Veterinary Therapeutics最新文献

Canine influenza virus (CIV) subtype H3N8 is an emerging pathogen with sustained horizontal transmission in the dog population in the United States. This study evaluated the efficacy of an inactivated CIV vaccine in 6- to 8-week-old beagle pups challenged with virulent CIV. One group of CIV-seronegative pups was vaccinated with two doses of a CIV vaccine 3 weeks apart; a second group of pups received adjuvanted placebo as a control. Blood samples were collected at various times to determine antibody titers. All pups were challenged with a virulent CIV isolate 13 days after the second vaccination and monitored for clinical signs of respiratory disease, virus shedding, and lung consolidation. Vaccinated pups developed hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers after vaccination. The severity of clinical signs (P < .001) and the magnitude and duration of virus shedding (P < .0001) were significantly lower in vaccinated pups compared with control pups. These results demonstrate that the CIV vaccine used in this study provides protection against virulent CIV challenge in dogs.

Eighteen mature, healthy horses were divided into three groups (six per group) receiving either no treatment, 15 consecutive days of phenylbutazone (PBZ), or 15 consecutive days of suxibuzone (SBZ) at recommended label doses. Horses underwent endoscopy before and after the treatment period and were assigned gastric ulcer scores. Gastric ulcer number and severity scores were similar across treatment groups. These findings suggest that when administered at the recommended label dose for 15 days, neither PBZ nor SBZ causes an increase in the number or severity of gastric ulcers over what would be expected with traditional stabling and intermittent feeding patterns. Also, PBZ-treated horses did not have more severe gastric ulcers than SBZ-treated horses, indicating that SBZ does not appear to offer an advantage over PBZ in preventing gastric ulcers when used at recommended label doses. However, ulcers in other regions of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., right dorsal colon, duodenum) were not evaluated in horses in this study.

In this field trial, a new combination product containing florfenicol and flunixin meglumine (FLOR-FM) was compared with commercially available products that contained only tulathromycin (TULA) or ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA) for the treatment of undifferentiated fever (UF; rectal temperature >/=105.0 degrees F) in beef calves that received long-acting oxytetracycline at feedlot arrival. The overall mortality rate of the FLOR FM group (2.0%) was significantly (P less than .050) lower than the rates in the TULA and CCFA groups (10.0% and 20.0%, respectively; 50 animals/group), even though the first UF relapse rate of the FLOR FM group was significantly (P less than .050) higher than that of the TULA group. In the FLOR FM group, this resulted in per-animal economic advantages of Can$46.23 (versus TULA) and Can$108.77 (versus CCFA) based on equal costs for initial UF therapy. These results demonstrate that it is more cost-effective to administer FLOR FM than TULA or CCFA for initial UF therapy in feedlot calves at high risk for bovine respiratory disease that receive metaphylactic long-acting oxytetracycline at feedlot arrival.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of meloxicam in ruminant calves. Six Holstein calves (145 to 170 kg) received meloxicam at 0.5 mg/kg IV or 1 mg/kg PO in a randomized crossover design with a 10-day washout period. Plasma samples collected up to 96 hours after administration were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry followed by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. A mean peak plasma concentration of 3.10 microg/ml (range, 2.64 to 3.79 microg/ml) was recorded at 11.64 hours (range, 10 to 12 hours) with a half-life of 27.54 hours (range, 19.97 to 43.29 hours) after oral meloxicam administration. The bioavailability of oral meloxicam corrected for dose was 1.00 (range, 0.64 to 1.66). These findings indicate that oral meloxicam administration might be an effective and convenient means of providing long-lasting analgesia to ruminant calves.

Laboratories use pigmentation, antibiotic susceptibility, and biochemical tests to identify anaerobic organisms that play a role in bovine interdigital necrobacillosis (bovine foot rot). In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to identify strains to the species level that were originally classified as Prevotella or Porphyromonas spp by conventional phenotype assessment methods. Of 264 qualified strains from ceftiofur clinical trials, 241 isolates were definitively identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as Porphyromonas levii. Similarly, of 275 qualified strains from tulathromycin clinical trials, 156 isolates were definitively identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as P. levii. The predominance of P. levii in this study supports the role of this organism as an associative agent of bovine foot rot and may have implications for routine laboratory diagnosis.

