Anxiety Stress and Coping最新文献

Background and objectives: This two-wave longitudinal study examines changes in personal values during war, investigating mean changes and the impact of situational and socio-demographic variables on values' change.

Design: The study is based on the theory of human values (Schwartz, 2017).

Methods: The measurements were conducted several weeks before Hamas's invasion of Israel in October 2023, and eight months later, during the war in Gaza. Jewish Israelis, aged 18-35 years, participated in the study (n = 600).

Results: The importance of self-direction-action and achievement values decreased, and the importance of power-dominance and security-social values increased during the war. For all values, a higher pre-war level of a value was associated with a smaller change in this value during the war. A stronger threat to oneself during the war was associated with larger increases in power-dominance and humility values and larger decreases in universalism-care values. People who perceived a stronger threat to close others showed a smaller decrease in self-direction-action and a larger decrease in security-personal values.

Conclusions: The study enhances our understanding of coping with war threats by examining changes in the individual's motivational system.

Background: Although research on unfinished tasks began almost a century ago, the mechanisms through which unfinished tasks are related to sleep quality are not well-known.

Objective: Building on previous studies but focusing on a new mediator, the aim of this study was to ascertain whether unfinished tasks may act as a workplace stressor and negatively impact subjective ease of falling asleep through the experience of negative emotions at work.

Method: By conducting a diary study, the hypothesized relationships were investigated in a sample of 126 employees followed for 10 consecutive working days. Multilevel structural equation modeling was used to estimate the hypothesized relationships at the within-person and the between-person levels of analysis.

Results: Results showed that unfinished tasks were negatively related to subjective ease of falling asleep through the experience of negative emotions at work at both levels.

Conclusions: In brief, our findings uncover one of the mechanisms linking unfinished tasks to employees' subjective ease of falling asleep, revealing that the observed relationships operate at the within-person and the between-person levels of analysis.

Background and objectives: The use of various coping strategies has important impacts on individuals' health and well-being. However, most of the coping literature continues to use variable-centred approaches that ignore unique within-person interactions among coping strategies, as well as change in these interactions over time. The present study sought to address these gaps by identifying coping profiles representing distinct interactions between a set of coping strategies and examining the stability of these profiles over time.

Design and methods: The study used data from a large community sample of Canadians (N = 1,372) who completed the short form for the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS-SF) scale at three time-points or waves over 5 years. Latent profile transition analysis (LPTA) was used to identify latent profiles and then examine the stability of the profiles over time.

Results: LPTA revealed three distinct coping profiles: Engaged, Avoidance-Oriented, and Disengaged. All coping profiles showed relatively strong stability across the three waves, with Engaged coping being the most stable over time.

Conclusions: These findings have important implications for future coping research using a person-centred approach, including for the identification of individuals at risk for poor life outcomes due to reliance on these coping profiles.

Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms are trait-like and associated with negative emotions and stress biomarkers like cortisol. Both GAD symptoms and cortisol have been linked to interpersonal dominance and affiliation. However, most studies on GAD symptoms and interpersonal processes remain cross-sectional, disconnected from daily stressors, or measure brief cortisol fluctuations. In contrast, hair cortisol concentration (HCC) assesses cortisol over longer periods.

Objectives: This study examined direct and interacting effects of GAD symptoms and interpersonal processes predicting emotional distress and HCC.

Design and methods: Participants (N = 152; 116 women; ages 18-31) including those with anxiety and/or depressive diagnoses (n = 56) reported baseline GAD symptoms then ratings of dominance, affiliation, and emotional distress during social stressors for five weeks (1,885 records). Afterward, 91 participants provided hair samples to estimate HCC over the past two months. We hypothesized that higher baseline GAD symptoms, and lower dominance and affiliation, would predict higher distress and HCC.

Results: As hypothesized, GAD symptoms prospectively predicted higher emotional distress and higher HCC. Unexpectedly, dominance strengthened the relationship of GAD symptoms to HCC and predicted higher distress levels.

Conclusions: Overall, findings add to the literature on both GAD symptoms and interpersonal processes as risks for chronic stress.

Background: Ecological momentary assessments (EMA) have recently enabled the examination of near-term associations between interpersonal stressors and suicide risk. Yet, studies have typically considered the impact of negative relationship events (NREs) on subsequent suicidal ideation (SI) (i.e., stress exposure), with little research examining the impact of SI on subsequent NREs (i.e., stress generation). The present study examined next-day bidirectional associations between NREs and SI, as well as between NREs and interpersonal constructs linked to SI (thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness).

Method: Young adults (N = 102; Ages 18-25 (M = 20.9); 67% cisgender women; 75% White) completed EMAs for 2 months following an emergency department visit for suicide risk-related concerns.

Results: In multi-level models testing bidirectional relationships with next-day outcomes, within-person main effects were not detected, in either direction, for the constructs under consideration. However, between-person associations were present for NREs and perceived burdensomeness, wherein individuals who generally experience greater burdensomeness endured more daily NREs and those with more NREs reported higher daily-level burdensomeness.

Conclusions: Results did not suggest that daily fluctuations in SI or NREs correspond to next-day outcomes in this high-risk group. However, person-level differences suggest chronic stressors play a significant role in day-to-day experiences.

Background: Daily interpersonal tensions, common sources of stress, have well-established links to adverse psychological and physiological health outcomes. This study examined whether daily interpersonal tensions differ from other stressors in their relations to threat appraisals and coping, and how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) contribute to this process.

