Pub Date : 2021-08-18DOI: 10.26650/jgeog2021-850275
Yusuf Kızılkan, Saliha Koday
The integration of sustainability to the concept of development and the sustainable development goals set by the United Nations added another dimension to the relationship between human and environment. The Brundtland Report and Agenda 21 report published in 1987 and 1992, respectively, diversified the mountainous area approaches and they have become a research subject for sustainability research. Studying developmental aspects of sustainability approaches towards mountainous areas and determining their limits have posed challenges since the beginning. Recently, these impediments are overcome by various Geographic Information Systems and criteria for mountainous area relimitations based on environmental and topographic characteristics. However, socio-economic assessments for the mountainous area relimitations are yet to be performed. This article highlights the importance of international and national scale in, several relimitation projects and analysis of Giresun’s mountainous areas focusing on topographical and the socioeconomic characteristics. A three-step approach has been adopted for socio-economic analysis of mountainous areas. The first step is the introduction of the physical integrity of the mountainous areas and the natural environmental conditions. The second is to determine the boundaries of mountainous areas and zones affected by mountainous areas in social and economic terms by adhering to natural conditions. Third, the socio-economic analysis of the mountainous areas in Giresun Province through 11 criteria. An assessment proposal based on socio-economic characteristics regarding human-nature interactions in mountainous areas has been presented, as well. The diversity of aspects that affect the sustainability of mountainous areas is explained with practical examples.
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Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.1080/00221341.2021.1967424
J. Stoltman
The National Assessment of Educational Progress in Geography (NAEP Geography) was a latecomer to the portfolio of national assessments that began in 1969 (assessing citizenship, science, and writing). The subject became a NAEP content subject assessment in 1994 (National Assessment Governing Board 1994), and was administered to a sample of 4, 8, and 12 grade students randomly selected to represent the national school population. NAEP assessments were known to increase attention to the subjects assessed. Attention to geography resulted and the aspirational elements of the assessment revealed a newness to the subject that engaged students. Also adding to the optimism for increased attention for the subject was a second development, also aspirational in its intent. It was the publication of Geography for Life, the first national standards for the subject (Geography Education Standards Project 1994), written for all students at all grades, K-12. The assessment and the standards were based on well-defined, aspirational frameworks that integrated the established traditions of the subject with new perspectives on the content and importance of geography education. Each served a particular role in defining what students should know and be able to do with geography, with the added caveat that the assessment would enable educators to determine how well students were learning geography content and skills. The assessment framework was prepared and first assessment administered prior to the national standards. Both drew from geography as a discipline but were not structured similarly in their coverage of the subject. Each of the post1994 NAEP Geography assessments attempted to develop a closer integration of content from the national standards into NAEP Geography at the item and items cluster levels. The underlying intent of the standards/assessment driven reform movement was to impact the curriculum, which was established independently in each of the 50 States, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and U.S territories. While referred to as national standards and national assessment, there was no compelling reason for state or territorial governing units to accept and adopt either the standards or the assessment as the criteria for