प्रस्तुत लेखमा पराजित पोमुद्वारा सम्पादित ‘इतर कविता’ कृतिमा समाविष्ट कवितालाई पाठका रूपमा लिई त्यसमा प्रयुक्त जनजातीय संस्कृतिका विभिन्न पक्षहरूको विश्लेषण र मूल्याङ्कन गरेर उक्त कविताका वैचारिकताको निरूपण गरिएको छ । ‘इतर कविता’ कृतिभित्र समावेश भएका नेपाली साहित्यका जनजाति समुदायका तीनसयभन्दा बढी समकालीन कविहरूका कविताहरूमध्ये जनजातीय संस्कृतिसँग सम्बद्ध कविताहरूको चयन गरी ती कवितामा अभिव्यक्त जनजातीय संस्कृतिका विविध पक्षहरूको विश्लेषण र मूल्याङ्कन गर्नु यस लेखको उद्देश्य हो । यसमा चयनित कविता–विश्लेषणका लागि जनजातीय संस्कृतिका आधारभूत मान्यताहरूलाई सैद्धान्तिक ढाँचाका रूपमा अवलम्बन गरी सोद्देश्यमूलक नमुना छनोट पद्धतिबाट पाठगत तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । त्यसका निम्ति जनजातीय संस्कृतिअन्तर्गत परम्परागत संस्कृति, निर्मित संस्कृति र आयातीत तथा मिश्रित संस्कृति आदि सन्दर्भलाई सैद्धान्तिक तथा आवश्यकताअनुसार अवधारणात्मक ढाँचाका रूपमा उपयोग गरी अध्ययन सम्पन्न गरिएको छ र ‘इतर कविता’ कृतिका कवितामा जनजातीय संस्कृतिसँगै मिसिएर जनजातीय पहिचान र अस्तित्वका पक्ष पनि समानान्तर रूपमा आएको र जनजातीय संस्कृतिको प्रयोग र जनजातीय पहिचान नै ‘इतर कविता’ को मूल विषय भएको र पहिचानको खोजी नै यस कृतिभित्रका कविताको मूल उद्देश्य हो भन्ने निष्कर्ष यसमा निकालिएको छ ।
प्रस्तुत लेखमा पराजित पोमुद्वारा सम्पादित ‘इतर कविता’ कृतिमा समाविष्ट कवितालाई पाठका रूपमा लिई त्यसमा प्रयुक्त जनजातीय संस्कृतिका विभिन्न पक्षहरूको विश्लेषण र मूल्याङ्कन गरेर उक्तकविताका वैचारिकताको निरूपण गरिएको छ । ‘इतर कविता’ कृतिभित्र समावेश भएका नेपाली साहित्यका जनजाति समुदायका तीनसयभन्दा बढी समकालीन कविहरूका कविताहरूमध्ये जनजातीय संस्कृतिसँग सम्बद्धकविताहरूको चयन गरी ती कवितामा अभिव्यक्त जनजातीय संस्कृतिका विविध पक्षहरूको विश्लेषण र मूल्याङ्कन गर्नु यस लेखको उद्देश्य हो । यसमा चयनित कविता–विश्लेषणका लागि जनजातीय संस्कृतिका आधारभूतमान्यताहरूलाई सैद्धान्तिक ढाँचाका रूपमा अवलम्बन गरी सोद्देश्यमूलक नमुना छनोट पद्धतिबाट पाठगत तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । त्यसका निम्ति जनजातीय संस्कृतिअन्तर्गत परम्परागत संस्कृति,निर्मित संस्कृति र आयातीत तथा मिश्रित संस्कृति आदि सन्दर्भलाई सैद्धान्तिक तथा आवश्यकताअनुसार अवधारणात्मकढाँचाकारूपमा उपयोग गरी अध्ययन सम्पन्न गरिएको छर 'इतरकविता' कृतिकाकवितामा जनजातीय संस्कृतिसँगै मिसएर जनजातीयपहिचान र अस्तित्वका पक्ष पनि समानान्तर रूपमा आएको र जनजातीय संस्कृतिको प्रयोग र जनजातीय पहिचान नै 'इतर कविता'को मूल विषय भएको र पिचानको खोज नै यस कृतिभित्रका कविताको मूल उद्ेश्य हो भन्ने निष्कर्ष यसमा निकालिएको छ ।
{"title":"इतर कविता मा जनजातीय संस्कृति","authors":"ज्ञानु Gyanu अधिकारी Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60785","url":null,"abstract":"प्रस्तुत लेखमा पराजित पोमुद्वारा सम्पादित ‘इतर कविता’ कृतिमा समाविष्ट कवितालाई पाठका रूपमा लिई त्यसमा प्रयुक्त जनजातीय संस्कृतिका विभिन्न पक्षहरूको विश्लेषण र मूल्याङ्कन गरेर उक्त कविताका वैचारिकताको निरूपण गरिएको छ । ‘इतर कविता’ कृतिभित्र समावेश भएका नेपाली साहित्यका जनजाति समुदायका तीनसयभन्दा बढी समकालीन कविहरूका कविताहरूमध्ये जनजातीय संस्कृतिसँग सम्बद्ध कविताहरूको चयन गरी ती कवितामा अभिव्यक्त जनजातीय संस्कृतिका विविध पक्षहरूको विश्लेषण र मूल्याङ्कन गर्नु यस लेखको उद्देश्य हो । यसमा चयनित कविता–विश्लेषणका लागि जनजातीय संस्कृतिका आधारभूत मान्यताहरूलाई सैद्धान्तिक ढाँचाका रूपमा अवलम्बन गरी सोद्देश्यमूलक नमुना छनोट पद्धतिबाट पाठगत तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । त्यसका निम्ति जनजातीय संस्कृतिअन्तर्गत परम्परागत संस्कृति, निर्मित संस्कृति र आयातीत तथा मिश्रित संस्कृति आदि सन्दर्भलाई सैद्धान्तिक तथा आवश्यकताअनुसार अवधारणात्मक ढाँचाका रूपमा उपयोग गरी अध्ययन सम्पन्न गरिएको छ र ‘इतर कविता’ कृतिका कवितामा जनजातीय संस्कृतिसँगै मिसिएर जनजातीय पहिचान र अस्तित्वका पक्ष पनि समानान्तर रूपमा आएको र जनजातीय संस्कृतिको प्रयोग र जनजातीय पहिचान नै ‘इतर कविता’ को मूल विषय भएको र पहिचानको खोजी नै यस कृतिभित्रका कविताको मूल उद्देश्य हो भन्ने निष्कर्ष यसमा निकालिएको छ ।","PeriodicalId":510562,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal","volume":"8 s4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139167976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article traces the transitions on the process of the development of Nepali paintings. From early period to present time, many trends of paintings have appeared, disappeared and modified. The evolution and connection of these trends, techniques and forms have been presented chronologically. The genres of Nepali paintings like manuscript illumination, paubha, patachitra, portrait, landscape, expressive works and abstract arts use different techniques and forms to explore different contents. Shift from two dimensional forms to three dimensional forms, mysticism to realism, religious to secular, realistic to expressive, expressive to abstract, and objective to subjective are the major transitions in the history of Nepali paintings. The article compares and contrasts various trends and techniques of the paintings. This research is qualitative, for the conclusion has been drawn based on the interpretation of artworks, and the interpretation of the paintings can be multiple depending on the viewers' perspective.
