Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1177/00224278221120689
Peter S. Lehmann, Ryan C. Meldrum
Objectives: This study explores the effects of racial/ethnic identity on youths’ likelihood of receiving a suspension from school as well as whether these disparities further vary by gender. In light of recent demographic shifts within the U.S., alternative theoretical rationales emphasizing such issues as “exotic threat,” “stereotype lift,” and “reflected race” present conflicting expectations regarding whether and how the disadvantages in school discipline experienced generally by minority students might extend to youth in certain Hispanic and Caribbean subgroups. Methods: We analyze data from the 2018 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey, which provides a large statewide representative sample of youth enrolled in Florida public middle and high schools (N = 54,611). Results: Youth who are Black/non-Hispanic, Haitian, West Indian/Caribbean, and Dominican are most likely to receive a suspension from school, and these effects are particularly pronounced among female students. Mixed evidence of Hispanic-White differences in suspension is found, except for a heightened risk among Puerto Rican youth. Conclusions: Some of the findings imply the importance of skin tone and appearance over subgroup-specific perceptions of cultural or criminal threat. However, the disadvantages experienced by Puerto Rican students may represent an institutional response to their unique status as recent migrants to Florida.
{"title":"Racial and Ethnic Identity, Gender, and School Suspension: Heterogeneous Effects Across Hispanic and Caribbean Subgroups","authors":"Peter S. Lehmann, Ryan C. Meldrum","doi":"10.1177/00224278221120689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278221120689","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study explores the effects of racial/ethnic identity on youths’ likelihood of receiving a suspension from school as well as whether these disparities further vary by gender. In light of recent demographic shifts within the U.S., alternative theoretical rationales emphasizing such issues as “exotic threat,” “stereotype lift,” and “reflected race” present conflicting expectations regarding whether and how the disadvantages in school discipline experienced generally by minority students might extend to youth in certain Hispanic and Caribbean subgroups. Methods: We analyze data from the 2018 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey, which provides a large statewide representative sample of youth enrolled in Florida public middle and high schools (N = 54,611). Results: Youth who are Black/non-Hispanic, Haitian, West Indian/Caribbean, and Dominican are most likely to receive a suspension from school, and these effects are particularly pronounced among female students. Mixed evidence of Hispanic-White differences in suspension is found, except for a heightened risk among Puerto Rican youth. Conclusions: Some of the findings imply the importance of skin tone and appearance over subgroup-specific perceptions of cultural or criminal threat. However, the disadvantages experienced by Puerto Rican students may represent an institutional response to their unique status as recent migrants to Florida.","PeriodicalId":51395,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","volume":"60 1","pages":"167 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42335794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1177/00224278221120691
Brendan Lantz, Cole Ward
Objectives While a great deal of research has considered racial disparities in the criminal justice system, empirical research on the American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) population is still in its infancy. Instead, AIAN people are most often grouped in the “other race” category. In this research, we move beyond this categorization and advance research by considering differential handling of AIAN-involved violent crime. Methods We use 2016 NIBRS data—including information on 5,740 AIAN victims and 6,591 AIAN suspects—to examine variation in the likelihood of clearance by arrest and variation in these patterns according to victim race, offender race, and offense type. Results Results indicate that incidents involving AIAN suspects and White victims are especially likely to result in arrest, but incidents involving AIAN suspects and AIAN victims are less likely to result in arrest. AIAN sexual assault victimization is particularly unlikely to result in arrest. Conclusions The AIAN population is both disproportionately arrested when suspected of crime, and disproportionately neglected when victimized. If we wish to better understand the role of race in the criminal justice, it is imperative that we move beyond simple Black-White dichotomies, and begin centering attention on other marginalized populations, including the AIAN population, as well.