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a significant pathogen of cats. Rapid virus detection is critical for treatment and management, especially in populations in which spread may occur. This study investigated the ability of the SNAP Canine Parvovirus Antigen Test Kit (SNAP Parvo, IDEXX Laboratories) to detect FPV with confirmation of viral identity by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and genetic sequencing on fecal samples (n = 97) from cats with suspected FPV infection. Fifty-five samples were positive by SNAP Parvo; 54 of 55 were also positive by conventional PCR assay and were identified as FPV by genetic sequencing. This study demonstrates that SNAP Parvo can detect FPV in clinical samples.

This study evaluated the induction of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) cell-mediated and humoral immune responses after vaccination with an adjuvanted inactivated product. In vaccinated animals, there was an overall treatment effect (P less than .05), for an increased percentage of BVDV-specific CD8 T cells expressing interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The percentages of IFN-γ producing γδ-T cells in the vaccinated group were increased on days 7 (P =.10), 14 (P =.09), and 31 (P = .12). CD4 T cells expressing IFN-γ were increased on day 42 (P = .05). Stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the vaccinated group had increased IFN-γ production on days 14 and 35 (P less than .05). Testing for BVDV types 1 and 2 titers began at day 14, with peak titers on days 42 and 35, respectively. In summary, the intracellular accumulation and release of IFN-γ, a T helper cell 1 cytokine, indicates that an adjuvanted inactivated BVDV vaccine is capable of invoking a cell-mediated response while delivering a targeted humoral response.

A randomized prospective study was conducted in dogs undergoing hemi-laminectomy procedures for Hansen type I disk protrusion to compare postoperative analgesia achieved with topical spinal application of morphine versus saline. An absorbable gelatin sponge was placed in the defect next to the dura and soaked with either preservative-free morphine (0.1 mg/kg) or saline (0.1 ml/kg) just before wound closure. For 48 hours after surgery, dogs were monitored for pain using visual analog and numeric descriptive scales and given rescue analgesia according to study guidelines. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that dogs in the morphine group had a longer (13.3 +/- 3.6 hours) duration of postoperative analgesia than those in the control saline group (5.3 +/- 1.8 hours), and dogs in the morphine group also required fewer doses of additional pain medication. Preservative-free morphine administered topically via an absorbable gelatin sponge appears to be a promising method to alleviate postoperative pain in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy procedures.

This study evaluated the effect of supplementation with canine-derived probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis strain AHC7 (lams Prostora, Procter & Gamble Pet Care) on the resolution rate of acute idiopathic diarrhea in dogs randomly assigned to receive a placebo (n=18) or the probiotic (n=13). Nutritional management with the probiotic fed at 2 x 10(10) CFU/day significantly reduced the time to resolution (3.9 +/- 2.3 versus 6.6 +/- 2.7 days; P < .01) and reduced the percentage of dogs that were administered metronidazole (38.5% versus 50.0%) compared with placebo. Probiotic B. animalis AHC7 may provide veterinarians another tool for management of acute diarrhea in dogs.

In vitro activity of ceftiofur and six other antimicrobial agents was evaluated against 79 Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus isolates collected from horses with respiratory disease in Europe during 2007 and 2008. In addition, the in vitro activity of ceftiofur and other antimicrobial drugs was assessed against 59 S. equi subsp zooepidemicus and 49 S. equi subsp equi isolates collected by veterinary diagnostic laboratories in Europe from 2002 to 2006. The lowest concentration of ceftiofur that inhibited the growth of 90% of the isolates (MIC90) was 0.12 microg/ml, with the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute-approved susceptible breakpoint set at ≤ 0.25 microg/ml for ceftiofur against S. equi subsp zooepidemicus. The MIC90 values remained consistent when comparing the isolates collected from diagnostic laboratories or from the field study.