{"title":"Tracing Transitions in the Development of Nepali Paintings","authors":"Y. Sharma","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60774","url":null,"abstract":"This article traces the transitions on the process of the development of Nepali paintings. From early period to present time, many trends of paintings have appeared, disappeared and modified. The evolution and connection of these trends, techniques and forms have been presented chronologically. The genres of Nepali paintings like manuscript illumination, paubha, patachitra, portrait, landscape, expressive works and abstract arts use different techniques and forms to explore different contents. Shift from two dimensional forms to three dimensional forms, mysticism to realism, religious to secular, realistic to expressive, expressive to abstract, and objective to subjective are the major transitions in the history of Nepali paintings. The article compares and contrasts various trends and techniques of the paintings. This research is qualitative, for the conclusion has been drawn based on the interpretation of artworks, and the interpretation of the paintings can be multiple depending on the viewers' perspective.","PeriodicalId":510562,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal","volume":"373 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139170796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The bio-gas is viable technology as household cooking solution to reduce smoke related diseases, accidents of burning, good source of organic fertilizer, save time for collection of fuel wood and change the kitchen environment. It is important energy source. Women empowerment is possible through bio-gas in Nepalese kitchens and promotes changes in cooking practice. The bio-gas programme is most effective and successful programme in rural Nepal. By studying and understanding the potential of biogas, the research can provide valuable insights into the potential of biogas to improve the lives of semi-urban communities and contribute to sustainable development with a specific focus on women’ welfare. The researcher collected primary data and information through survey questionnaire and secondary data were gathered from relevant reports and documents published by government and bio-gas companies. The study employed both quantitative as well as qualitative techniques of data analysis. For the study, the respondents were broadly categorized in two distinct categories: households with privately owned biogas plants and the households connected to commercial biogas plant recently launched in Ghorahi Sub-Metropolitan City. For quantitative data, questionnaire was distributed among 60 randomly selected households having privately owned biogas plant, and 40 respondents were also randomly selected from among the 50 households connected to commercial biogas plant. Finally, qualitative findings from key informant interview (KII) and observation were also applied to justify and strengthen the quantitative findings. For this purpose, interviews were conducted among the Mayor of Ghorahi Sub-Metropolitan City, DE and Ward Chairman of project site. Major proportion of waste in Ghorahi is biomass that includes kitchen waste, farm residue and livestock dung that has been utilized to produce flammable methane gas. Bio-gas is cost effective, so, households of all income groups can afford the technology. Bio-gas as clean fuel enhances Nepalese women’s culinary practice, plays crucial role in women’s welfare; which is the first step towards women empowerment. The study has shown that women and girls have greatly relieved from the drudgery of fuel wood collection and smoke related diseases.