{"title":"Disproportionately Punished, Yet Still Neglected: Variation in Official Police Responses to American Indian/Alaska Native Offending and Victimization","authors":"Brendan Lantz, Cole Ward","doi":"10.1177/00224278221120691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278221120691","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives While a great deal of research has considered racial disparities in the criminal justice system, empirical research on the American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) population is still in its infancy. Instead, AIAN people are most often grouped in the “other race” category. In this research, we move beyond this categorization and advance research by considering differential handling of AIAN-involved violent crime. Methods We use 2016 NIBRS data—including information on 5,740 AIAN victims and 6,591 AIAN suspects—to examine variation in the likelihood of clearance by arrest and variation in these patterns according to victim race, offender race, and offense type. Results Results indicate that incidents involving AIAN suspects and White victims are especially likely to result in arrest, but incidents involving AIAN suspects and AIAN victims are less likely to result in arrest. AIAN sexual assault victimization is particularly unlikely to result in arrest. Conclusions The AIAN population is both disproportionately arrested when suspected of crime, and disproportionately neglected when victimized. If we wish to better understand the role of race in the criminal justice, it is imperative that we move beyond simple Black-White dichotomies, and begin centering attention on other marginalized populations, including the AIAN population, as well.","PeriodicalId":51395,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","volume":"60 1","pages":"79 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45283194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1177/00224278221120781
Kevin Drakulich, Jesenia Robles, Eric Rodriguez-Whitney, Cassidy Pereira
Objectives Police use of excessive—even fatal—force is a significant social issue, one at the symbolic heart of the Black Lives Matter civil rights movement. However, a substantial number of Americans—disproportionately White—tend to minimize the prevalence of this issue. We seek to explain differences in these views. Methods We look at whether experiences with the police, politics, and three measures of racial attitudes explain differences in views of the prevalence of police use of excessive force, and we specifically test for whether these factors help explain racial stratification in these views. Using data from three different recent national surveys collected by the American National Election Studies, we attempt to replicate our findings within this paper. Results Views of police use of force are highly stratified by race and politics and racial attitudes—in particular racial resentment—play an important role in explaining these differences. Conclusions If we hope to address this important issue, it matters that many people minimize its existence, and it matters why they minimize it. We argue that centering race in crime and justice research necessarily means centering racism.
{"title":"Who Believes that the Police Use Excessive Force? Centering Racism in Research on Perceptions of the Police","authors":"Kevin Drakulich, Jesenia Robles, Eric Rodriguez-Whitney, Cassidy Pereira","doi":"10.1177/00224278221120781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278221120781","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Police use of excessive—even fatal—force is a significant social issue, one at the symbolic heart of the Black Lives Matter civil rights movement. However, a substantial number of Americans—disproportionately White—tend to minimize the prevalence of this issue. We seek to explain differences in these views. Methods We look at whether experiences with the police, politics, and three measures of racial attitudes explain differences in views of the prevalence of police use of excessive force, and we specifically test for whether these factors help explain racial stratification in these views. Using data from three different recent national surveys collected by the American National Election Studies, we attempt to replicate our findings within this paper. Results Views of police use of force are highly stratified by race and politics and racial attitudes—in particular racial resentment—play an important role in explaining these differences. Conclusions If we hope to address this important issue, it matters that many people minimize its existence, and it matters why they minimize it. We argue that centering race in crime and justice research necessarily means centering racism.","PeriodicalId":51395,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","volume":"60 1","pages":"112 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48923767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1177/00224278221120811
Caroline M. Bailey
Objectives: Drawing on the “legacy effect” framework and the intergroup contact hypothesis, this study examines whether 1) slavery is associated with anti-Black hate crimes, 2) racial segregation is associated with anti-Black hate crimes, and 3) racial segregation moderates the relationship between slavery and anti-Black hate crimes. Methods: Using several data sources, including the 1860 and 2000 U.S. Census and the 2000-2016 Uniform Crime Report, negative binomial regressions are employed to explore these research questions. Results: In support of the “legacy effect” and intergroup contact hypothesis, the findings from the analyses reveal that both slavery and racial segregation are significantly associated with increases in anti-Black hate crimes. Moreover, the relationship between slavery and anti-Black hate crimes is amplified by racial segregation. Conclusions: The results from this research suggest that historical practices and institutions, such as slavery, can influence the contemporary maltreatment of Black citizens. Specifically, the racism and discrimination inherent in slavery has manifested in the form of modern-day anti-Black hate crimes. Additionally, the relationship between slavery and anti-Black hate crimes is amplified when racial segregation prevents racial and ethnic groups from building meaningful relationships that could demystify the culture of Black inferiority created by the institution of slavery.
