampa Region (Argentina): An Opportunity for Grassland Conservation?","authors":"L. Herrera, F. Jaimes, M. Garavano, S. Delgado, V. Ispizúa","doi":"10.1080/11956860.2020.1735918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2020.1735918","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In many areas of the agriculturalized Pampas of Argentina, rural roadsides (RRS) are the only relics of the grassland biome that originally dominated the region. Nowadays, no policies regulate the use and preservation of these environments. We assessed plant species diversity in 28 RRS in a representative area of the Southern Pampean region, and investigated the degree to which some RRS variables (width, slope, type, and density of RRS in a circular area of 2000 m in diameter) explain their floristic assemblages and species richness. We listed 107 species belonging to 25 families. The most species-rich families were Poaceae (33 species) and Asteraceae (22 species). Fifty percent of the species were native to the region and 58% perennial. There was a predominance of herbaceous dicots (68%), and 12 species (11%) were endemic to the region. A canonical correspondence analysis showed that the density of neighboring RRS significantly explained plant species assemblages. Exotic species richness decreased with the width of the RRS. We expect that this information and proper management will promote the potential of RRS for nature conservation as we consider RRS important refuge for grassland plants.","PeriodicalId":51030,"journal":{"name":"Ecoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11956860.2020.1735918","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44031332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-20DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2020.1732802
Chaeho Byun, Seon-young Kim, Hojeong Kang
ABSTRACT Physiological responses of plants to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N) availability are ecologically important because of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations and N enrichment in many ecosystems. Here, the effects of N availability on the responses of six wetland plant species to elevated CO2 levels are examined in terms of growth and root exudation. Six species of emergent plant species typically found in marshes were incubated under two levels of CO2 (370 and 740 ppm) and two levels of N (0 and 8.8 mg N L–1). Elevated CO2 did not affect shoot biomass, root biomass, and height significantly, regardless of N levels. The C/N ratio of plant species increased in response to elevated CO2 levels, but this effect varied by species. All species released higher amounts of dissolved organic carbon under elevated CO2 compared with ambient air conditions. This response was limited under low soil N concentrations. By contrast, phenolic content increased significantly with elevated CO2 under low-N treatment. The findings suggest that elevated CO2 is not responsible for biomass accumulation of emergent wetland plant species, but does elicit changes in the quantity and quality of root exudates, which are, in turn, dependent on N availability to plant species.
植物对二氧化碳(CO2)和氮(N)有效性升高的生理反应具有重要的生态学意义，因为在许多生态系统中大气二氧化碳浓度和氮富集增加。本文从生长和根系分泌物的角度研究了氮有效性对6种湿地植物对CO2浓度升高的响应的影响。在两种浓度的CO2(370和740 ppm)和两种浓度的N(0和8.8 mg N - 1)条件下，对6种沼泽中常见的新兴植物进行了培养。无论氮水平如何，CO2浓度升高对地上部生物量、根系生物量和株高的影响均不显著。植物物种的碳氮比随CO2浓度的升高而增加，但这种影响因物种而异。与环境空气条件相比，在二氧化碳浓度升高的情况下，所有物种释放的溶解有机碳量都更高。在低土壤氮浓度条件下，这种响应受到限制。低氮处理下，随着CO2浓度的升高，酚类物质含量显著增加。研究结果表明，CO2的升高并不是新兴湿地植物生物量积累的原因，但确实引起了根系分泌物数量和质量的变化，而根系分泌物的数量和质量又取决于植物物种的氮有效性。
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