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The Physiognomy of a Nation 一个国家的地貌
4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/octo_a_00492
Stephanie Schwartz
Abstract This essay revisits American Photographs, one of the most important photographic books of the 1930s. Containing two portfolios by Walker Evans and an essay by Lincoln Kirstein, the 1938 publication presents readers with eighty-seven photographs printed one per double-page spread. While critical studies of the book have focused on the sequential ordering of the photographs, and on the book's filmic qualities, this essay considers the book's other organizing principle: physiognomy. More specifically, focusing on Evans's decision to include three photographs that he made in Cuba into the book's first part, it attends to the processes of racialization organizing the book and producing America in the 1930s. Challenging canonical accounts of American Photographs and Depression-era documentary more broadly, this essay argues for a history of documentary that does not dispense with its modernism. The argument is not that modernism is still with us but that we need its repetitions.
本文回顾了20世纪30年代最重要的摄影书籍之一《美国摄影》。1938年出版的这本书包含了沃克·埃文斯(Walker Evans)的两个作品集和林肯·科尔斯坦(Lincoln Kirstein)的一篇文章,向读者展示了87张照片,每两页印刷一张。虽然对这本书的批判性研究主要集中在照片的顺序顺序和这本书的电影品质上,但本文考虑了这本书的另一个组织原则:面相学。更具体地说,它关注埃文斯决定将他在古巴拍摄的三张照片纳入书的第一部分,关注种族化的过程,组织这本书,并在20世纪30年代制作美国。这篇文章更广泛地挑战了美国摄影和大萧条时期纪录片的权威描述,认为纪录片的历史并不缺少现代主义。争论的焦点并不是现代主义仍然存在,而是我们需要它的重复。
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引用次数: 0
Universal Prostitution: Francis Picabia's Diagrams of Proletarianization 普遍卖淫:弗朗西斯·皮卡比亚的无产阶级化图表
4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/octo_a_00493
Jaleh Mansoor
Abstract This essay argues that the diagram and mechanomorph, those idioms for which Francis Picabia is most known in the history of the avant-garde, pushed past representation on the one hand and aesthetic abstraction on the other to access and articulate the historical specificity of the emergent proletarian subject position. Split between human labor bearer and source of abstract labor, the worker becomes both appendage and analog to productive technology as a node in the circulation of value. Borrowing language from Marx, who used the term “universal prostitution” to describe surplus-value-productive, or modern, labor that not only internally divides but also pits the worker against her or his own interests, Picabia's work investigates the advent of the post-human as a function of value. In this sense, his work is indicative of “real,” or concrete, abstraction.
摘要本文认为,弗朗西斯·皮卡比亚在先锋派艺术史上最为人所熟知的图式和机械形态,一方面推动了过去的再现,另一方面推动了审美抽象,以获取和阐明新兴无产阶级主体地位的历史特殊性。在人类劳动的承受者和抽象劳动的源泉之间分裂,工人作为价值流通的一个节点,既是生产技术的附属物,又是类似物。借用马克思的语言,马克思用“普遍卖淫”一词来描述剩余价值生产或现代劳动,这种劳动不仅在内部分化,而且使工人与自己的利益相冲突,皮卡比亚的作品调查了后人类作为价值功能的出现。从这个意义上说,他的作品是“真实的”,或具体的,抽象的。
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引用次数: 0
Proletarian Feedback: The Mirror of the Soviet Public Sphere 无产阶级的反馈:苏联公共领域的镜子
4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/octo_a_00490
Devin Fore
Abstract One glaring problem that faced the Bolsheviks upon seizing power was the absence of their vaunted class subject. The party had led a successful revolution in the name of the industrial worker, but once the dust settled after the civil war, reality exposed the proclaimed “dictatorship of the proletariat” to be little more than an empty slogan for propagandists. The proletariat was a historico-philosophical no-show. Its truancy had a number of reasons, both factual and theoretical. First, while proletarians had always been something of a rarity in the largely agrarian economy of imperial Russia, the industrial working class became even scarcer after the civil war had decimated the manufacturing capacity of Russia and ruralized the country once again. When the Bolsheviks finally took control, Russia's industrial output had fallen to thirty percent of prewar levels. Historians have consequently described the Bolsheviks as a “superstructure in need of a base”2 and a “vanguard of a nonexistent class.”3 Add to this, second, the fact that the physiognomy of the working class was changing in the 1920s as the forces of production shifted away from the methods of heavy manufacture typical of the second industrial revolution toward newer, automated technologies that relied less on physical exertion than on the scientific knowledge of engineers and managers. At least until Stalin's spectacular revival of older, “classical” forms of industry at the end of the decade—a return that seemed to be motivated less by economic exigency than by retrograde iconography—blast furnaces and factory workbenches