{"title":"The Evolution of Anti-Blackness in the American South: How Slavery and Segregation Perpetuates the Victimization of Black People","authors":"Caroline M. Bailey","doi":"10.1177/00224278221120811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278221120811","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Drawing on the “legacy effect” framework and the intergroup contact hypothesis, this study examines whether 1) slavery is associated with anti-Black hate crimes, 2) racial segregation is associated with anti-Black hate crimes, and 3) racial segregation moderates the relationship between slavery and anti-Black hate crimes. Methods: Using several data sources, including the 1860 and 2000 U.S. Census and the 2000-2016 Uniform Crime Report, negative binomial regressions are employed to explore these research questions. Results: In support of the “legacy effect” and intergroup contact hypothesis, the findings from the analyses reveal that both slavery and racial segregation are significantly associated with increases in anti-Black hate crimes. Moreover, the relationship between slavery and anti-Black hate crimes is amplified by racial segregation. Conclusions: The results from this research suggest that historical practices and institutions, such as slavery, can influence the contemporary maltreatment of Black citizens. Specifically, the racism and discrimination inherent in slavery has manifested in the form of modern-day anti-Black hate crimes. Additionally, the relationship between slavery and anti-Black hate crimes is amplified when racial segregation prevents racial and ethnic groups from building meaningful relationships that could demystify the culture of Black inferiority created by the institution of slavery.","PeriodicalId":51395,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","volume":"60 1","pages":"14 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47382356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1177/00224278221120677
Ojmarrh Mitchell, Shi Yan, Daniela Oramas Mora
Objectives The U.S. prison population has fallen 15% overall, 28% for Blacks, and 21% for Hispanics since the Great Recession began. These trends occurred despite rising defendant criminal histories and the continued presence of the punitive policies that drove “mass incarceration.” We test the central hypothesis that court actors employed several discretionary tools available under Florida's sentencing system to reduce prison use, which in turn reduced direct and indirect racial disparities. Methods To test this hypothesis, we utilized 20 years of felony cases. Our analyses employ current best practices for testing interactive effects and decomposition models to identify changes in prison use and the factors associated with these changes. Results We find criminal history scores rose sharply, but prison use and racial disparities therein fell markedly in the past decade. The key factors driving these trends are reductions in the influence of criminal history on decision-making, increased use of mitigated departures, and the flexibility of Florida's sentencing system to accommodate mitigated departures. In fact, if Florida's sentencing rules had been followed more closely, racial disparities in prison sentences would have grown. Conclusions This research has implications for reforms aimed at ending mass incarceration and reducing racial disparities in imprisonment.
{"title":"Trends in Prison Sentences and Racial Disparities: 20-Years of Sentencing Under Florida’s Criminal Punishment Code","authors":"Ojmarrh Mitchell, Shi Yan, Daniela Oramas Mora","doi":"10.1177/00224278221120677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278221120677","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives The U.S. prison population has fallen 15% overall, 28% for Blacks, and 21% for Hispanics since the Great Recession began. These trends occurred despite rising defendant criminal histories and the continued presence of the punitive policies that drove “mass incarceration.” We test the central hypothesis that court actors employed several discretionary tools available under Florida's sentencing system to reduce prison use, which in turn reduced direct and indirect racial disparities. Methods To test this hypothesis, we utilized 20 years of felony cases. Our analyses employ current best practices for testing interactive effects and decomposition models to identify changes in prison use and the factors associated with these changes. Results We find criminal history scores rose sharply, but prison use and racial disparities therein fell markedly in the past decade. The key factors driving these trends are reductions in the influence of criminal history on decision-making, increased use of mitigated departures, and the flexibility of Florida's sentencing system to accommodate mitigated departures. In fact, if Florida's sentencing rules had been followed more closely, racial disparities in prison sentences would have grown. Conclusions This research has implications for reforms aimed at ending mass incarceration and reducing racial disparities in imprisonment.","PeriodicalId":51395,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","volume":"60 1","pages":"300 - 338"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42257527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1177/00224278221120673
Javier Ramos
Objectives Determine whether the protective role of immigrant concentration extends to individuals with prior criminal histories such as ex-prisoners. Methods The present study used hierarchical logistic regression to examine the association between concentrated immigration and serious recidivism among a cohort of 182,509 ex-inmates nested within 957 zip codes in Florida. The study also considered whether this relationship is applicable to inmates from all racial and ethnic backgrounds. Results Results indicate that ex-prisoners have a 21 percent lower likelihood of recidivism when they return to communities with substantial numbers of foreign-born residents. This effect, however, is stronger for some populations than others. Conclusions Immigration serves as a protective feature for even high-risk populations. While this relationship does differ across race and ethnicity, no group experienced a crime-enhancing effect when returning to a community categorized by high immigration. The findings contribute to the burgeoning literature on immigration and crime by demonstrating that immigrant communities provide ex-prisoners with a pro-social context that diminishes their risk for serious recidivism.
