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Integrating host biological and ecological variables to predict probability of haemosporidian infection in raptors 综合宿主生物和生态变量预测猛禽感染血孢子虫的概率
IF 1.8 2区 生物学 Q1 ORNITHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100185
Kai Gao, Xuemei Yang, Xi Huang, Wenhong Deng

Variations in host traits that influence their exposure and susceptibility may impact probability of vector-transmitted diseases. Therefore, identifying the predictors of infection probability is necessary to understand the risk of disease outbreaks during expanding environmental perturbation. Here, we conducted a large survey based on microscopic examination and molecular analysis of haemosporidian parasite infection in raptors rescued at the Beijing Raptor Rescue Centre. Combining these data with biological and ecological variables of the raptors, we determined predictors that affect the probability of haemosporidian infection using generalized linear mixed models and multimodel inference. Our results showed that infection probability exhibited considerable variation across host species in raptors, and body mass, sex, and evolutionary history played relatively weaker roles in driving infection probability. Instead, activity pattern, age, geographic range size, migration distance, and nest type were important predictors of the probability of haemosporidian infection, and the role of each predictor differed in the three main haemosporidian genera (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon). This macro-ecological analysis will add to our understanding of host traits that influence the probability of avian haemosporidian infection and will help inform risk of emerging diseases.

影响宿主暴露和易感性的宿主性状的变化可能会影响病媒传播疾病的概率。因此,有必要确定感染概率的预测因素,以了解在不断扩大的环境扰动中疾病爆发的风险。在此,我们对北京猛禽救助中心救助的猛禽进行了一次大规模的血孢子虫寄生虫感染显微镜检查和分子分析调查。将这些数据与猛禽的生物和生态变量相结合,我们利用广义线性混合模型和多模型推理确定了影响血孢子虫感染概率的预测因子。我们的研究结果表明,不同宿主物种的猛禽感染几率有很大差异,而体重、性别和进化史对感染几率的影响相对较小。相反,活动模式、年龄、地理范围大小、迁徙距离和巢穴类型是预测血孢子虫感染概率的重要因素,而且在三个主要血孢子虫属(疟原虫属、血孢子虫属和亮孢子虫属)中,每个预测因素的作用都有所不同。这一宏观生态分析将有助于我们了解影响禽类血孢子虫感染概率的宿主特征,并有助于了解新出现疾病的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Development and parentage analysis of SNP markers for Chestnut-vented Nuthatch (Sitta nagaensis) based on ddRAD-seq data 基于 ddRAD-seq 数据的栗香黄雀(Sitta nagaensis)SNP 标记的开发和亲缘关系分析
IF 1.8 2区 生物学 Q1 ORNITHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100179
Qingmiao Yuan , Xi Lu , Ruixin Mo , Xianyin Xu , Xu Luo , Yubao Duan

Extra-pair paternity (EPP) is commonly found in socially monogamous birds, especially in small passerine birds, and there are interspecific and intraspecific variations in the extent of EPP. The Chestnut-vented Nuthatch (Sitta nagaensis) is a socially monogamous passerine bird, and verifying whether this species has EPP relies on parentage testing—S. nagaensis is not known to have EPP. In this study, we developed SNP markers of this species that are informative for parentage analysis from double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) data. A panel consisting of 50 SNP markers, with a mean heterozygosity of 0.343, was used to resolve 95% of nestlings to fathers. The combined exclusion probabilities for the first parent and second parent were 0.991 and 0.9999, respectively. This panel of SNP markers is a powerful tool for parentage assignments in S. nagaensis. In addition, we found that three offspring (7.9%) from three nests (23.1%) were the result of extra-pair fertilization out of 38 offspring in 13 nests. Our study provided information on parentage analysis that has not been reported before in S. nagaensis. It also supplemented the understudied EPP behavior of birds in Asia, contributing to a general understanding of the EPP behaviors of birds.