{"title":"Socio-Economic Benefits of Biogas for Women in Household Cooking In Nepal","authors":"Rajendra Kumar Pokhrel, Anju Pokhrel","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60747","url":null,"abstract":"The bio-gas is viable technology as household cooking solution to reduce smoke related diseases, accidents of burning, good source of organic fertilizer, save time for collection of fuel wood and change the kitchen environment. It is important energy source. Women empowerment is possible through bio-gas in Nepalese kitchens and promotes changes in cooking practice. The bio-gas programme is most effective and successful programme in rural Nepal. By studying and understanding the potential of biogas, the research can provide valuable insights into the potential of biogas to improve the lives of semi-urban communities and contribute to sustainable development with a specific focus on women’ welfare. The researcher collected primary data and information through survey questionnaire and secondary data were gathered from relevant reports and documents published by government and bio-gas companies. The study employed both quantitative as well as qualitative techniques of data analysis. For the study, the respondents were broadly categorized in two distinct categories: households with privately owned biogas plants and the households connected to commercial biogas plant recently launched in Ghorahi Sub-Metropolitan City. For quantitative data, questionnaire was distributed among 60 randomly selected households having privately owned biogas plant, and 40 respondents were also randomly selected from among the 50 households connected to commercial biogas plant. Finally, qualitative findings from key informant interview (KII) and observation were also applied to justify and strengthen the quantitative findings. For this purpose, interviews were conducted among the Mayor of Ghorahi Sub-Metropolitan City, DE and Ward Chairman of project site. Major proportion of waste in Ghorahi is biomass that includes kitchen waste, farm residue and livestock dung that has been utilized to produce flammable methane gas. Bio-gas is cost effective, so, households of all income groups can afford the technology. Bio-gas as clean fuel enhances Nepalese women’s culinary practice, plays crucial role in women’s welfare; which is the first step towards women empowerment. The study has shown that women and girls have greatly relieved from the drudgery of fuel wood collection and smoke related diseases.","PeriodicalId":510562,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139170959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Usability is the extent of a system being user-friendly. The aim of this research was to make a test to measure usability based on five-factor model of usability by Nielsen (1993). Total of 755 participants (Mage=26.1, SD=5.86) representing the users of 21 types of products or services gave responses. Psychometric analyses were done. The test with fifteen items did not fit the model of its parent theory as revealed by confirmatory factor analysis. Principal component analysis was conducted and some items were deleted. Finally, a test of 12 items with two subscales was made. The participants were given a survey in English but they were not its native speakers. The future research can take native speakers and more diverse products’ or services’ users for psychometric analyses of the 15-item version.
