Journal of Pain最新文献_第4页

Clinician and researcher responses to the term pain catastrophizing and whether new terminology is needed: Content analysis of international, cross-sectional, qualitative survey data

IF 4 2区医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

Journal of Pain

Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105330

Hannah Boyd , Dokyoung S. You , Angela Nguyen , Laura Connoy , Devdeep Ahuja , Christine Chambers , Penny Cowan , Rachel Cox , Geert Crombez , Amanda B. Feinstein , Anne Fuqua , Gadi Gilam , Sean C. Mackey , Lance M. McCracken , Lynn M. Martire , Kathleen Sluka , Peter O’Sullivan , Judith A. Turner , Christin Veasley , Maisa S. Ziadni , Beth D. Darnall

Pain catastrophizing is understood as a negative cognitive and emotional response to pain. Researchers, clinicians, advocates, and patients have reported stigmatizing effects of the term on patients when used clinically and in the media. This report describes the results of an international, observational, cross-sectional study investigation of clinician and researcher (professionals) perspectives on the term pain catastrophizing and whether new terminology is needed or desired. Open-ended electronic surveys were distributed to researchers and clinicians by collaborators, stakeholders, and through social media. Professionals reported on their familiarity with the term, its meaning and impacts, and their use of the term with patients. 1397 surveys from professionals in 46 countries (48.5% from the U.S.) were received. The sample was almost two-thirds female (61.3%), with a mean age of 56.67 (SD=4.04) years, and comprised of 78.6% clinicians (63.6%, pain specialists; n=698) and 20.3% researchers. The majority were familiar with the term (82.2%; n=1148). Among the 1098 clinicians, 33.6% had used the term in communication with patients. A content analysis of professionals’ responses to open-ended questions is presented. Coded responses were synthesized into five content categories or themes: (1) pain catastrophizing is an exaggerated response to pain; (2) pain catastrophizing is an unhelpful response to pain; (3) the term pain catastrophizing is stigmatizing; (4) the term pain catastrophizing is clinically useful; (5) patients’ perception of the term varies. Results highlight the continual controversy surrounding the term pain catastrophizing and the need for additional research and education to incorporate patient-centered approaches into clinical and public communications.

Perspective:

We present a content analysis of international clinician and researcher perspectives on the term pain catastrophizing. This investigation provides the largest depiction to date of the controversy surrounding pain catastrophizing and may guide future efforts to decrease stigma in patients with chronic pain and improve patient-clinician communication.

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引用次数: 0

The role and treatment potential of the complement pathway in chronic pain 补体途径在慢性疼痛中的作用和治疗潜力。

IF 4 2区医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

Journal of Pain

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104689

Marina Vygonskaya , Youzhi Wu , Theodore J. Price , Zhuo Chen , Maree T. Smith , David M. Klyne , Felicity Y. Han

The role of the complement system in pain syndromes has garnered attention on the back of preclinical and clinical evidence supporting its potential as a target for new analgesic pharmacotherapies. Of the components that make up the complement system, component 5a (C5a) and component 3a (C3a) are most strongly and consistently associated with pain. Receptors for C5a are widely found in immune resident cells (microglia, astrocytes, sensory neuron-associated macrophages (sNAMs)) in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as hematogenous immune cells (mast cells, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, etc.). When active, as is often observed in chronic pain conditions, these cells produce various inflammatory mediators including pro-inflammatory cytokines. These events can trigger nervous tissue inflammation (neuroinflammation) which coexists with and potentially maintains peripheral and central sensitization. C5a has a likely critical role in initiating this process highlighting its potential as a promising non-opioid target for treating pain. This review summarizes the most up-to-date research on the role of the complement system in pain with emphasis on the C5 pathway in peripheral tissue, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the CNS, and explores advances in complement-targeted drug development and sex differences. A perspective on the optimal application of different C5a inhibitors for different types (e.g., neuropathic, post-surgical and chemotherapy-induced pain, osteoarthritis pain) and stages (e.g., acute, subacute, chronic) of pain is also provided to help guide future clinical trials.