配对外父子关系(EPP)常见于一夫一妻制的鸟类,尤其是小型通鸟,EPP的程度存在种间和种内差异。栗vented黄雀(Sitta nagaensis)是一种社会一夫一妻制的通勤鸟类,验证该物种是否具有EPP依赖于亲子鉴定--目前还不知道栗vented黄雀具有EPP。在这项研究中,我们从双消化限制性位点相关 DNA 测序(ddRAD-seq)数据中开发了该物种的 SNP 标记,这些标记对亲子鉴定分析具有参考价值。由 50 个 SNP 标记(平均杂合度为 0.343)组成的面板可将 95% 的雏鸟识别为父亲。第一父本和第二父本的综合排除概率分别为 0.991 和 0.9999。这组 SNP 标记是进行 S. nagaensis 亲子鉴定的有力工具。此外,我们还发现在13个巢的38个后代中,有3个巢的3个后代(7.9%)(23.1%)是配对外受精的结果。我们的研究提供了有关亲本分析的信息,而这些信息以前从未在 S. nagaensis 中报道过。这也补充了亚洲鸟类EPP行为研究的不足,有助于对鸟类EPP行为的总体了解。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Migration pattern of a population of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) breeding in East Asian tropical region” [Avian Res. 15 (2024) 100192] 东亚热带地区谷燕繁殖种群的迁徙模式》[Avian Res. 15 (2024) 100192]更正
IF 1.6 2区 生物学 Q1 ORNITHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100199
Li Tian , Yu Liu , Yang Wu , Zimei Feng , Dan Hu , Zhengwang Zhang
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引用次数: 0
Seasonal increase in nest defense, but not egg rejection, in a cuckoo host 布谷鸟宿主的巢穴防御季节性增强,但不排斥鸟蛋
IF 1.8 2区 生物学 Q1 ORNITHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100154
Bo Zhou , Wei Liang

The interactions between avian brood parasites and their hosts provide an informative and easy-to-handle system for studying coevolution. Avian brood parasitism reduces the reproductive success of hosts, and thus, hosts have evolved anti-parasitic strategies, such as rejecting parasitic eggs and adopting aggressive nest defense strategies, to avoid the cost brought on by brood parasitism. To test whether host anti-parasitic strategies are adjusted with the risk of being parasitized when the breeding seasons of brood parasites and hosts are not synchronous, we conducted a field experiment assessing nest defense and egg recognition behaviors of the Isabelline Shrike (Lanius isabellinus), a host of the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). In the local area, the host Isabelline Shrike begins to breed in April, whereas the summer migratory Common Cuckoo migrates to the local area in May and begins to lay parasitic eggs. Results showed that nest defense behaviors of the Isabelline Shrike increases significantly after cuckoo arrival, showing higher aggressiveness to cuckoo dummies, with no significant difference in attack rates among cuckoo, sparrowhawk and dove dummies, but their egg rejection did not change significantly. These results imply that Isabelline Shrikes may adjust their nest defense behavior, but not egg rejection behavior, with seasonality.

鸟类育雏寄生虫与其宿主之间的相互作用为研究共同进化提供了一个信息丰富且易于操作的系统。鸟类的育雏寄生降低了宿主的繁殖成功率,因此宿主进化出了反寄生策略,如拒绝寄生卵和采取积极的巢穴防御策略,以避免育雏寄生带来的代价。为了检验当雏鸟寄生虫和宿主的繁殖季节不同步时,宿主的抗寄生策略是否会随着被寄生的风险而调整,我们进行了一项野外实验,评估普通杜鹃(Cuculus canorus)的宿主伊莎贝利伯劳(Lanius isabellinus)的巢穴防御和卵识别行为。在当地,寄主伊莎贝利鸟于四月开始繁殖,而夏候鸟布谷鸟则于五月迁徙到当地并开始产卵。结果表明,布谷鸟到来后,伊莎贝利鸟的巢穴防御行为明显增加,对布谷鸟假蛋表现出更高的攻击性,布谷鸟、雀鹰和鸽子假蛋的攻击率无显著差异,但其拒卵行为无明显变化。这些结果表明,伊莎贝拉石鸦可能会随着季节的变化而调整其巢穴防御行为,但不会调整拒卵行为。
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引用次数: 0
Does social information affect the settlement decisions of resident birds in their second breeding attempt? A case study of the Japanese Tit (Parus minor) 社会信息会影响留鸟第二次繁殖时的定居决定吗?日本山雀(Parus minor)案例研究
IF 1.6 2区 生物学 Q1 ORNITHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100198
Xudong Li , Jiangping Yu , Dake Yin , Longru Jin , Keqin Zhang , Li Shen , Zheng Han , Haitao Wang