{"title":"Immigration in an Era of Mass Reentry: Does Immigrant Concentration Guard Against Serious Recidivism?","authors":"Javier Ramos","doi":"10.1177/00224278221120673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278221120673","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Determine whether the protective role of immigrant concentration extends to individuals with prior criminal histories such as ex-prisoners. Methods The present study used hierarchical logistic regression to examine the association between concentrated immigration and serious recidivism among a cohort of 182,509 ex-inmates nested within 957 zip codes in Florida. The study also considered whether this relationship is applicable to inmates from all racial and ethnic backgrounds. Results Results indicate that ex-prisoners have a 21 percent lower likelihood of recidivism when they return to communities with substantial numbers of foreign-born residents. This effect, however, is stronger for some populations than others. Conclusions Immigration serves as a protective feature for even high-risk populations. While this relationship does differ across race and ethnicity, no group experienced a crime-enhancing effect when returning to a community categorized by high immigration. The findings contribute to the burgeoning literature on immigration and crime by demonstrating that immigrant communities provide ex-prisoners with a pro-social context that diminishes their risk for serious recidivism.","PeriodicalId":51395,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","volume":"60 1","pages":"213 - 254"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41594893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1177/00224278221120586
María B. Vélez, Rodney K. Brunson
A compelling body of work documents the role of race and racism in shaping crime and legal system outcomes (Braga, Brunson and Drakulich 2019; Du Bois 1899; Muhammed 2010; Peterson and Krivo 2005, 2010; Petersen and Ward 2015; Sampson and Wilson 1995). Though a significant and longstanding interest in criminology since its American beginning, this scholarship is often relegated to the margins (but see the scholarly agenda of the Racial Democracy Crime and Justice Network). Recent high profile events of ghastly police brutality such as the murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Michael Brown, and many other unarmed civilians bring into sharp focus how Blacks (and other racialized groups) repeatedly bear the brunt of systemic racism. These horrific incidents and the attendant public outcry, especially in initial support for Black Lives Matter (BLM), have also served as a catalyst for mainstream criminology to reckon with the role historic and modern day racism plays in shaping crime and social control outcomes. Contemporary, high-profile tragedies along with robust
大量引人注目的工作记录了种族和种族主义在塑造犯罪和法律制度结果方面的作用(Braga、Brunson和Drakulich 2019;杜波依斯1899;穆罕默德2010;Peterson and Krivo 2005,2010;Petersen and Ward 2015;Sampson and Wilson, 1995)。尽管犯罪学自其在美国诞生以来就一直受到关注，但这方面的学术研究经常被边缘化(但请参阅种族民主犯罪与司法网络的学术议程)。最近发生的令人震惊的警察暴行事件，如乔治·弗洛伊德、布里奥娜·泰勒、迈克尔·布朗和许多其他手无寸铁的平民被谋杀，使人们更加关注黑人(和其他种族化群体)如何反复承受系统性种族主义的冲击。这些可怕的事件和随之而来的公众抗议，特别是最初对“黑人的命也是命”(BLM)的支持，也成为主流犯罪学的催化剂，促使人们考虑历史和现代种族主义在塑造犯罪和社会控制结果方面所起的作用。当代，悲剧高调伴随着稳健
{"title":"Centering Race in the Study of Crime and Criminal Justice","authors":"María B. Vélez, Rodney K. Brunson","doi":"10.1177/00224278221120586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278221120586","url":null,"abstract":"A compelling body of work documents the role of race and racism in shaping crime and legal system outcomes (Braga, Brunson and Drakulich 2019; Du Bois 1899; Muhammed 2010; Peterson and Krivo 2005, 2010; Petersen and Ward 2015; Sampson and Wilson 1995). Though a significant and longstanding interest in criminology since its American beginning, this scholarship is often relegated to the margins (but see the scholarly agenda of the Racial Democracy Crime and Justice Network). Recent high profile events of ghastly police brutality such as the murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Michael Brown, and many other unarmed civilians bring into sharp focus how Blacks (and other racialized groups) repeatedly bear the brunt of systemic racism. These horrific incidents and the attendant public outcry, especially in initial support for Black Lives Matter (BLM), have also served as a catalyst for mainstream criminology to reckon with the role historic and modern day racism plays in shaping crime and social control outcomes. Contemporary, high-profile tragedies along with robust","PeriodicalId":51395,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","volume":"60 1","pages":"3 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65001975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1177/00224278221120810
Oshea Johnson, Marisa Omori, Nicholas Petersen