Perspective

This review highlights the role and mechanisms of complement components and their receptors in physiological and pathological pain. The potential of complement-targeted therapeutics for the treatment of chronic pain is also explored with a focus on C5a inhibitors to help guide future clinical trials.

临床前和临床证据表明，补体系统有可能成为新型镇痛药物疗法的靶点，因此补体系统在疼痛综合征中的作用备受关注。在构成补体系统的成分中，5a 组分（C5a）和 3a 组分（C3a）与疼痛的关系最为密切和一致。C5a 受体广泛存在于中枢神经系统（CNS）的免疫常驻细胞（小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞、感觉神经元相关巨噬细胞（sNAMs））以及血源性免疫细胞（肥大细胞、巨噬细胞、T 淋巴细胞等）中。当这些细胞活跃时（如在慢性疼痛病症中经常观察到的那样），会产生各种炎症介质，包括促炎症细胞因子。这些活动会引发神经组织炎症（神经炎症），与外周和中枢敏化共存，并可能维持这种敏化。C5a 在启动这一过程中可能起着至关重要的作用，这凸显了它作为治疗疼痛的非阿片类药物靶点的潜力。本综述总结了关于补体系统在疼痛中作用的最新研究，重点是外周组织、背根神经节（DRG）和中枢神经系统中的 C5 通路，并探讨了补体靶向药物开发的进展和性别差异。此外，还介绍了不同类型疼痛（如神经病理性疼痛、手术和化疗后引起的疼痛、骨关节炎疼痛）和不同阶段疼痛（如急性、亚急性、慢性）的不同 C5a 抑制剂的最佳应用，以帮助指导未来的临床试验。观点：本综述强调了补体成分及其受体在生理性和病理性疼痛中的作用和机制。此外，还探讨了补体靶向疗法治疗慢性疼痛的潜力，重点关注C5a抑制剂，以帮助指导未来的临床试验。

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引用次数: 0

The association between childhood maltreatment and pain sensitivity in a high-risk adolescent population 高危青少年人群中儿童虐待与疼痛敏感性之间的关系。

IF 4 2区医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

Journal of Pain

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104750

Milan Zarchev MSc , Astrid M. Kamperman PhD , Thomas G. de Leeuw MD , Maaike Dirckx MD PhD , Witte J.G. Hoogendijk MD PhD , Cornelis L. Mulder MD PhD , Nina H. Grootendorst - van Mil MD PhD

The risk of developing chronic pain is twice as high among people with a history of childhood maltreatment compared to those without these experiences. It is unclear, however, whether childhood maltreatment might lead to lower or higher perception of pain. In this paper, we investigate the association between childhood maltreatment and pain sensitivity. A sample of 187 Dutch adolescents (ages 16.7 to 20.5) was used from a population-based cohort at high-risk for emotional and behavioral problems screened at age 13. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire short form (CTQ-SF) was completed to measure emotional, physical, sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect. To asses pain sensitivity, a thermal quantitative sensory testing procedure was used which measured pain from hot and cold stimuli. Individuals reporting childhood sexual abuse, emotional abuse or neglect and physical neglect could on average withstand hot and cold pain of 1.03 °C [0.13, 1.84] to 3.20 °C [0.62, 5.97] more across different types of abuse compared to those with no emotional abuse or (physical) neglect history. Physical abuse was not associated with pain sensitivity. The current findings suggest that childhood maltreatment might lead to habituation to painful stimuli as opposed to increased pain sensitivity.

有童年虐待史的人患慢性疼痛的风险是没有这些经历的人的两倍。然而，尚不清楚童年虐待是否会导致更低或更高的疼痛感知。在本文中，我们调查儿童虐待与疼痛敏感性之间的关系。187名荷兰青少年（16.7至20.5岁）的样本来自一个以人群为基础的队列，在13岁时进行了情绪和行为问题的筛查。完成儿童创伤问卷简短形式（CTQ-SF）来测量情感、身体、性虐待以及情感和身体忽视。为了评估疼痛敏感性，使用了热定量感觉测试程序来测量热刺激和冷刺激的疼痛。在不同类型的虐待中，报告儿童期性虐待、情感虐待或忽视和身体忽视的个体比没有情感虐待或（身体）忽视史的个体更能承受1.03°C[0.13, 1.84]至3.20°C[0.62, 5.97]的冷热疼痛。身体虐待与疼痛敏感性无关。目前的研究结果表明，童年虐待可能会导致对疼痛刺激的习惯，而不是增加疼痛敏感性。