Individuals may gather information about environmental conditions when deciding where to breed in order to maximize their lifetime fitness. They can obtain social information by observing conspecifics and heterospecifics with similar ecological needs. Many studies have shown that birds can rely on social information to select their nest sites. The location of active nests and the reproductive success of conspecifics and heterospecifics can provide accurate predictions about the quality of the breeding habitat. Some short-lived species can facultatively reproduce two and/or more times within a breeding season. However, few studies have focused on how multiple-brooding individuals select nest sites for their second breeding attempts. In this study, we use long-term data to test whether the Japanese Tit (Parus minor) can use social information from conspecifics and/or heterospecifics (the Eurasian Nuthatch Sitta europaea, the Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus and the Yellow-rumped Flycatcher Ficedula zanthopygia) to select a nest site for the second breeding attempt. Our results showed that the nest boxes occupied by tits on their second breeding attempt tended to be surrounded by more breeding conspecific nests, successful first nests of conspecifics, and fewer failed first nests of conspecifics than the nest boxes that remained unoccupied (the control group). However, the numbers of breeding heterospecific nests, successful heterospecific nests, and failed heterospecific nests did not differ between the nest boxes occupied by tits on their second breeding attempt and the unoccupied nest boxes. Furthermore, the tits with local successful breeding experience tended to choose areas with more successful first nests of conspecifics than those without successful breeding experience. Thus, we suggest that conspecifics' but not heterospecifics’ social information within the same breeding season is the major factor influencing the nest site selection of Japanese Tits during second breeding attempts.

个体在决定在哪里繁殖时,可能会收集有关环境条件的信息,以最大限度地提高其一生的适应能力。它们可以通过观察具有相似生态需求的同种和异种来获得社会信息。许多研究表明,鸟类可以依靠社会信息来选择筑巢地点。活动巢穴的位置以及同种和异种鸟类的繁殖成功率可以准确预测繁殖栖息地的质量。一些寿命较短的物种可以在一个繁殖季节内进行两次和/或更多次面性繁殖。然而,很少有研究关注多次繁殖的个体如何选择巢址进行第二次繁殖。在本研究中,我们利用长期数据检验了日本山雀(Parus minor)是否能利用同种和/或异种(欧亚黄雀Sitta europaea、达乌尔红尾鸲Phoenicurus auroreus和黄腰飞燕Ficedula zanthopygia)的社会信息来选择第二次繁殖的巢址。我们的研究结果表明,与未被占用的巢箱(对照组)相比,山雀第二次繁殖时占用的巢箱周围往往有更多的同种鸟繁殖巢、同种鸟成功的首次筑巢以及同种鸟失败的首次筑巢。然而,山雀第二次繁殖时占据的巢箱与未占据的巢箱之间,繁殖异种巢、成功异种巢和失败异种巢的数量没有差异。此外,与没有成功繁殖经验的山雀相比,有本地成功繁殖经验的山雀倾向于选择有更多同种鸟首次成功筑巢的地区。因此,我们认为,同种而非异种在同一繁殖季节的社会信息是影响日本山雀第二次繁殖巢址选择的主要因素。
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引用次数: 0
Deterministic processes drive turnover-dominated beta diversity of breeding birds along the central Himalayan elevation gradient 喜马拉雅山脉中部海拔梯度地区繁殖鸟类贝塔多样性的决定性驱动过程
IF 1.8 2区 生物学 Q1 ORNITHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100170
Zhifeng Ding , Jianchao Liang , Le Yang , Cong Wei , Huijian Hu , Xingfeng Si

Beta diversity, the variation of community composition among sites, bridges alpha and gamma diversity and can reveal the mechanisms of community assembly through applying distance-decay models and/or partitioning beta diversity into turnover and nestedness components from functional and phylogenetic perspectives. Mountains as the most natural experiment system provide good opportunities for exploring beta diversity patterns and the underlying ecological processes. Here, we simultaneously consider distance-decay models and multiple dimensions of beta diversity to examine spatial variations of bird communities, and to evaluate the relative importance of niche-based and neutral community assembly mechanisms along a 3600-m elevational gradient in the central Himalayas, China. Our results showed that species turnover dominates taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic beta diversity. We observed strongest evidence of spatial distance decays in taxonomic similarities of birds, followed by its phylogenetic and functional analogues. Turnover component was highest in taxonomic beta diversity, while nestedness component was highest in functional beta diversity. Further, all correlations of assemblage similarity with climatic distance were higher than that with spatial distances. Standardized values of overall taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic beta diversity and their turnover components increase with increasing elevational distance, while the standardized values of taxonomic and phylogenetic nestedness decreased with increasing elevational distance. Our results highlighted the niche-based deterministic processes in shaping elevational bird diversity patterns that were determined by the relative roles of decreasing trend of environmental filtering and increasing trend of limiting similarity along elevation distances.