were being replaced by telematic machinery and bureaucratic control centers. Third, according to revolutionary theory, in the phase of the transition to communism the proletariat was not even a class, strictly speaking, but the social force that abolishes class identity as such in order to establish for the first time in world history the conditions for a truly universal subject.4 The revolutionary class is, necessarily, the last class. Party philosophers could provide no substantialist definition of this “free dynamei (power, force),” as Marx called the proletariat, since this non-class had no concrete features of its own but was instead understood as an energy that dissolved the existing socioeconomic order.5 Paradoxically, then, the very success of the revolution “causes the concept of the proletariat to ‘disappear.’”6
布尔什维克在夺取政权后面临的一个突出问题是他们所吹嘘的阶级主体的缺失。党以产业工人的名义领导了一场成功的革命,但内战结束后,一旦尘埃落定,现实就暴露出所谓的“无产阶级专政”只不过是宣传家的空洞口号。无产阶级在历史哲学上没有出现。它的旷课有很多原因,既有事实的,也有理论的。首先,在以农业为主的俄罗斯帝国经济中,无产者一直很少见,而在内战摧毁了俄罗斯的制造业能力并使国家再次农村化之后,工业工人阶级变得更加稀少。当布尔什维克最终掌权时,俄国的工业产出已经下降到战前水平的30%。因此,历史学家将布尔什维克描述为“需要基础的上层建筑”和“一个不存在的阶级的先锋”。此外,20世纪20年代,随着生产力从第二次工业革命典型的重型制造方法转向更新的自动化技术,工人阶级的面貌也在发生变化,这种技术更多地依赖于工程师和管理人员的科学知识,而不是体力消耗。至少在20世纪90年代末,斯大林对老式的“古典”工业形式进行了壮观的复兴之前,高炉和工厂工作台被远程通信机器和官僚控制中心所取代,这种复兴似乎不是出于经济上的迫切需要,而是出于倒退的形象。第三,根据革命理论,在向共产主义过渡的阶段,严格地说,无产阶级甚至还不是一个阶级,而是一种社会力量,它为了在世界历史上第一次为一个真正普遍的主体创造条件而消灭阶级身份革命阶级必然是最后一个阶级。党的哲学家们无法为这种马克思称之为无产阶级的“自由动力(权力,力量)”提供实质主义的定义,因为这种非阶级没有自己的具体特征,而是被理解为一种溶解现有社会经济秩序的能量因此,矛盾的是,正是革命的成功“导致无产阶级的概念‘消失’”
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引用次数: 0
Collective Reception: Essays in Honor of Benjamin H. D. Buchloh 集体接待:纪念本杰明·布赫洛的随笔
4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/octo_a_00489
Kevin Lotery, Trevor Stark, Hyewon Yoon
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引用次数: 0
Shapes, Wholes, History: For Benjamin 形状,整体,历史:本杰明
4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/octo_a_00495
Rachel Haidu
Abstract How can we understand the phrase “Painting After the Subject of History,” which forms the subtitle of Benjamin Buchloh's opus on Gerhard Richter? This essay proposes that that post-subject might be addressed by shapes, rather than figures, closely examining paintings from Philip Guston's celebrated “return to figuration” in the 1970s, when, it is argued, figuration's referentiality is exceeded by the force of Guston's painted shapes. Indeed that force registers as the public dimension of the artist's paintings, addressing an American hellscape, or its unconscious register, populated by images from Kent State, Civil Rights massacres, Vietnam, and more. As Gestalt theorists (Max Wertheimer) and philosophers (Ludwig Wittgenstein) have determined, shapes are respectively “imprinted as wholes” and participate in sign systems––becoming, thereby, not-whole. It is with this ambivalent relation to the sign that Guston's painting explores how shapes can make unconscious forces public. Rather than understanding shapes along a continuum between figuration and abstraction, however, this essay argues that it is Guston's collaborations with poets such as Frank O'Hara that serve as the origin point of his “shape painting.”
本雅明·布赫洛关于格哈德·里希特的著作的副标题是“历史主体之后的绘画”,我们如何理解这句话?这篇文章提出,后主体可以通过形状而不是人物来解决,仔细研究菲利普·加斯顿(Philip Guston)在20世纪70年代著名的“回归具象”(return to figuration)的绘画,当时,它认为,具象的参照性被加斯顿绘制的形状的力量所超越。事实上,这种力量是艺术家画作的公共维度,描绘了美国的地狱景观,或者它的无意识记录,充斥着来自肯特州、民权大屠杀、越南等地的图像。正如格式塔理论家(Max Wertheimer)和哲学家(Ludwig Wittgenstein)所确定的那样,形状分别“作为整体烙印”并参与符号系统-因此成为非整体。正是通过这种与符号的矛盾关系,加斯顿的绘画探索了形状如何使无意识的力量公开。然而,这篇文章并没有将形状理解为形象化和抽象性之间的连续统一体,而是认为加斯顿与弗兰克·奥哈拉等诗人的合作才是他“形状绘画”的起源。
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引用次数: 0
Ahlam Shibli's Death and Photography in Arabic: A Letter from a Pillar of Salt Ahlam Shibli的死亡与阿拉伯摄影:一封来自盐柱的信
4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/octo_a_00498
Hannah Feldman
Abstract This letter turns to late-nineteenth-century understandings of photography in Arabic as al-taswir al-shamsi—which translates roughly as “solar imaging”—to read a suite of photographs by Ahlam Shibli that depicts the ways in which martyrs of the second intifada are remembered in Nablus. Drawing on connotations embedded in the Arabic term taswir and in a careful study of the way light works in Shibli's photographs, the letter—addressed to you from a person who identifies as a pillar of salt, stuck, looking back but wanting to move forward—makes the argument that, far from indexing a past built on death and displacement, the photographs give light to an alternate social reality in which the Palestinian lives free from the constraints of life as the Israeli's have allowed it, which is to say life as a condition of death.