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引用次数: 0

Response to riddle and dumenci comment on “Prevalence and factors associated with high impact chronic pain in knee osteoarthritis: The johnston county health study” 对Riddle和Dumenci关于“膝关节骨关节炎中高强度慢性疼痛的患病率和相关因素：约翰斯顿县健康研究”的评论的回应。

IF 4 2区医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

Journal of Pain

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104748

Steven Z. George PT, PhD, FAPTA , Kelli D. Allen PhD , Carolina Alvarez MS , Amanda E. Nelson MD, MSCR , Yvonne M. Golightly PT, MS, PhD

引用次数: 0

Does birth weight or preterm birth predict worse pain prognosis in adulthood? A Northern Finland Birth Cohort study followed up to 46 years of age 出生体重或早产是否预示成年后疼痛预后恶化？芬兰北部的一项出生队列研究随访至46岁。

IF 4 2区医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

Journal of Pain

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104773

Eveliina Heikkala MD, PhD , Jeremy Rui Chang , Sandra-Sofia Nieminen , Kalle Vehkaperä , Eero Kajantie , Jaro Karppinen , Jouko Miettunen , Arnold Yu Lok Wong

Although pain is a highly common symptom, only a subset of individuals develops chronic and disabling conditions. Delving into the predictors for poor musculoskeletal pain (MSK) outcomes in adulthood may help identify those needing early prevention and intervention. This study aimed to evaluate whether birth weight or preterm birth predicts worse prognosis of MSK pain in adulthood. Participants in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 were followed from birth to 46 years of age. Associations of birth weight (measured using corrections to gestational age) and preterm birth (<37 completed weeks) with high-risk classification for worse pain using three prognostic tools: the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire-Short Form (ÖMPSQ-SF), STartT Back Tool (SBT), and Risk of Pain Spreading (ROPS) assessed at 46 years among people reporting MSK pain (n=3200–4525). Log-binomial regression models for dummy outcomes (ÖMPSQ-SF and SBT) and generalized linear regression models for continuous outcomes (ROPS) were employed. Birth weight did not predict high-risk classification by any tool. Compared to full-term participants, those born preterm had higher risk of being classified into the high-risk group only according to ÖMPSQ-SF (relative risk 1.61, 95% confidence interval 1.00–2.59) and SBT (1.61, 1.14–2.28). Adjustments did not change these results. Preterm birth appeared to predict allocation to the group with poorer prognosis of MSK outcomes as measured by ÖMPSQ-SF and SBT, but not by ROPS. This highlights the need for further research into the role of preterm birth in the development or accumulation of adverse pain-related thoughts and experiences in mid-life.

Perspective

Preterm birth tended to predict allocation to the high-risk group for worse pain prognosis in adulthood. Similar was not observed concerning birth weight. Further research is warranted to validate the results and delve into explanatory pathways.

虽然疼痛是一种非常常见的症状，但只有一小部分人会发展成慢性和致残的疾病。深入研究成年期肌肉骨骼疼痛（MSK）预后的预测因素可能有助于确定那些需要早期预防和干预的因素。本研究旨在评估出生体重或早产是否能预测成年后MSK疼痛的不良预后。1966年芬兰北部出生队列的参与者从出生到46岁。出生体重（对胎龄进行校正）与早产的关系(

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引用次数: 0

Elevated posterior insula glutamate in patients with sickle cell disease 镰状细胞病患者后岛谷氨酸升高。

IF 4 2区医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

Journal of Pain

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104743

Xiaopeng Zhou , Eric Ichesco , Andrew Q. Pucka , Ziyue Liu , Andrew RW O’Brien , Steven E. Harte , Richard E. Harris , Ying Wang