{"title":"Construction and Validation of Alternative Usability Scale","authors":"Pralhad Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60770","url":null,"abstract":"Usability is the extent of a system being user-friendly. The aim of this research was to make a test to measure usability based on five-factor model of usability by Nielsen (1993). Total of 755 participants (Mage=26.1, SD=5.86) representing the users of 21 types of products or services gave responses. Psychometric analyses were done. The test with fifteen items did not fit the model of its parent theory as revealed by confirmatory factor analysis. Principal component analysis was conducted and some items were deleted. Finally, a test of 12 items with two subscales was made. The participants were given a survey in English but they were not its native speakers. The future research can take native speakers and more diverse products’ or services’ users for psychometric analyses of the 15-item version.","PeriodicalId":510562,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal","volume":"221 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139170892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Sah, Bibhav Adhikari, Apsara Pandey, Sita Karki, S. Silwal
Corona virus disease - 2019 (COVID-19), the global pandemic, had jeopardized the educational institutes across the world during 2020 and 2021. The designing, preparedness and effectiveness of e-learning in nursing area were not clearly understood, particularly in a country like Nepal. Thus, the study aimed to explore experiences and perception of online education among nursing faculties during COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal. A Qualitative research design adopted where 15 nursing faculties from different University across the Nepal involved in online classes since 6 months were interviewed based on principles of data saturation using convenience sampling. Ethical approval was obtained from Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC). Written Informed consent was obtained from nursing faculties via email and in-depth interview was carried out. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the study by coding participants’ records. For the data analysis, the thematic analysis and content analysis were done for the faculties’ experiences and perception. Regarding nursing faculties’ experiences and perception on online education, despite the challenges like: technological, environmental, clinical skills and evaluation methods constraints, they had positive enthusiasm like: economical and easy, technological opportunities and competency. It was concluded online class is one of the crucial modes of teaching and learning in difficult circumstances during this pandemic of corona.
{"title":"Experience and Perception of Online Education among Nursing Faculties during Covid-19 Pandemic in Nepal: A Qualitative Study","authors":"B. Sah, Bibhav Adhikari, Apsara Pandey, Sita Karki, S. Silwal","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60746","url":null,"abstract":"Corona virus disease - 2019 (COVID-19), the global pandemic, had jeopardized the educational institutes across the world during 2020 and 2021. The designing, preparedness and effectiveness of e-learning in nursing area were not clearly understood, particularly in a country like Nepal. Thus, the study aimed to explore experiences and perception of online education among nursing faculties during COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal. A Qualitative research design adopted where 15 nursing faculties from different University across the Nepal involved in online classes since 6 months were interviewed based on principles of data saturation using convenience sampling. Ethical approval was obtained from Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC). Written Informed consent was obtained from nursing faculties via email and in-depth interview was carried out. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the study by coding participants’ records. For the data analysis, the thematic analysis and content analysis were done for the faculties’ experiences and perception. Regarding nursing faculties’ experiences and perception on online education, despite the challenges like: technological, environmental, clinical skills and evaluation methods constraints, they had positive enthusiasm like: economical and easy, technological opportunities and competency. It was concluded online class is one of the crucial modes of teaching and learning in difficult circumstances during this pandemic of corona.","PeriodicalId":510562,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal","volume":"124 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139171146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sri Aurobindo was one of the thinkers and philosophers who emerged in the pure land of India in the nineteenth century. The transition of the revolutionary Aurobindo to the sage Aurobindo, who participated in the liberation war of the country from colonial rule and exploitation by the imperialist British power, was a breakthrough moment. In Sri Aurobindo’s thinking, at the meeting place of our world consciousness, the inanimate is real to the mind (cit), and so is the truth to the mind and inanimate because the world is the soul and mind pervaded by consciousness, the light of one whole being. They are bridges between two entities. In this article, I shall discuss the aspect of Sri Aurobindo’s establishment of universal unity by referring to the different aspects of his transition to the superman through the stages of the higher mind, illuminated mind, intuitive mind, and overmind. Next, I will analyse Sri Aurobindo's concept of unity through yoga. I shall also focus on the enlightened awareness of spiritual unity following Sri Aurobindo. Then, how Sri Aurobindo explains the real progress of civilization through Supermind will be discussed briefly. Next, I would also highlight Sri Aurobindo’s thought on the integral approach to human unity. Finally, I would like to conclude the paper through a discussion of contemporary relevance and the need for real unity today.