Beta 多样性是群落组成在不同地点之间的变化,它是 alpha 和 gamma 多样性之间的桥梁,通过应用距离衰减模型和/或从功能和系统发育的角度将 Beta 多样性划分为更替和嵌套成分,可以揭示群落组装的机制。山脉作为最自然的实验系统,为探索贝塔多样性模式及其背后的生态过程提供了良好的机会。在这里,我们同时考虑了距离衰减模型和贝塔多样性的多个维度来研究鸟类群落的空间变化,并评估了中国喜马拉雅山脉中部海拔3600米梯度上基于生态位和中性群落组装机制的相对重要性。我们的研究结果表明,物种更替主导了分类、功能和系统发育的贝塔多样性。我们在鸟类分类学相似性中观察到了空间距离衰减的最有力证据,其次是其系统发育和功能相似性。在分类学贝塔多样性中,更替分量最高,而在功能贝塔多样性中,嵌套分量最高。此外,所有集合相似性与气候距离的相关性都高于与空间距离的相关性。随着海拔距离的增加,总体分类、功能和系统发育贝塔多样性及其周转成分的标准化值增加,而分类和系统发育嵌套度的标准化值则随着海拔距离的增加而减少。我们的研究结果凸显了基于生态位的决定性过程在形成海拔鸟类多样性模式中的作用,而环境过滤的递减趋势和限制相似性的递增趋势在海拔距离上的相对作用决定了这种模式。
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引用次数: 0
Proximity to corridors benefits bird communities in vegetated interrow vineyards in Mendoza, Argentina 靠近走廊有利于阿根廷门多萨植被间行葡萄园中的鸟类群落
IF 1.8 2区 生物学 Q1 ORNITHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100174
Andrea Paula Goijman , Agustín Zarco

Management under ecological schemes and increasing habitat heterogeneity, are essential for enhancing biodiversity in vineyards. Birds provide several contributions to agriculture, for example pest control, recreation and enhancing human mental health, and have intrinsic value. Birds are also ideal model organisms because they are easy to survey, and species respond differently to agricultural land use at different scales. Vegetated borders of crops are key for many species of birds, and distance to the border have been found to be an important factor in vineyard-dominated agroecosystems. We evaluate if there are differences in the bird assemblage, between the interior compared to borders within vineyards, using a hierarchical community occupancy model. We hypothesized that occupancy of birds is greater in environments with greater heterogeneity, which in this study was considered to be contributed by the proximity to vegetated corridors. We expected that vineyard borders close to corridors will have higher bird occupancy than the center of the vineyard. The research was conducted in three vineyards with biodiversity-friendly management practices, in Gualtallary, Mendoza, Argentina. Bird surveys were conducted over three breeding seasons from 2018 to 2020. Occupancy and richness of the bird community was more closely associated with the borders adjacent to the corridors than with the interior of the vineyards, as we initially predicted, although the assemblage of birds did not differ much. More than 75% of the registered species consume exclusively or partially invertebrates. Biodiversity-friendly management and ecological schemes, together with vegetated corridors provide multiple benefits for biodiversity conservation. These approaches not only minimize the use of agrochemicals but also prioritize soil cover with spontaneous vegetation, which supports a diverse community of insectivorous bird species, potentially contributing to pest control.

根据生态计划进行管理和增加栖息地的异质性,对于提高葡萄园的生物多样性至关重要。鸟类对农业有多种贡献,例如害虫控制、娱乐和增进人类心理健康,而且具有内在价值。鸟类也是理想的模式生物,因为它们易于调查,而且不同物种在不同尺度上对农业用地的反应也不同。农作物的植被边界对许多鸟类来说都很关键,在以葡萄园为主的农业生态系统中,与边界的距离被认为是一个重要因素。我们利用分层群落占据模型,评估了葡萄园内部与边界之间的鸟类组合是否存在差异。我们假设,在异质性较大的环境中,鸟类的占据率会更高。我们预计,与葡萄园中心相比,靠近植被走廊的葡萄园边界会有更多的鸟类栖息。研究在阿根廷门多萨州瓜尔塔拉里的三个葡萄园中进行,这些葡萄园采用了生物多样性友好型管理方法。在 2018 年至 2020 年的三个繁殖季节进行了鸟类调查。正如我们最初预测的那样,鸟类群落的栖息地和丰富度与葡萄园走廊毗邻边界的关系比与葡萄园内部的关系更为密切,尽管鸟类群落并无太大差异。超过 75% 的登记物种只食用或部分食用无脊椎动物。生物多样性友好型管理和生态计划以及植被走廊为保护生物多样性带来了多重益处。这些方法不仅能最大限度地减少农用化学品的使用,还能优先利用自生植被覆盖土壤,从而支持食虫鸟类的多样化群落,并有可能有助于害虫控制。
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引用次数: 0
Nest decoration: Black feathers prevent Crested Mynas from nest usurpation 巢穴装饰黑色羽毛防止凤头鹆侵占巢穴
IF 1.8 2区 生物学 Q1 ORNITHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100189
Jinmei Liu, Wei Liang