Methods: Community-dwelling adults (N = 233, aged 25-87 years) reported ACEs and completed four mobile surveys per day for 14 days about stressors, threat appraisals for communion and agency, coping, and perceived coping efficacy.

Results: Multilevel models found greater communal, but not agentic, threat appraisals on days with interpersonal tensions (vs. days with other stressors). On such days, there was less support seeking, more avoidance, and lower perceived coping efficacy, but no differences in problem solving or reappraisal. The within-person relationship between interpersonal tensions and avoidance (but not other coping approaches) was more pronounced in individuals with more ACEs.

Conclusion: Compared to other daily stressors, interpersonal tensions were associated with greater communal threat appraisals, and engagement in less effective coping responses. People with more ACEs tended to disengage more from interpersonal tensions than from other stressors.

Background: Imagery is a common technique used to regulate stress and its associated emotions. Although imagery ability is proposed to influence imagery's effectiveness and be associated with stress-related outcomes, research has yet to identify profiles of positive and negative imagery ability.

Objectives: To explore whether profiles of positive and negative imagery ability exist and evaluate their effects on stress-related outcomes.

Design: Two studies were conducted.

Methods: A large cross-sectional study (N = 663; Study 1) employed multivariate cluster analysis to investigate imagery ability profiles and their associations with self-reported stress, anxiety, and depression. A follow-up experimental study (N = 271; Study 2) aimed to replicate these profiles and examine their effects on psychological responses to guided imagery designed to elicit challenge and threat appraisals.

Results: Three profiles were identified: Higher overall imagers, higher positive/lower negative imagers, and lower overall imagers. Higher positive/lower negative imagers demonstrated a capacity for stress regulation via lower perceived stress, anxiety, and depression, skillful utilization of positive imagery, and resilience to negative imagery.

Conclusions: These findings could inform future studies and applied practice by guiding development of targeted interventions to enhance specific imagery abilities, thus improving general wellbeing and optimizing guided imagery for stress coping.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are linked to increased engagement in reckless/self-destructive behaviors (RSDBs), with affect being a purported mechanism underlying this relationship. To extend such research in a high-risk and vulnerable population, the current study examined the mediating role of negative and positive affect levels in the association between PTSD symptom severity and RSDB engagement among firefighters. Participants were 149 firefighters (M_age = 39.93, 94.6% male) from the Dallas Fort Worth (DFW) area who completed a self-report survey on sociodemographic characteristics, negative and positive affect, engagement in RSDBs, and PTSD symptoms. Parallel mediation analysis indicated a significant indirect effect of PTSD symptom severity on RSDB engagement through higher levels of negative affect, (b₁ path; β = 0.35, p < .001, 95% CI: [0.17, 0.48]). In a firefighter sample, negative affect (but not positive affect) levels partially explain associations between PTSD symptoms and RSDB engagement. It may be helpful to clinically target reducing negative affect (e.g., via distress tolerance and mindfulness skills) to improve PTSD symptoms and to lessen RSDB engagement. These findings inform a more nuanced understanding of the role of affective states in associations between PTSD symptoms and RSDBs.

Background/objectives: Inducing self-compassion has shown benefits for social anxiety. Typically, individuals focus on a past or upcoming stressful social situation generally with self-compassion writing prompts. The present research evaluated the possible benefits of focusing self-compassionate writing on maladaptive self-beliefs.

Methods: Across both Study 1 (N = 442 students) and Study 2 (N = 229 students pre-selected for high social anxiety), during a single online session (30 minutes), participants reported their endorsement of maladaptive self-beliefs and then were randomly assigned to reflect on the beliefs within a potential future social situation with self-compassion or control writing prompts. Participants then reported their predicted thoughts and behaviors if the situation were to occur.

Results/conclusions: In both studies, participants in the self-compassion condition reported greater expected state self-compassion and positive affect, lower expected anxiety/distress, and fewer expected safety behaviors, compared to controls. Further, participants in the self-compassion condition showed significant reductions in endorsement of maladaptive self-beliefs from pre- to post-induction in both studies. Finally, in Study 1, the reduction in the endorsement of maladaptive self-beliefs for the self-compassion condition, led to reduced anxiety, which was further associated with lower predicted safety behaviors. Directing self-compassion to maladaptive self-beliefs specifically appears fruitful for socially anxious individuals.

Background and objectives: This pilot study explored the combined impact of arousal reappraisal intervention and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) on state anxiety, challenge and threat appraisals, and performance under high pressure in esport contexts. Arousal reappraisal has previously been shown to enable individuals to interpret physiological arousal more constructively, while tDCS has demonstrated potential to increase the efficacy of psychological interventions.

Design: A fully repeated measures study design was employed where participants experienced four different experimental interventions: tDCS with arousal reappraisal, tDCS with active control, sham stimulation with arousal reappraisal, and sham stimulation with active control.

Methods: Seventeen male Counter-Strike competitors participated in the study. Each participant received all four experimental intervention conditions, with measurements taken of state anxiety, challenge and threat appraisals, and esport performance under pressure.

Results: The findings tentatively suggest that arousal reappraisal effectively reduces cognitive anxiety, promotes favourable challenge appraisals versus threat, and enhances esports performance. This effect appeared more pronounced when arousal reappraisal was combined with anodal tDCS.

Conclusions: Combining arousal reappraisal and tDCS may be a promising intervention for esports competitors facing performance pressure. The synergistic effects of these interventions warrant further investigation in larger samples.