{"title":"Sri Aurobindo-The Pioneer of Human Unity: Relevance in Today’s World","authors":"Bharat Malakar","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60775","url":null,"abstract":"Sri Aurobindo was one of the thinkers and philosophers who emerged in the pure land of India in the nineteenth century. The transition of the revolutionary Aurobindo to the sage Aurobindo, who participated in the liberation war of the country from colonial rule and exploitation by the imperialist British power, was a breakthrough moment. In Sri Aurobindo’s thinking, at the meeting place of our world consciousness, the inanimate is real to the mind (cit), and so is the truth to the mind and inanimate because the world is the soul and mind pervaded by consciousness, the light of one whole being. They are bridges between two entities. In this article, I shall discuss the aspect of Sri Aurobindo’s establishment of universal unity by referring to the different aspects of his transition to the superman through the stages of the higher mind, illuminated mind, intuitive mind, and overmind. Next, I will analyse Sri Aurobindo's concept of unity through yoga. I shall also focus on the enlightened awareness of spiritual unity following Sri Aurobindo. Then, how Sri Aurobindo explains the real progress of civilization through Supermind will be discussed briefly. Next, I would also highlight Sri Aurobindo’s thought on the integral approach to human unity. Finally, I would like to conclude the paper through a discussion of contemporary relevance and the need for real unity today.","PeriodicalId":510562,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal","volume":"26 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139168316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce that allows consumers to purchase products or services directly from sellers over the Internet using a web browser. The main objective of this study is to explore the relationship between price, convenience, security, and online shopping behavior of students in Kathmandu. The research adopted the analytical research design. Four hundred students from different colleges in Kathmandu Valley were selected for this study. The convenience sampling method was used while selecting the respondents. The questionnaire survey was developed to collect primary data. The study adopted cross tab, independent t-test, and correlation to analyze the data. Convenience is the most preferable factor when selecting a product in online shopping. Price, convenience, and security are positively correlated with online shopping behavior. As per the result, the price highly correlates with online shopping behavior. Hence, online shopping companies must maintain the product's standard price to meet consumers' expectations. Online shopping companies also consider improving websites with solid security mechanisms for the convenience of online shopping to build up the company's image. Likewise, the firm should consider the preferable factors of online shopping for a better budget allocation for promoting their online business. Future researchers can study the online shopping behavior of the general public with a larger sample size.
网上购物是一种电子商务形式，允许消费者使用网络浏览器通过互联网直接向卖家购买产品或服务。本研究的主要目的是探讨价格、便利性、安全性与加德满都学生网上购物行为之间的关系。研究采用了分析性研究设计。本研究选取了加德满都谷地不同学院的 400 名学生。在选择受访者时采用了方便抽样法。制定了问卷调查来收集原始数据。研究采用交叉表法、独立 t 检验法和相关法对数据进行分析。在网上购物中，方便是选择产品时最优先考虑的因素。价格、便利性和安全性与网购行为呈正相关。结果显示，价格与网购行为高度相关。因此，网购公司必须保持产品的标准价格，以满足消费者的期望。同时，网购企业也要考虑完善网站，建立可靠的安全机制，以方便网购，树立企业形象。同样，企业也应考虑网上购物的有利因素，以便更好地分配预算，促进网上业务的发展。未来的研究人员可以通过更大的样本量来研究普通大众的网上购物行为。
{"title":"Digital Consumerism among Nepalese College Students: A Study of Online Shopping Behavior","authors":"Raju Bhai Manandhar","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60779","url":null,"abstract":"Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce that allows consumers to purchase products or services directly from sellers over the Internet using a web browser. The main objective of this study is to explore the relationship between price, convenience, security, and online shopping behavior of students in Kathmandu. The research adopted the analytical research design. Four hundred students from different colleges in Kathmandu