Anxiety Stress and Coping最新文献

Objective: The study aims to examine the relationship between daily negative affect and rumination in the context of work and to verify their mediating roles in the process of burnout.

Design: A classic longitudinal design with two measurement points for burnout was combined with 10 daily online assessments of negative affect and rumination among 235 civil servants.

Results: A random intercept cross-lagged panel model was implemented. Carryover, cross-lagged, and same-day relationships between work-related negative affect and rumination were analysed from a within-person perspective. The results did not confirm reproducible carryover and cross-lagged effects. The only significant positive associations were found for same-day relationships. At the between-person level, a mediation model of the random intercepts of negative affect and rumination between two burnout measurements was tested. Negative affect was positively related to rumination; however, only negative affect partially mediated the relationship between burnout levels over a four-month interval.

Conclusions: The study clarifies the role of rumination in the process of job burnout. First, after removing stable interpersonal differences, reciprocal effects between daily negative affect and daily rumination could not be confirmed. Second, work-related affect may longitudinally play a greater role in burnout exacerbation than ruminating on work.

Background: Experiential avoidance (EA) may serve as a risk factor for a wide range of anxiety-related psychopathology. Anxiety is thought to trigger the use of EA, while also serving as a consequence of EA efforts. Previous ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies found that EA was associated with greater anxiety in nonclinical undergraduates and patients with social anxiety disorder.

Methods: The present study examined the in-the-moment, bidirectional relationship between EA, perceived stress, and two facets of anxiety (autonomic arousal and worry/misery) in a sample of treatment-seeking patients broadly diagnosed with an anxiety-related disorder (N = 46). Participants completed a baseline assessment followed by an EMA assessment period (assessments three times daily for seven days). We hypothesized that there would be a bidirectional relationship between EA and anxiety/stress.

Results: Results largely supported a unidirectional relationship such that greater EA at one time point predicted higher stress at a later time point controlling for previous stress levels and linear time. Trend-level associations between EA and anxiety symptoms are discussed.

Conclusions: The current study provides important insight into the relationship between EA and anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample of participants with anxiety-related disorders.

Background and objectives: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an important mental disorder that can develop after mass traumas such as earthquakes. In our study, we aimed to investigate the development of PTSD after the Turkey earthquake (6 February 2023) and its association with some demographic variables, personality traits, and psychological vulnerability.

Method: 547 participants completed assessments of personality, disaster exposure, and PTSD symptoms. Multiple regression analyses were used to identify predictors of PTSD symptoms.

Results: PTSD scores were higher in women, single people, those with low educational level, those who witnessed someone else's injury or death, those who were injured, and those whose homes were destroyed. Physical injury, conscientiousness, marital status, income, and agreeableness predicted PTSD. Among these variables, physical injury was the strongest predictor of PTSD.

Conclusions: Psychological vulnerability, conscientiousness, physical injury, employment, witnessing someone else's injury, gender, and emotional stability predicted PTSD score in a significant way. Physical injury, conscientiousness, marital status, income, agreeableness predicted PTSD in a significant way.

Background and objectives: Virtual reality exposure therapy offers a unique opportunity to treat social anxiety disorder. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy compared to waitlist comparators or other interventions for individuals with social anxiety disorder in alleviating anxiety symptoms.

Methods: A three-step comprehensive search for the randomized controlled trials of virtual reality exposure therapy was conducted from inception to 7 December 2023. The overall effect was measured using Hedges' g and determined using t-statistics at a significance level of p < 0.05. Sensitivity, subgroup, and meta-regression analyses were carried out.

Results: A total of 17 randomized control trials were retrieved from nine electronic databases. Virtual reality exposure therapy has greater efficacy than waitlist comparators in reducing anxiety symptoms at post-intervention and follow-up assessment. Virtual reality exposure therapy demonstrates a similar effect to other interventions at post-intervention and follow-up assessment. We observed a greater effect for participants with symptomatic social anxiety when we combined the intervention with cognitive behavioral therapy compared to its counterpart. Meta-regression analyses found no significant covariate.

Conclusions: Overall, virtual reality exposure therapy can provide supplementary therapy for improving anxiety symptoms. Additional high-quality and large-scale trials with long-term follow-up are needed.

Introduction: Relational regulation theory describes how social network members (providers of regulation) help people (recipients of regulation) regulate their effect, actions and thoughts through mostly ordinary social interaction. Regulation is relational when the ability of a provider to regulate a recipient is an emergent property of the dyad and not a stable property of the provider or recipient. Research in predominantly well samples has found that dyads evoked affect and self-relevant thought in recipients. The present research examined whether such effects occurred among people with probable major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods: A national, internet sample of 2058 US residents was screened for probable MDD. Depressed recipients (N = 152) rated their experience of depression-related constructs when with or thinking about specific providers.

Results: Recipients' reports of affect and thought varied strongly depending on the dyad they were with or thinking about. These effects occurred for depressive symptoms, positive and negative affect, self-esteem, negative automatic thoughts, hopelessness, excessive reassurance-seeking, reappraisal and emotion suppression. Dyads that evoked depression-related experiences were seen by participants as unsupportive and as evoking conflict.

Conclusion: Relational regulation appears to occur among people with MDD which provides new insights about interpersonal processes in depression.