Nests are important structures for birds to raise their offspring and for signaling. Many birds incorporate feathers into the nest, since feathers were traditionally thought to serve the function of insulation. Hypotheses in recent years have considered that some birds place feathers in conspicuous locations in the nest for decoration to trigger a fear response in the competitors. In this study, we investigated whether decorative feathers could deter nest usurpation by Crested Mynas (Acridotheres cristatellus) by manipulating nest box contents. The results revealed that Crested Mynas preferred black feathers to white feathers as decorations and occupied nest boxes decorated with black feathers significantly less than those decorated with white feathers, suggesting that black decorative feathers in the nest could be more effective in preventing nest usurpation by Crested Mynas and that white decorative feathers may have other functions. The black feathers in the nest are prominently placed at the edge of the nest to convey the message that “this nest is occupied” or “the owner of this nest has been preyed upon” to visitor Crested Mynas, thus effectively preventing them from usurping the nest at a later stage.

鸟巢是鸟类抚养后代和传递信号的重要结构。许多鸟类都会在巢中插上羽毛,因为羽毛的传统功能是隔热。近年来的一些假设认为,一些鸟类在巢的显眼位置放置羽毛作为装饰,以引发竞争者的恐惧反应。在本研究中,我们通过改变巢箱内容物,研究了装饰羽毛是否能阻止凤头杓鹬(Acridotheres cristatellus)侵占巢穴。结果表明,凤头杓鹬更喜欢黑色羽毛而不是白色羽毛作为装饰,并且占据装饰有黑色羽毛的巢箱的次数明显少于装饰有白色羽毛的巢箱,这表明巢中的黑色装饰羽毛能更有效地防止凤头杓鹬侵占巢穴,而白色装饰羽毛可能还有其他功能。巢中的黑色羽毛被放置在巢边缘的显著位置,可以向来巢的凤头杓鹬传达 "此巢已被占用 "或 "此巢的主人已被捕食 "的信息,从而有效地防止凤头杓鹬日后侵占巢穴。
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引用次数: 0
Mitogenomic variation in the Black-throated Tit (Aegithalos concinnus): Conserved structure, concerted evolution of duplicate control regions and multiple distinct evolutionary lineages 黑喉山雀(Aegithalos concinnus)的有丝分裂基因组变异:保守的结构、重复控制区的协同进化和多个不同的进化系
IF 1.6 2区 生物学 Q1 ORNITHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100210
Chuanyin Dai , Fumin Lei
The mitochondrial genome is a prominent research topic due to its indispensable role in organisms and its application in many research disciplines. However, few studies have investigated intraspecies mitogenomic variation. In this study, 69 mitogenomes of the Black-throated Tit (Aegithalos concinnus) were assembled and annotated from a large number of short reads generated using high-throughput sequencing technology. Comparative analyses revealed that mitogenomic characteristics such as length, gene and nucleotide composition, codon usage, and duplicated control regions were relatively conserved despite substantial intraspecies morphological changes. Yet, all the individuals from the subspecies A. c. iredalei had one more nucleotide in the 12S rRNA than the other studied subspecies. Phylogenetic analyses showed five distinct lineages based on the complete mitogenomes and the 13 combined protein-coding genes, whereas only four lineages were observed when using the duplicate control regions. Most interestingly, each lineage had both copies of the control regions of the comprising individuals, indicating that the paralogous control regions were more similar than the orthologous sequences from the distinct lineages. This suggested the control regions had undergone concerted evolution. The Black-throated Tit has complex evolutionary history and needs further investigating the taxonomic status of these lineages, as well as the underlying evolutionary processes. Our findings call for more research on intraspecies mitogenomic variation.
线粒体基因组是一个突出的研究课题,因为它在生物体中发挥着不可或缺的作用,并在许多研究学科中得到应用。然而,很少有研究对种内有丝分裂基因组变异进行调查。本研究利用高通量测序技术产生的大量短读数,组装并注释了69个黑喉山雀(Aegithalos concinnus)的有丝分裂基因组。比较分析表明,尽管种内形态发生了很大变化,但有丝分裂基因组的特征,如长度、基因和核苷酸组成、密码子使用和重复控制区等相对保守。然而,A. c. iredalei亚种的所有个体的12S rRNA核苷酸都比其他亚种多一个。根据完整的有丝分裂基因组和 13 个合并的蛋白质编码基因,系统发生分析显示出五个不同的系,而使用重复的控制区时则只观察到四个系。最有趣的是,每个世系都有组成个体控制区的两个拷贝,这表明旁系控制区比不同世系的正源序列更为相似。这表明控制区经历了协同进化。黑喉噪鹛的进化历史非常复杂,因此需要进一步研究这些品系的分类地位及其进化过程。我们的研究结果呼吁对种内有丝分裂基因组变异进行更多的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Distributional and behavioral responses of the wintering Oriental Storks to drought in China's largest freshwater lake 中国最大淡水湖越冬东方白鹳对干旱的分布和行为反应
IF 1.8 2区 生物学 Q1 ORNITHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100176
Fucheng Yang, Mingqin Shao, Jianying Wang