Valley were selected for this study. The convenience sampling method was used while selecting the respondents. The questionnaire survey was developed to collect primary data. The study adopted cross tab, independent t-test, and correlation to analyze the data. Convenience is the most preferable factor when selecting a product in online shopping. Price, convenience, and security are positively correlated with online shopping behavior. As per the result, the price highly correlates with online shopping behavior. Hence, online shopping companies must maintain the product's standard price to meet consumers' expectations. Online shopping companies also consider improving websites with solid security mechanisms for the convenience of online shopping to build up the company's image. Likewise, the firm should consider the preferable factors of online shopping for a better budget allocation for promoting their online business. Future researchers can study the online shopping behavior of the general public with a larger sample size.","PeriodicalId":510562,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal","volume":"6 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139168348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
नेपाली साहित्यमा चालिसको दशकपछि प्रवृत्तिगत विविधता देखिएको छ । विश्वपरिवेश तथा नेपाली राजनीतिक परिवेशमा देखिएका परिवर्तनको प्रभावस्वरूप साहित्यमा पनि नवीन चिन्तनहरू देखा परेका छन् । त्यसैले यो पछिल्लो अवधिलाई नेपाली साहित्यको उत्तरवर्ती चरण मानिएको छ । यस चरणको साहित्य विशेषगरी पहिचानमुखी पनि देखिन्छ । साहित्यका अन्य विधाहरूमा जस्तै निबन्ध विधाको पनि यो चरण पहिचानका सन्दर्भहरूका आधारमा महत्त्वपूर्ण मानिन्छ । विशेषगरी निबन्ध विधामा नारी स्रष्टाको उपस्थिति तथा उनीहरूका सिर्जनाले गति यसै अवधिमा लिएको पाइन्छ । यस अवधिका नारी निबन्धकारहरूका निबन्धहरूमा नारीवादी चिन्तनले महत्त्पूर्ण स्थान लिएको सन्दर्भमा प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख तयार पारिएको हो ।यसमा नारीवादी सैद्धान्तिक मान्यताका आधारमा उत्तरवर्ती नारी निबन्धहरूको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नारीवादी मान्यताले जैविकीय आधारमा महिला र पुरुषबिच हुने भिन्नताका कारण महिलाका अनुभव–अनुभूतिहरू पनि पृथक् हुने धारणा राखेको छ । पितृसत्तात्मक सामाजिक संरचना र त्यसद्वारा निर्देशित मूल्यका कारण परिवार तथा समाजमा महिलाका भिन्न भूमिका हुन्छन् र यिनै भूमिकाका आधारमा उनीहरूका अनुभव–अनुभूतिहरू भिन्न हुने धारणा पनि नारीवादीहरूले राखेका छन् । पितृसत्तालाई नारीउत्पीडनको मूल कारक मानेको नारीवादी चिन्तनले सोही उत्पीडनद्वारा सिर्जित भिन्न अनुभव–अनुभूति नारीलिखित साहित्यमा अभिव्यक्त हुने विचार राख्दछ । यसै सन्दर्भमा प्रस्तुत लेखमा नारीवादअन्तर्गत पितृसत्ता, नारीउत्पीडन, नारी–जैविकीय अवस्था तथा पृथक् अनुभव–अनुभूतिसम्बन्धी आधारहरूको चर्चा गरिएको छ । उत्तरवर्ती चरणका नारीलिखित निबन्धहरूमा महिलाका पृथक् अनुभव–अनुभूतिको प्रस्तुतिका प्रशस्त सन्दर्भहरू रहेको निष्कर्ष पनि यस लेखमा निकालिएको छ । उत्तरवर्ती नेपाली नारी–निबन्धमा पितृसत्तात्मक मूल्यभित्र महिलाका पृथक् अनुभव–अनुभुतिको अभिव्यक्तिका केकस्ता सन्दर्भ रहेका छन् भन्ने प्राज्ञिक जिज्ञासको समाधान गर्ने उद्देश्यले तयार गरिएको प्रस्तुत लेख साहित्यिक भएको हुनाले सोही अनुरूप पुस्तकालयीय कार्यबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरेर विश्लेषणात्मक विधिबाट तिनको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।
नेपाली साहित्यमा चालिसको दशकपछि प्रवृत्तिगत विविधता देखिएको छ । विश्वपरिवेश तथा नेपाली राजनीतिक परिवेशमा देखिएका परिवर्तनको प्रभावस्वरूप साहित्यमा पनि नवीनचिन्तनहरू देखा परेका छन् । त्यसैले यो पछिल्लो अवधिलाई नेपाली साहित्यको उत्तरवर्ती चरण मानिएको छ । यस चरणको साहित्य विशेषगरी पहिचानमुखी पनि देखिन्छ । साहित्यका अन्यविधाहरूमा जस्तै निबन्ध विधाको पनि यो चरण पहिचानका सन्दर्भहरूका आधारमा महत्त्वपूर्ण मानिन्छ । विशेषगरी निबन्ध विधामा नारी स्रष्टाको उपस्थिति तथा उनीहरूका सिर्जनालेगति यसै अवधिमा लिएको पाइन्छ । यस अवधिका नारी निबन्धकारहरूका निबन्धहरूमा नारीवादी चिन्तनले महत्त्पूर्ण स्थान लिएको सन्दर्भमा प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख तयार पारिएकोहो ।