Background: Individuals with panic disorder (PD) often exhibit a proclivity to conclude that an imminent catastrophe looms, drawing such conclusions from limited physical information. Reflection impulsivity, characterized by decision-making without adequate information, likely affects this bias. This study examines the relationship between reflection impulsivity and self-report impulsive features in individuals with PD.

Methods: Fifty patients with PD and 50 healthy controls (HC) participated to this study. Reflection impulsivity was assessed using the Information Sampling Task (IST), while trait impulsivity was measured using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). Participants also completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (P&A), and Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3).

Results: Individuals with PD exhibited higher reflection impulsivity compared to HC. Increased reflection impulsivity correlated positively with PD severity as assessed by the P&A and cognitive concerns measured by ASI-3. No significant correlations were found with physical or social concerns. PD patients had higher BIS scores than HC. Higher trait impulsivity was linked to recurrent emergency department visits among PD patients.

Discussion: The findings of this study reveal the notion of increased impulsivity among individuals with PD and its relationship with cognitive concerns, as well as recurrent visits to the emergency department stemming from panic attacks.

Background & objectives: Worry and loss-related secondary stressors appear to be important correlates of problematic grief responses. However, the relative importance of these variables in the context of established correlates of grief responding, ranging from indicators of identity disruption and demographic characteristics of the bereaved to characteristics of the loss of quality of the relationship with the deceased, is unknown. Modeling the relative associations of these factors can be problematic, given the high degree of collinearity between these variables. This study used a machine learning approach to provide accurate estimations of the relative importance of these correlates for post-loss symptom severity.

Methods and results: A convenience sample of 428 bereaved people who had lost a parent, spouse, or child in the last 30 to 365 days completed an online survey. Random forest regression modeling examined the effects of worry and secondary stressors on symptom severity in the context of established correlates. Results indicated worry and the number of secondary stressors experienced were among the factors most strongly associated with severity of grief, depression, posttraumatic stress and problems functioning.

Conclusions: These results also provide insight into the relative importance of worry and secondary stressors affecting grief severity to guide future research.

Background: Variation in cognitive, emotional and physical performance in response to stress is attributable to environmental and genetic factors. Ability to adapt to stress is resilience.

Objectives: This study investigated genetic factors associated with resilience in soldiers exposed to severe stress due to intense physical and mental demands at Survive, Evade, Resist and Escape school, a unique environment to study acute stress and resiliency in real-world circumstances.

Design: A preliminary correlational study was conducted to identify genetic markers for resilience to stress.

Methods: Mood state, resiliency and dissociative state of 73 soldiers were assessed using: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC); Profile of Mood States (POMS); and Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS). Change scores for resilience-related stress markers were computed; 116 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with stress, depression, anxiety, sleep, or psychiatric disorders were assessed.

Results: A significant association between change in CD-RISC score and SNP rs4251417, present in an intron of SLC6A4, the serotonin transporter gene, was observed.

Conclusions: Individuals with the minor allele of SNP rs4251417 had a greater positive change in CD-RISC, indicating increased self-assessed resilience. This study suggests the minor allele of SNP rs4251417 of SLC6A4 is associated with resilience when individuals are exposed to high stress.

Background and objectives: Dementia-related anxiety (DRA) is the fear or anxiety about a current or future diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or another type of dementia. The purpose of the present study was to examine management of DRA.

Methods and design: In semi-structured qualitative interviews, 50 community-dwelling adults (58-89 years old, M = 70.80, SD = 6.02) without dementia diagnoses reflected on their thoughts and feelings about dementia. A reflexive inductive thematic approach was used to examine ways people managed DRA.

Results: We identified five themes related to managing DRA: monitoring cognitive status (e.g., self-monitoring or objective assessment); active coping strategies (e.g., using external reminders, normalizing age-related change); interpersonal relationships and support (e.g., anticipating benefit of support from others); planning and preparing for potential outcomes (e.g., securing power of attorney, saying goodbyes); and personal responsibility to manage risk or accept diagnosis (e.g., lifestyle factors to reduce dementia risk, thereby reducing risk for burdening others).

Conclusions: Findings suggest internal and external means for coping with DRA that are likely to vary in degrees of usefulness. We consider findings within the context of relevant, established theories, attending to potential clinical interventions for individuals experiencing DRA.

Objective(s): Stressful and positive experiences may inform subjective perceptions of cognition; however, much of the literature focuses on stressful experiences. The COVID-19 pandemic provided an unprecedented opportunity to examine individual differences related to both minor (weekly) and larger (life) stressful and positive experiences, and subjective cognitive functioning during a worldwide, chronic stressor. The current studies examined these associations in two samples of older adults which used two different time scales - weeks and months. We also examined how age moderated associations.

Methods: In Study 1, 245 older adults (M_age = 71.1) completed measures on stress, positive experiences, and subjective cognitive difficulties (SCDs) across eight weeks during the pandemic. In Study 2, 116 older adults (M_age = 76.16) were assessed every six months for up to 2½ years during the pandemic.

Results: In both studies, higher typical stress (weekly stress intensity and life events) was related to more subjective cognitive difficulties. In Study 1 but not Study 2, older age was related to lower levels of subjective cognitive difficulties, especially during weeks with high stress and positive experiences (within-persons).

Conclusion: The current study provides information as to whose subjective cognition may be most impacted by stress and positive experiences within a major non-normative event.