Extreme droughts are increasing in frequency and severity globally as a result of climate change. Developing understanding of species' responses to drought is crucial for their conservation, especially in regions experiencing increased aridity. Although numerous studies have investigated birds' responses to drought, the emphasis has primarily been on landbirds. Drought can significantly alter the wetland environments that waterbirds inhabit, but the response of waterbirds to drought remains understudied. In this study, we surveyed the distribution and behavior of Oriental Storks (Ciconia boyciana) in Poyang Lake, which is the largest freshwater lake in China. Results indicate that drought-induced catchment areas at the lowest water level limited the total population size of Oriental Storks in the sub-lakes. Sub-lakes with large catchment areas at the lowest water level demonstrated a capacity to support a larger population of wintering Oriental Storks. Over time, Oriental Storks exhibited a gradual concentration in Changhu Lake, characterized by larger catchments, after resource depletion in sub-lakes with smaller catchments. Additionally, the duration of Oriental Storks’ vigilance and moving behaviors decreased significantly compared with that observed before the drought. After the drought, Oriental Storks increased their foraging efforts, as evidenced by increased presence in deeper water and reaching their heads and necks into deeper water to forage, higher search rates, but lower foraging rates. In accordance with area-restricted search theory, reductions in habitat quality resulting from drought, including extensive fish die-offs, forced Oriental Storks to increase their foraging efforts. Sustaining a specific water area in sub-lakes during droughts can preserve resource availability, which is crucial for the conservation of Oriental Storks. Implementing measures such as water level control and micro-modification of lake bottoms in sub-lakes might mitigate the impact of drought on the piscivorous Oriental Storks.

由于气候变化,全球极端干旱的发生频率和严重程度都在增加。了解物种对干旱的反应对保护它们至关重要,尤其是在干旱加剧的地区。尽管已有许多研究调查了鸟类对干旱的反应,但重点主要放在陆栖鸟类上。干旱会极大地改变水鸟栖息的湿地环境,但水鸟对干旱的反应仍未得到充分研究。本研究调查了中国最大的淡水湖--鄱阳湖中东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)的分布和行为。结果表明,干旱导致的最低水位集水区限制了东方白鹳在子湖中的总种群数量。最低水位时集水面积大的子湖泊有能力支持更多的越冬东方白鹳种群。随着时间的推移,东方白鹳在集水面积较小的子湖泊资源枯竭后,逐渐向集水面积较大的长湖集中。此外,与干旱前相比,东方白鹳的警戒和移动行为持续时间明显减少。干旱后,东方白鹳增加了觅食努力,表现为更多地出现在深水区,并将头颈伸入深水区觅食,搜索率提高,但觅食率降低。根据区域限制搜索理论,干旱导致的栖息地质量下降,包括大量鱼类死亡,迫使东方白鹳加大了觅食力度。在干旱期间,维持子湖区的特定水域面积可以保持资源可用性,这对保护东方白鹳至关重要。在次级湖泊中实施水位控制和湖底微改造等措施可能会减轻干旱对食鱼东方白鹳的影响。
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