यसमा नारीवादी सैद्धान्तिक मान्यताका आधारमा उत्तरवर्ती नारी निबन्धहरूको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नारीवादी मान्यताले जैविकीय आधारमा महिला र पुरुषबिच हुने भिन्नताकाकारण महिलाका अनुभव–अनुभूतिहरू पनि पृथक् हुने धारणा राखेको छ । पितृसत्तात्मक सामाजिक संरचना र त्यसद्वारा निर्देशित मूल्यका कारण परिवार तथा समाजमा महिलाका भिन्न भूमिकाहुन्छन् र यिनै भूमिकाका आधारमा उनीहरूका अनुभव-अनुभूतिहरू भिन्न हुने धारणा पनि नारीवादीहरूले राखेका छन् । पितृसत्तालाई नारीउत्पीडनको मूल कार मकानेको नारीवाीदचिन्तनले सोही उत्पीडनद्वारा सिर्जित भिन्न अनुभव–अनुभूति नारीलिखित साहित्यमा अभिव्यक्त हुने विचार राख्दछ । यसै सन्दर्भमा प्रस्तुत लेखमा नारीवादअन्तर्गत पितृसत्ता,नारीउत्पीडन、नार-जैविकीय अवस्था तथा पृथक् अनुभव-अनुभूतिसम्बन्धी आधारहरूको चर्चा गरिएको छ । उत्तरवर्तीर चणका नारीलिखित निबन्धहरूमा महिलाकापृथक्अनुभव-अनुभूतिको प्रस्तुतिका प्रशस्त सन्दर्भहरूहेको निष्कर्ष पनि यस ेलखमा निकालिएको छ । उत्तरवर्त नेपाली नारी-निबन्धमा पितृसत्तात्मककमूल्यभित्र महिलाका पृथक् अनुभव-अनुभुतिको अभिव्यक्तिका केकस्ता सन्दर्भ हरेका छन् भन्ने प्राज्ञिक जिज्ञासको समाधान गर्ने उद्ेदश्यले तयारगरिएको प्रस्तुतलेख साहित्यिक भएको हुनाले सोही अनुरूप पुस्तकालयीय कार्यबाट सामग्री स↪Lo_919्कलन गरेर विश्लेषणात्मक विधिबाट तिनको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।
{"title":"उत्तरवर्ती नेपाली नारी–निबन्धमा पृथक् अनुभव–अनुभूति","authors":"साधना पन्त Sadhana Panta ‘प्रतीक्षा’ Pratikshya","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60783","url":null,"abstract":"नेपाली साहित्यमा चालिसको दशकपछि प्रवृत्तिगत विविधता देखिएको छ । विश्वपरिवेश तथा नेपाली राजनीतिक परिवेशमा देखिएका परिवर्तनको प्रभावस्वरूप साहित्यमा पनि नवीन चिन्तनहरू देखा परेका छन् । त्यसैले यो पछिल्लो अवधिलाई नेपाली साहित्यको उत्तरवर्ती चरण मानिएको छ । यस चरणको साहित्य विशेषगरी पहिचानमुखी पनि देखिन्छ । साहित्यका अन्य विधाहरूमा जस्तै निबन्ध विधाको पनि यो चरण पहिचानका सन्दर्भहरूका आधारमा महत्त्वपूर्ण मानिन्छ । विशेषगरी निबन्ध विधामा नारी स्रष्टाको उपस्थिति तथा उनीहरूका सिर्जनाले गति यसै अवधिमा लिएको पाइन्छ । यस अवधिका नारी निबन्धकारहरूका निबन्धहरूमा नारीवादी चिन्तनले महत्त्पूर्ण स्थान लिएको सन्दर्भमा प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख तयार पारिएको हो ।यसमा नारीवादी सैद्धान्तिक मान्यताका आधारमा उत्तरवर्ती नारी निबन्धहरूको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नारीवादी मान्यताले जैविकीय आधारमा महिला र पुरुषबिच हुने भिन्नताका कारण महिलाका अनुभव–अनुभूतिहरू पनि पृथक् हुने धारणा राखेको छ । पितृसत्तात्मक सामाजिक संरचना र त्यसद्वारा निर्देशित मूल्यका कारण परिवार तथा समाजमा महिलाका भिन्न भूमिका हुन्छन् र यिनै भूमिकाका आधारमा उनीहरूका अनुभव–अनुभूतिहरू भिन्न हुने धारणा पनि नारीवादीहरूले राखेका छन् । पितृसत्तालाई नारीउत्पीडनको मूल कारक मानेको नारीवादी चिन्तनले सोही उत्पीडनद्वारा सिर्जित भिन्न अनुभव–अनुभूति नारीलिखित साहित्यमा अभिव्यक्त हुने विचार राख्दछ । यसै सन्दर्भमा प्रस्तुत लेखमा नारीवादअन्तर्गत पितृसत्ता, नारीउत्पीडन, नारी–जैविकीय अवस्था तथा पृथक् अनुभव–अनुभूतिसम्बन्धी आधारहरूको चर्चा गरिएको छ । उत्तरवर्ती चरणका नारीलिखित निबन्धहरूमा महिलाका पृथक् अनुभव–अनुभूतिको प्रस्तुतिका प्रशस्त सन्दर्भहरू रहेको निष्कर्ष पनि यस लेखमा निकालिएको छ । उत्तरवर्ती नेपाली नारी–निबन्धमा पितृसत्तात्मक मूल्यभित्र महिलाका पृथक् अनुभव–अनुभुतिको अभिव्यक्तिका केकस्ता सन्दर्भ रहेका छन् भन्ने प्राज्ञिक जिज्ञासको समाधान गर्ने उद्देश्यले तयार गरिएको प्रस्तुत लेख साहित्यिक भएको हुनाले सोही अनुरूप पुस्तकालयीय कार्यबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरेर विश्लेषणात्मक विधिबाट तिनको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।","PeriodicalId":510562,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal","volume":"247 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139169103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Collective jal-samadhi (killing oneself by plunging in the river) is one of the rare evidences in the resistance history that Yogmaya led from the Eastern part of Nepal at the verge of Rana regime. This paper examines her three different aspects - her life story, her Sarwartha Yogbani, and her collective jala-samadhi - to argue Yogmaya as an enigmatic social activist. The main purpose is to foreground her life struggle with reference to her Sarwartha Yogbani from the perspective of subaltern studies. The notions of ‘hegemony’ and ‘subaltern’ as Antonio Gramsci and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak point out when ‘agency’ of the oppressed is concerned have been applied as theoretical parameters to foreground her story. The finding of the study shows subsistence of her resistance via jal-samadhi that helps engage intellectuals in academic activism and critical discourse in the history form below perspective.