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemolytic disorder accompanied by chronic pain and recurrent acute painful episodes known as vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs). Increased Glx (glutamate+glutamine) and lowered GABA concentration have been reported in the insula of patients with fibromyalgia, a nociplastic chronic pain condition, and may affect the pathophysiology of pain-related syndromes.Therefore, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) was conducted to measure levels of Glx and other brain metabolites using a single voxel (size: 2×3×3 cm³) in the right posterior insula cortex (PIC) in 17 individuals with SCD and 17 ethnicity-, age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). The frequency of VOCs in the preceding 12 months was recorded. The concentration of Glx (p=0.019) and the ratio of Glx to tCr (total creatine, p=0.035) in the PIC were significantly higher in patients with SCD as compared to matched HCs (n=17). Secondary analyses with the unpaired full sample of 24 SCD also showed a significantly higher level of Glx/tCr than HCs (n=19), with a positive correlation between the level of Glx/tCr and the number of VOCs (p=0.034, r=0.476), as well as a negative correlation between Glx and sensory sensitivity assessed by tonic pressure pain in gastrocnemius area of the non-dominant leg (p=0.040, r=−0.462). The unpaired full sample additionally revealed a significant difference in sensory sensitivity (p=0.050). Altered metabolites such as GABA and myo-inositol were also observed between SCD and HCs. These results suggest that elevated excitatory neurotransmission in the insula might contribute to nociplastic pain in SCD.

Perspective

Our work highlighted the innovative finding of elevated levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate with glutamine in patients with SCD compared to healthy controls. The positive relationship between Glx/tCr and the frequency of VOCs suggests that an excitatory brain neurotransmitter imbalance may be involved in VOCs.

镰状细胞病（SCD）是一种遗传性溶血性疾病，伴有慢性疼痛和复发性急性疼痛发作，称为血管闭塞危象（VOCs）。据报道，纤维肌痛是一种有害的慢性疼痛疾病，患者的脑岛中Glx（谷氨酸+谷氨酰胺）升高和GABA浓度降低，并可能影响疼痛相关综合征的病理生理。因此，在17名SCD患者和17名种族、年龄和性别匹配的健康对照（hc）中，使用右侧脑岛后皮层（PIC）的单个体素（尺寸：2×3×3 cm3），利用质子磁共振波谱（1H-MRS）测量Glx和其他脑代谢物的水平。记录前12个月挥发性有机化合物的频率。SCD患者PIC中Glx的浓度（p=0.019）和Glx与tCr（总肌酸，p=0.035）的比值显著高于匹配的hc （n=17）。对未配对的24个SCD全样本的二次分析也显示，Glx/tCr水平显著高于HCs (n=19)， Glx/tCr水平与VOCs数量呈正相关（p=0.034, r=0.476）， Glx与非优势腿腓肠肌区紧张性压力疼痛评估的感觉敏感性呈负相关（p=0.040, r=-0.462）。未配对的完整样本在感觉灵敏度上也有显著差异（p=0.050）。在SCD和hc之间也观察到GABA和肌醇等代谢物的改变。这些结果表明，脑岛兴奋性神经传递的升高可能导致SCD的伤害性疼痛。观点：我们的工作强调了与健康对照相比，SCD患者中兴奋性神经递质谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺水平升高的创新发现。Glx/tCr与VOCs频率呈正相关趋势，提示VOCs可能与兴奋性脑神经递质失衡有关。

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引用次数: 0

Sex differences in the affective-cognitive dimension of neuropathic pain: Insights from the spared nerve injury rat model 神经性疼痛的情感-认知维度的性别差异：来自神经损伤大鼠模型的见解。