establishing a geography education curriculum. The aspirational goals of NAEP Geography and the national standards were intended to redesign the content of geography education in the curriculum. This included greater rigor to challenge students to apply a spatial perspective both inside and outside of school, to apply the tools of geography such as maps and imagery in solving problems, and to develop a greater concern for newly developing issues between society and the natural environment. NAEP geography set expectations in the framework for student performance in terms relative to the nature and structure of the discipline of geography (National Assessment Governing Board 1994). The NAEP assessment framework presented a thematic approa
国家地理教育进展评估(NAEP地理)是1969年开始的国家评估组合(评估公民身份，科学和写作)的后来者。该科目于1994年(National assessment Governing Board 1994)成为NAEP内容科目评估，并随机抽取代表全国学校人口的4年级、8年级和12年级学生作为样本进行管理。NAEP评估增加了对被评估对象的关注。结果引起了对地理的关注，评估中的期望因素揭示了这一学科的新颖性，吸引了学生。另一项发展也使人们对增加对这一问题的注意感到乐观，其意图也是令人鼓舞的。这是《生活地理》的出版，这是该学科的第一个国家标准(1994年地理教育标准项目)，为K-12年级所有学生编写。评估和标准是基于明确的、有抱负的框架，将这一学科的既定传统与对地理教育内容和重要性的新观点结合起来。每一个都在定义学生应该知道什么和能够做什么地理方面发挥着特殊的作用，附加的警告是，评估将使教育工作者能够确定学生学习地理内容和技能的情况。在国家标准之前，编制了评估框架并进行了第一次评估。两者都是从地理学这一学科出发的，但它们在学科范围上的结构并不相似。1994年后的每一次NAEP地理评估都试图在项目和项目集群层面上将国家标准的内容更紧密地整合到NAEP地理中。标准/评估驱动的改革运动的潜在意图是影响课程，课程是在50个州、哥伦比亚特区、波多黎各和美国领土各自独立制定的。虽然被称为国家标准和国家评估，但没有令人信服的理由让州或地区管理单位接受和采用这些标准或评估作为建立地理教育课程的标准。NAEP地理的理想目标和国家标准旨在重新设计课程中的地理教育内容。这包括更严格地挑战学生在学校内外应用空间视角，应用地理工具，如地图和图像来解决问题，并对社会和自然环境之间新发展的问题产生更大的关注。NAEP地理学根据地理学科的性质和结构，在学生表现的框架内设定了期望(国家评估管理委员会1994年)。NAEP评估框架提出了一种基于广泛概念主题的专题方法，如环境、空间动态、空间和地点以及联系，而不是区域研究。在地理教育史上，类似的主题方法以前只提出过一次:高中地理项目(高中地理项目1970)。NAEP地理学的框架旨在评估学生的内容，可以这么说，在关注学科的空间视角方面。这是评估框架的理想意图。该框架要求评估学生在比较和分析呈现人类和物理信息的地图上的模式、分析人类和物理系统以及让学生对人类组织和地球表面的使用进行有意义的考虑方面的能力。代表地理学科的三个交叉主题被选为框架:空间与地点、环境与社会、空间动态与联系。学生在评估中表现出三个认知过程:认识、理解和应用。认知过程主要是从对学生思维的研究中选择的(Bloom et al. 1956)，并在评估框架的内容维度内被判断为适合学习地理(表1)。NAEP地理框架反映了20世纪后期地理思维领域的发展。该框架的理想方面是，几代地理教师和学生主要在该学科的区域研究、自然和人地传统中学习地理(Pattison 1964)
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Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/00221341.2021.1956573
J. Harrington
From Here to There discusses state-of-the-art knowledge in the rapidly advancing field of cognitive neuroscience related to wayfinding. I believe my Geographic Thought seminar students would have b...
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Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.1080/00221341.2021.1951818
William A. Wetherholt
Nick Bearman provides a thorough introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) for students, researchers, and scholars outside of the geographic discipline with his new non-technical text in...
{"title":"GIS: Research Methods","authors":"William A. Wetherholt","doi":"10.1080/00221341.2021.1951818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2021.1951818","url":null,"abstract":"Nick Bearman provides a thorough introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) for students, researchers, and scholars outside of the geographic discipline with his new non-technical text in...","PeriodicalId":51539,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography","volume":"24 1","pages":"191 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81659742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-20DOI: 10.1080/00221341.2021.1951817
Edward L. Kinman, Anne Evans
Mehta and Fine’s (2020) In Search of Deeper Learning is the product of a six-year study (2010–2016) seeking effective teaching approaches to engage high school students and prepare them for success...
{"title":"In Search of Deeper Learning: The Quest to Remake the American High School","authors":"Edward L. Kinman, Anne Evans","doi":"10.1080/00221341.2021.1951817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2021.1951817","url":null,"abstract":"Mehta and Fine’s (2020) In Search of Deeper Learning is the product of a six-year study (2010–2016) seeking effective teaching approaches to engage high school students and prepare them for success...","PeriodicalId":51539,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography","volume":"65 1","pages":"192 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91103802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.26650/JGEOG2021-872890
Aylin Karadaş, Ertuğ Öner