Objective: Explore racial-ethnic disparities in drug charging trajectories from arrest to conviction. Methods: We analyze racial-ethnic disparities in charging severity across arrest, filing, and conviction for felony drug offense cases in Miami-Dade County between 2010-2015 (N=25,559) using a “distance traveled” approach by estimating the severity of charges based on the probability of incarceration at conviction. We use these estimates to predict the severity of charges at arrest and filing, and examine differences in the severity of charges between stages. Results: Compared to White non-Latinx people, police charge Black Latinx people with drug crimes that are 1.8 times more severe and Black non-Latinx people with drug crimes that are 1.6 times more severe at arrest. These inequalities are maintained throughout the charging trajectory. Greater charge reductions occur between arrest and filing than between filing and conviction, highlighting the importance of police in charging trajectories. We find small increases in charging trajectory, where racial-ethnic disparities persist at conviction. Conclusions: Examining charging at arrest is critical to understanding racial-ethnic disparities in charging trajectories, where unequal arrest charges become institutionalized throughout the charging process. Organizational dynamics between police and prosecutors may lead to drug charging practices that systematically disadvantage Black people in Miami-Dade County.
{"title":"Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Police and Prosecutorial Drug Charging: Analyzing Organizational Overlap in Charging Patterns at Arrest, Filing, and Conviction","authors":"Oshea Johnson, Marisa Omori, Nicholas Petersen","doi":"10.1177/00224278221120810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278221120810","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Explore racial-ethnic disparities in drug charging trajectories from arrest to conviction. Methods: We analyze racial-ethnic disparities in charging severity across arrest, filing, and conviction for felony drug offense cases in Miami-Dade County between 2010-2015 (N=25,559) using a “distance traveled” approach by estimating the severity of charges based on the probability of incarceration at conviction. We use these estimates to predict the severity of charges at arrest and filing, and examine differences in the severity of charges between stages. Results: Compared to White non-Latinx people, police charge Black Latinx people with drug crimes that are 1.8 times more severe and Black non-Latinx people with drug crimes that are 1.6 times more severe at arrest. These inequalities are maintained throughout the charging trajectory. Greater charge reductions occur between arrest and filing than between filing and conviction, highlighting the importance of police in charging trajectories. We find small increases in charging trajectory, where racial-ethnic disparities persist at conviction. Conclusions: Examining charging at arrest is critical to understanding racial-ethnic disparities in charging trajectories, where unequal arrest charges become institutionalized throughout the charging process. Organizational dynamics between police and prosecutors may lead to drug charging practices that systematically disadvantage Black people in Miami-Dade County.","PeriodicalId":51395,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","volume":"60 1","pages":"255 - 299"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48319747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1177/00224278221120675
A. Kupchik, F. Henry
Objectives: In this paper we refocus discussions of criminalization of students on structural racial inequality. We help explain racially disproportionate school punishments, while demonstrating the necessity for criminologists to examine how a historic legacy of racial oppression shapes contemporary punishments. More specifically, we explore the extent to which contemporary school punishment reflects a legacy of racial oppression and educational exclusion of Black students. Methods: Using nationwide data from multiple sources, we analyze how resistance to school desegregation, measured by the number of court cases contesting school segregation from 1952 − 2002, relates to suspensions from school and days missed due to suspension. Results: Our analyses show that schools in districts marked by resistance to school desegregation have significantly and substantially higher rates of suspensions for Black students and days missed by Black students due to suspension. Conclusions: Contemporary school suspension is shaped by a legacy of racial oppression and educational exclusion. Our results confirm the importance of using a racialized social systems approach to understand and begin to remedy the criminalization of Black students.