IF 4 2区医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

Journal of Pain

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104752

Laura Boullon , David P. Finn , Álvaro Llorente-Berzal

Over 40% of neuropathic pain patients experience mood and cognitive disturbances, often showing reduced response to analgesics, with most affected individuals being female. This highlights the critical role of biological sex in pain-related affective and cognitive disorders, making it essential to understand the emotional and cognitive circuits linked to pain for improving treatment strategies. However, research on sex differences in preclinical pain models is lacking. This study aimed to investigate these differences using the spared nerve injury (SNI) rat model, conducting a comprehensive series of behavioural tests over 100 days post-injury to identify key time points for observing sex-specific behaviours indicative of pain-related conditions. The findings revealed that female rats exhibited greater mechanical and cold hypersensitivity compared to males following nerve injury and showed earlier onset of depression-related behaviours, while males were more prone to anxiety, social, and memory-related alterations. Interestingly, by the 14th week post-injury, females displayed no signs of these emotional and cognitive impairments. Additionally, fluctuations in the oestrous cycle or changes in testosterone and oestradiol levels did not correlate with sex differences in pain sensitivity or negative affect. Recognizing the influence of biological sex on pain-induced affective and cognitive alterations, especially in later stages post-injury, is crucial for enhancing our understanding of this complex pain disorder.

Perspective

This manuscript reports the relevance of long-term investigations of sex differences in chronic pain. It shows differential development of somatosensory sensitivity, negative affective states and cognitive impairments in males and females. It emphasizes the importance of including subjects of both sexes in the investigation of pain-related mechanisms and therapeutic management.

超过40%的神经性疼痛患者会出现情绪和认知障碍，通常对镇痛药反应降低，其中大多数患者为女性。这凸显了生理性别在疼痛相关的情感和认知障碍中的关键作用，因此了解与疼痛相关的情感和认知回路对于改善治疗策略至关重要。然而，缺乏关于临床前疼痛模型性别差异的研究。本研究旨在利用SNI大鼠模型研究这些差异，在损伤后100天进行一系列全面的行为测试，以确定观察与疼痛相关的性别特异性行为的关键时间点。研究结果显示，与雄性相比，雌性大鼠在神经损伤后表现出更大的机械和冷超敏反应，并表现出更早的抑郁相关行为，而雄性大鼠更容易出现焦虑、社交和记忆相关的改变。有趣的是，在受伤后的第14周，雌性没有表现出这些情绪和认知障碍的迹象。此外，发情周期的波动或睾酮和雌二醇水平的变化与疼痛敏感性或负面影响的性别差异无关。认识到生理性别对疼痛引起的情感和认知改变的影响，特别是在损伤后的后期阶段，对于增强我们对这种复杂疼痛障碍的理解至关重要。数据可用性：可以从该出版物的通讯作者处请求访问构成本文中提出的发现的原始数据。

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引用次数: 0

The prediction of the analgesic placebo response is moderated by outward-focused attention: A sham, randomized clinical trial of chronic back pain patients 研究文章：预测镇痛安慰剂反应是由外焦点注意力调节：慢性背痛患者的假，随机临床试验。

IF 4 2区医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

Journal of Pain

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104761

Adi Shani , Michal Granot , Mariana Ribolhos Agostinho , Nimrod Rahamimov , Roi Treister

The within-subject variability (WSV) of pain-intensity reports has gained attention as a predictor of the placebo response but has demonstrated mixed results. We hypothesized that participants’ inward- and outward-directed attention will moderate WSV’s prediction of the analgesic placebo response. In this sham randomized clinical trial (protocol number NCT05994118); placebo response was induced in chronic back-pain patients (n=113) through a saline injection plus verbal suggestion. The WSV assessed by the focused analgesia selection test (FAST) served as a predictor. The revised Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS-R), evaluating a person’s tendency to focus attention inward or outward was used to moderate the prediction. The placebo response prediction was significantly moderated by 2 SCS-R subscales: public self-consciousness (b = 46.36, SE = 23.08, t = 2.0, p = 0.047) and social anxiety (b = 44.01, SE = 18.02, t = 2.44, p = 0.016). The prediction was significant at low levels of both moderators (p < 0.01), but not at high levels of these traits. Prediction of the placebo response is of value and could promote personalized medical care. Better understanding of factors shaping the placebo response could further contribute to both clinical practice and clinical trials.

Perspective

The current study demonstrates that the prediction of the analgesic placebo response could be improved if relevant personal characteristics are included as moderators of the prediction. Better predictions of the placebo response could contribute to improve both clinical research and clinical care.