Bu calismada 30 Ekim 2020 gunu merkez ussu Kusadasi Korfezi olan Sisam Depremi nedeniyle Bornova Ovasi ustundeki yerlesim alanlarinda meydana gelen yikim ve hasarin dagilisinda Bornova Ovasi’ni olusturan aluvyonlarin etkilerinin degerlendirilmesi amaclanmistir. Bu amacla hasar durumunun dagilisini belirlemek icin Cevre ve Şehircilik Bakanligina ait adrese dayali hasar tespit verileri kullanilmistir. Hasar dagilisi ile ovayi olusturan aluvyonlarin ozelliklerinin iliskilendirilmesi icin Bornova Ovasi’ni olusturan aluvyonlarin sedimantolojik ve stratigrafik ozelliklerini delgi sondaj yontemi ile ortaya koyan onceki calismalardan yararlanilmistir. Calismada hasarli binalarin konumlari uydu goruntusu ve sedimantolojik-stratigrafik kesitler uzerine aktarilmistir. Onceki calismalarda sunulan Bornova Ovasi kiyi bolumunde yapilan aluvyal delgi sondajlara ait sedimantolojik-stratigrafik veriler ile hasar durumu iliskilendirilmistir. Sonuc olarak depremden en fazla hasar alan binalarin Holosen transgresyonuna bagli olarak kisa mesafeler icerisinde aluvyonlarin niteliginde degisimlerin goruldugu alcak ova tabaninda yogunlastigi izlenmistir. Nitekim yikilan 7 binanin 6’si ve hasar alan binalarin cogunlugu bu degisimlerin gozlendigi Holosen transgresyonunun etki alani uzerindedir. Ozellikle son yillarda Bornova Ovasi’nin hemen kiyi gerisindeki bu alanin cok yuksek katli binalarin insa edildigi bir bolgeye donusmesi olasi depremler acisindan tehlike ve riskleri artirmaktadir. Bu acidan Bornova Ovasi dâhil korfezi cevreleyen aluvyal alanlari olusturan aluvyonlarin ozelliklerinin ve olasi bir depreme karsi gosterecekleri tepkilerin belirlenmesi onem tasimaktadir.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.26650/JGEOG2021-885519
Faize Sarış, Furkan Gedik
Bu calismada Konya Kapali Havzasinda meteorolojik kuraklik durumu farkli zamansal olceklerde, 20 ayri yagis serisi olusturularak Standartlastirilmis Yagis Indisi (SPI) yontemiyle analiz edildi. Havzada yer alan 11 meteoroloji istasyonunun 1930-2019 yillari arasinda degisik uzunluklarda kaydedilmis aylik toplam yagis verileri kullanildi. Veri setleri kisa sureli (aylik, mevsimlik ve 6 aylik) ve uzun sureli (12, 24 ve 36 aylik) yagis serileri olarak hazirlandi ve SPI hesaplamasindan sonra Gidisler Sinamasi uygulanarak, kuraklik indis degerlerindeki israr bileseni istatistiksel olarak belirlendi. Konya Kapali Havzasinda farkli siniflara (hafif, orta, siddetli ve asiri kurak) gore kurakligin siddeti degerlendirildi. Orta, siddetli ve ozellikle asiri kurakligin belirgin oldugu donemler Aralik, Kis, 6 aylik ve daha uzun sureli (12, 24, 36 aylik) donemlerdir. Gidisler sinamasi sonucunda, tum istasyonlarin 24 ve 36 aylik serilerin SPI degerlerinin istatistiksel olarak anlamli oldugu belirlendi. Kurak donemler acisindan istasyonlar arasinda bazi farkliliklar gozlense de, genel olarak havza da kurak donemlerin yaklasik olarak 10’ar yillik araliklarla gerceklestigi belirtilebilir. 12 Aylik donem icin Cihanbeyli, Beysehir, Eregli ve Nigde; 24 aylik donemde Aksaray, Karaman, Seydisehir ve Cumra; 36 aylik donemin indis sonuclarina gore ise Konya, Kulu ve Karapinar en fazla kurak yil sayisina sahiptir. Uzun sureli kurakliklardaki bu anlamli egilimler Konya Kapali Havzasinda meteorolojik kurakligin, tarimsal ve hidrolojik kurakliga dogru yayildigini ve buna bagli olarak havzanin su yenilenmesi acisindan kirilganligini acik bir sekilde gosterir.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.26650/JGEOG2021-854016
Mustafa Arikan, T. Ertek
Kuzey Anadolu Fay (KAF) Zonu’nun orta kesiminde, Tosya-Kargi arasinda GB-KD yonlu uzanan, fay kontrolunde gelisen, Devrez Cayi Vadisi ile Kargi-Kamil arasinda yine fay kontrolunde gelisen, B-D uzanimli Kizilirmak Vadisi yer alir. Her iki kesimde yamaclardan ana akarsulara baglanan yan dereler, KAF Zonu’nu olusturan faylari cogunlukla dik keserler. Bu durum, drenaj sisteminin gelisiminde ve havzalarin jeomorfometrik ozellikleri uzerinde etkili olmustur. Sahada tektonik etkinligin jeomorfometrik parametrelere yansimasi olcusunde havzalarin tektonik aktivite duzeyleri elde edilmistir. Bu maksatla calisma alaninda secilen 18 akarsu Rolatif Tektonik Aktivite Indeksi (IRAT) olusturulmustur. Calisilan saha icerisinde Kos Dagi gibi litolojik bakimdan daha homojen olan