{"title":"Generations of Criminalization: Resistance to Desegregation and School Punishment","authors":"A. Kupchik, F. Henry","doi":"10.1177/00224278221120675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278221120675","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: In this paper we refocus discussions of criminalization of students on structural racial inequality. We help explain racially disproportionate school punishments, while demonstrating the necessity for criminologists to examine how a historic legacy of racial oppression shapes contemporary punishments. More specifically, we explore the extent to which contemporary school punishment reflects a legacy of racial oppression and educational exclusion of Black students. Methods: Using nationwide data from multiple sources, we analyze how resistance to school desegregation, measured by the number of court cases contesting school segregation from 1952 − 2002, relates to suspensions from school and days missed due to suspension. Results: Our analyses show that schools in districts marked by resistance to school desegregation have significantly and substantially higher rates of suspensions for Black students and days missed by Black students due to suspension. Conclusions: Contemporary school suspension is shaped by a legacy of racial oppression and educational exclusion. Our results confirm the importance of using a racialized social systems approach to understand and begin to remedy the criminalization of Black students.","PeriodicalId":51395,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","volume":"60 1","pages":"43 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47372120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1177/00224278221121622
Yongjae Nam, Scott E. Wolfe, Justin Nix
Objectives: Judgments about police procedural fairness consistently have a stronger influence on how the public ascribes legitimacy to the police than evaluations of police effectiveness. What remains largely underexplored, however, is the potential moderating effect of procedural justice on the relationship between effectiveness and legitimacy and whether this moderation varies by citizen race. Method: We administered two separate surveys to determine whether procedural justice's moderating effect on the relationship between police ineffectiveness and legitimacy varies by citizen race. The first was a mail survey of a random sample of citizens in a southern US city (N = 1,681) conducted in 2013; the second, a national survey of adults (N = 972) administered via Qualtrics in 2022. Results: We found that procedural justice could help protect against the harmful influence of perceived ineffectiveness on police legitimacy in Study 2. However, contrary to expectations, this moderation effect held only for White Americans. Conclusions: The effect of perceived ineffectiveness on legitimacy evaluations does not vary depending on citizens’ perceptions of procedural justice. Yet, police still do have control over how they treat people with whom they interact, which is one mechanism that can improve citizens’ views on police legitimacy.
{"title":"Does Procedural Justice Reduce the Harmful Effects of Perceived Ineffectiveness on Police Legitimacy?","authors":"Yongjae Nam, Scott E. Wolfe, Justin Nix","doi":"10.1177/00224278221121622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278221121622","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Judgments about police procedural fairness consistently have a stronger influence on how the public ascribes legitimacy to the police than evaluations of police effectiveness. What remains largely underexplored, however, is the potential moderating effect of procedural justice on the relationship between effectiveness and legitimacy and whether this moderation varies by citizen race. Method: We administered two separate surveys to determine whether procedural justice's moderating effect on the relationship between police ineffectiveness and legitimacy varies by citizen race. The first was a mail survey of a random sample of citizens in a southern US city (N = 1,681) conducted in 2013; the second, a national survey of adults (N = 972) administered via Qualtrics in 2022. Results: We found that procedural justice could help protect against the harmful influence of perceived ineffectiveness on police legitimacy in Study 2. However, contrary to expectations, this moderation effect held only for White Americans. Conclusions: The effect of perceived ineffectiveness on legitimacy evaluations does not vary depending on citizens’ perceptions of procedural justice. Yet, police still do have control over how they treat people with whom they interact, which is one mechanism that can improve citizens’ views on police legitimacy.","PeriodicalId":51395,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42049243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：