{"title":"Subsistence via Jala-Samadhi (Sacred Suicide): An Enigmatic Activism of Yogmaya","authors":"Tara Lal Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60773","url":null,"abstract":"Collective jal-samadhi (killing oneself by plunging in the river) is one of the rare evidences in the resistance history that Yogmaya led from the Eastern part of Nepal at the verge of Rana regime. This paper examines her three different aspects - her life story, her Sarwartha Yogbani, and her collective jala-samadhi - to argue Yogmaya as an enigmatic social activist. The main purpose is to foreground her life struggle with reference to her Sarwartha Yogbani from the perspective of subaltern studies. The notions of ‘hegemony’ and ‘subaltern’ as Antonio Gramsci and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak point out when ‘agency’ of the oppressed is concerned have been applied as theoretical parameters to foreground her story. The finding of the study shows subsistence of her resistance via jal-samadhi that helps engage intellectuals in academic activism and critical discourse in the history form below perspective.","PeriodicalId":510562,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal","volume":"43 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139168080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the learning status of children and their access to information and communication technology (ICT) during the pandemic period. This study employs a mixed-methods design; selecting two secondary schools were purposively to cover both urban and rural areas in the Lalbandi Municipality of Madhesh Pardesh. Primary data were collected through interview guidelines with the respondents, surveys, focus group discussions, and field notes, while secondary data were collected using various sources, such as policy documents, empirical reports, theoretical literature, and internet sources. Both descriptive and analytical methods were used in data analysis and interpretation. The study shows that students learned from several modes, such as online classes using computers, mobile devices, and other electronic devices such as radio and television. Some students just self-study. It shows a gap in access to online learning between students who had access to online classes and students who studied on their own. The majority of the students preferred to study at home. Among students staying at home, the majority of them were given a separate room to study in, while others studied in a common room. Despite the variable access to online classes, most of the students performed the given assignments. The persistence of the digital divide has posed challenges to education, but the unwavering dedication of students and parents to learning emphasizes its enduring importance. This situation underscores the urgent need for a more equitable and inclusive educational system in the future.
{"title":"Learning Engagement of Children during the Covid-19 Period in Lalbandi Municipality: A Mixed Method","authors":"M. P. Koirala","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v38i2.60769","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the learning status of children and their access to information and communication technology (ICT) during the pandemic period. This study employs a mixed-methods design; selecting two secondary schools were purposively to cover both urban and rural areas in the Lalbandi Municipality of Madhesh Pardesh. Primary data were collected through interview guidelines with the respondents, surveys, focus group discussions, and field notes, while secondary data were collected using various sources, such as policy documents, empirical reports, theoretical literature, and internet sources. Both descriptive and analytical methods were used in data analysis and interpretation. The study shows that students learned from several modes, such as online classes using computers, mobile devices, and other electronic devices such as radio and television. Some students just self-study. It shows a gap in access to online learning between students who had access to online classes and students who studied on their own. The majority of the students preferred to study at home. Among students staying at home, the majority of them were given a separate room to study in, while others studied in a common room. Despite the variable access to online classes, most of the students performed the given assignments. The persistence of the digital divide has posed challenges to education, but the unwavering dedication of students and parents to learning emphasizes its enduring importance. This situation underscores the urgent need for a more equitable and inclusive educational system in the future.","PeriodicalId":510562,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139169208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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