kesimler yaninda, Ilgaz Daglari gibi daha cesitli kayaclar sunan kesimlerin varligi jemorfometrik parametreleri etkileyen unsurlar olmustur. Bununla birlikte KAF Zonu’nu guneyden verev kesen, sag yanal dogrultu atim bilesenli verev atimli normal faylardan olusan, Dodurga-Hacihamza Fay Zonu’nun etkisi de bu parametrelere yansimistir. Sahadaki litolojik ve tektonik degiskenlige bagli olarak goreli tektonik etki duzeyinin kisa mesafede farklilik gosterdigi anlasilmaktadir. Elde edilen jemorfometrik parametrelerden genel olarak KAF’in guney blokunda, ozellikle Kos Dagi uzerinde yer alan akarsu havzalarinda goreli tektonik aktivite duzeyinin daha yuksek oldugu anlasilmaktadir.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.26650/JGEOG2020-814846
Müje Aydoğdu, Muzaffer Bakırcı
Şehirlerin yer seciminde ve gelisme akslarinin belirlenmesinde bilimsel veriler kullanarak, uygunluk analizleri yapmak ve ileriye donuk modeller olusturmak, sehirlerin dogal cevre ile uyum icerisinde buyumesine katki saglamakta ve surdurulebilir sehirsel alanlari ortaya cikarmaktadir. Son yillarda sehirsel yer secimine yonelik yogun sekilde kullanilan uygunluk analizleri, sehirlerin buyumesini daha kontrollu hale getirerek yerlesim icin en uygun yerleri tespit etme firsati sunmaktadir. Bu calismada, yer secimi uygunluk analizlerinde yeni bir yontem olan LUCIS (Land Use Conflict Identification Strategy) modeliyle Tekirdag sehrinin yerlesime uygunlugu incelenmistir. Calisma kapsaminda, oncelikle yontem esasina uygun bir bicimde Tekirdag sehrinde yerlesim alanlarini etkileyecek dogal ve beseri faktorlere ait bircok alt amac, amac ve bunlara bagli genel amaclar belirlenmis, veri katmanlari hazirlanmis, model olusturulmus ve son olarak da uygunluk analizi yapilmistir. Elde edilen degerler atanan agirliklara gore birlestirilerek, Tekirdag sehrinin yer secimi acisindan konut, ticaret ve sanayi yerlesimine uygunluk duzeyleri ve bu uygunluklarin calisma alanindaki dagilimlari degerlendirilmistir. Yapilan analizler sonucunda, calisma sahasinin konut yerlesimi acisindan %24,26’sinin yuksek uygunlukta, ticari uniteler acisindan %50,19’unun dusuk uygunlukta, sanayi birimleri icin ise %47,36’sinin orta uygunlukta oldugu tespit edilmistir. Konut, ticaret ve sanayi alanlari birlikte degerlendirildiginde ise Tekirdag sehrinin %19,80’inin yerlesim acisindan yuksek uygunlukta oldugu belirlenmistir.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.26650/JGEOG2021-881905
Harun Kaynarca, Taner Kılıç, Emin Açıkkalp, Suheyla YEREL KANDEMİR
Ulkelerin gelismislik olcutlerinden birisi de enerji tuketimidir. Fosil yakitlarin tukenebilirligi, atmosfere onemli miktarda CO₂ ve partikul madde salmasi, hava kirliligi ve kuresel isinma gibi cevre sorunlarina yol acmaktadir. Biyokutle enerjisinin kullanimi, yerli ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarindan yararlanmak, cevre sorunlarini azaltmak, istihdami artirmak, ekonomiye katma deger yaratmak bakimindan oldukca onemlidir. Hayli ekonomik bir kaynak olan biyogaz kirsal kalkinmanin saglanmasi bakimindan onemli bir potansiyeli bunyesinde barindirmaktadir. Eskisehir, hayvansal, bitkisel ve organik icerikli kentsel atiklar bakimindan buyuk bir potansiyele sahiptir. Bu calismada Eskisehir’in 2010-2019 yillari arasindaki hayvansal atiklarindan elde edilebilecek biyogaz miktari, bu miktardan elde edilebilecek enerji karsiligi, uretilebilecek enerjinin elektrik tuketimine orani ve atmosfere verilecek CO₂ miktarinin azaltilmasina olan yarari incelenmistir. Eskisehir ilinin hayvan varligi TUIK’ten elde edilen verilerdir. Calismanin sonucunda toplanabilir gubre miktari 2.050.383 ton/yil olarak hesaplanmistir. Bu miktardaki hayvansal atiktan elde edilen enerji, Eskisehir’in yillik elektrik tuketiminin yaklasik %8’ini karsilamaktadir. Eskisehir’de son on yilda gorulen hayvan varligindaki artis, hayvansal atiklardan uretilebilecek biyogaz enerjisinin surdurulebilir oldugunu gostermektedir. Metan gazindan uretilecek elektrik enerjisi sayesinde onemli miktardaki CO₂’in atmosfere saliniminin azaltilabilecegi hesaplanmistir. Biyogaz tesislerinden atik olarak cikan gubrenin tarimsal alanlarda kullanabilir olmasi, istihdama katki saglamasi ve cevrenin temiz kalmasi bakimindan da onemlidir.
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