疼痛强度报告的受试者内变异性（WSV）作为安慰剂反应的预测指标已引起关注，但结果好坏参半。我们假设参与者的内向和外向注意力会调节WSV对镇痛安慰剂反应的预测。在这个假随机临床试验中（方案号NCT05994118）；慢性背痛患者（n=113）通过生理盐水注射加口头暗示诱导安慰剂反应。重点镇痛选择试验（FAST）评估WSV可作为预测指标。修订后的自我意识量表（SCS-R）评估了一个人将注意力向内或向外集中的倾向，用于调节预测。公共自我意识（b = 46.36, SE = 23.08, t = 2.0, p = 0.047）和社交焦虑（b = 44.01, SE = 18.02, t = 2.44, p = 0.016）显著调节安慰剂反应预测。两种调节因子在低水平上的预测显著（p < 0.01），在高水平上的预测不显著。预测安慰剂反应是有价值的，可以促进个性化的医疗护理。更好地了解影响安慰剂反应的因素可以进一步促进临床实践和临床试验。观点：目前的研究表明，如果将相关的个人特征作为预测的调节因子，镇痛安慰剂反应的预测可以得到改善。更好地预测安慰剂反应有助于改善临床研究和临床护理。

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引用次数: 0

Comment on the paper by George and colleagues and entitled “Prevalence and factors associated with high impact chronic pain in knee osteoarthritis: The Johnston County Health Study” 就乔治及其同事撰写的题为 "膝关节骨关节炎高影响慢性疼痛的患病率和相关因素：约翰斯顿县健康研究 "的论文发表评论。

IF 4 2区医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

Journal of Pain

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104717

Daniel L. Riddle PhD, PT, FAPTA , Levent Dumenci PhD

引用次数: 0

Mixed evidence for the relationship between HIV stigma and Pain in two studies of people with HIV in Florida 在佛罗里达州的两项HIV感染者研究中，HIV耻辱和疼痛之间关系的混合证据。

IF 4 2区医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

Journal of Pain

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104746

James B. Moran , Miranda Arnold-Tolbert , Robert L. Cook , Jeff Boissoneault , Deepthi S. Varma , Yan Wang , Liana S.E. Hone

Previous work suggests that HIV stigma is associated with greater pain severity. We sought to characterize this relationship by examining intersectional identities that tend to be stigmatized (i.e., gender; sexual orientation) in two cross-sectional studies of people with HIV (PWH). In Study 1 (N = 840), participants responded to the Enacted Stigma Scale and the Brief Pain Inventory. We found a significant positive association between HIV stigma and pain severity (and between sexual orientation and pain severity), but no interaction effects. In Study 2 (N = 309), participants responded to Internalized Stigma Scale and the Brief Pain Inventory. We did not find a relationship between HIV stigma and pain severity but conceptually replicated the relationship between sexual orientation and pain severity. Results may be due to a small sample size in Study 2, or because the relationship between HIV stigma and pain is specific to enacted stigma (i.e., overt acts of stigma; Study 1) rather than internalized stigma (i.e., an intrapersonal aspect of stigma; Study 2).

Perspective

Among people with HIV (PWH), there is a positive relationship between enacted stigma and pain. This relationship between stigma and pain should be studied among other intersectional groups including gay men and women of color. PWH should be provided with supportive care for both physical and psychosocial symptoms.

先前的研究表明，艾滋病毒的耻辱与更严重的疼痛有关。我们试图通过研究容易被污名化的交叉身份(即性别；性取向)在HIV感染者（PWH）的两项横断面研究中。在研究1 （N = 840）中，参与者对制定的病耻感量表和简短疼痛量表做出了反应。我们发现HIV污名和疼痛严重程度（以及性取向和疼痛严重程度）之间存在显著的正相关，但没有相互作用。在研究2 （N = 309）中，参与者对内化污名量表和简短疼痛量表做出了反应。我们没有发现HIV污名和疼痛严重程度之间的关系，但在概念上复制了性取向和疼痛严重程度之间的关系。结果可能是由于研究2的样本量小，或者因为艾滋病毒耻辱与疼痛之间的关系是特定于制定的耻辱(即公开的耻辱行为；研究1)而不是内化的耻辱感(即耻辱感的内在方面；2)学习。

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引用次数: 0