这封信转向19世纪晚期对阿拉伯语中摄影的理解al-taswir al-shamsi——大致翻译为“太阳成像”——来阅读Ahlam Shibli的一组照片,这些照片描绘了纳布卢斯纪念第二次起义烈士的方式。利用内涵嵌入在阿拉伯语术语taswir和仔细研究的光在Shibli工作的照片,写一封信给你的一个人识别作为一个支柱的盐,卡住了,回首但想未来产生争论,远离索引过去建立在死亡和位移,照片光线给巴勒斯坦的另一种社会现实约束的自由生活作为以色列的允许,也就是说,生命是死亡的条件。
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引用次数: 0
The Underneaths of Painting, Redux: For Silke Otto-Knapp, 1970–2022 《绘画的底层》,《Redux:献给Silke Otto Knapp》,1970–2022
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1162/octo_a_00469
G. Baker
Abstract This essay explores the untold histories opened up by Francis Picabia's painting The Spanish Night, 1922. Out of place within Dada but clearly in dialogue with the work of Marcel Duchamp and parodying conservative or neo-classical styles of painting but also undermining the avant-garde tactics of a still-nascent Surrealism, Picabia's canvas has been too simply dismissed as part of the artist's own return to figuration, a sudden retrenchment and embrace of a vehement anti-modernism. Instead, the work seethes with connection to underground tactics moving between Dada and Surrealism, and it establishes a formal structure that determines Picabia's painting for the following decades. This essay identifies and attempts to name the formal tactics of the work, tracing their implications for other artists—from Surrealism into the present moment. Among the other people and concepts discussed are William Copley, Man Ray, Hubert Damisch, Robert Desnos, the “return to order,” figuration, kitsch, Surrealism, Superrealism, and bad painting.
摘要本文探讨了弗朗西斯·皮卡比亚1922年的画作《西班牙之夜》所揭示的不为人知的历史。皮卡比亚的画布在达达内部并不合适,但显然与马塞尔·杜尚的作品进行了对话,模仿了保守派或新古典主义的绘画风格,但也破坏了仍处于萌芽状态的超现实主义的先锋策略,皮卡比亚被简单地视为艺术家自己回归形象的一部分,一种突然的紧缩和对强烈反现代主义的拥抱。相反,这幅作品与达达主义和超现实主义之间的地下策略有着密切的联系,它建立了一个正式的结构,决定了皮卡比亚在接下来的几十年里的绘画。本文确定并试图命名作品的形式策略,追溯它们对其他艺术家的影响——从超现实主义到当下。讨论的其他人和概念包括William Copley、Man Ray、Hubert Damisch、Robert Desnos、“回归秩序”、具象、媚俗、超现实主义、超现实和糟糕的绘画。
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引用次数: 0
Facing Poland's “New Historical Politics”: A Conversation with Jaroslaw Suchan 面对波兰的“新历史政治”:与雅罗斯瓦夫·苏尚对话
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1162/octo_a_00473
grupa o.k.
Abstract This conversation between Jarosław Suchan, director of Muzeum Sztuki in Łódź, Poland, from 2006 to 2022, and grupa o.k., the collaborative endeavor of Julian Myers and Joanna Szupinska, addresses the current political crisis in Poland under the rule of the ethnocentric right-wing populist party Law and Justice and its effects on art-institutions in that country. It addresses Suchan's innovative approach to the avant-gardes of the early twentieth century, which he sees as internationalist and emancipatory, and explores the circumstances of his dismissal by forces within the ultra-conservative government. It provides Suchan's parsing of disparate factions within the ruling party, his critical analysis of their aims to advance a whitewashed view of Polish history, his efforts to produce a counternarrative to this “new historical politics,” and his hopes and fears for a Polish cultural scene under right-wing populist direction.
摘要2006年至2022年,波兰罗兹Muzeum Sztuki的总监Jarosław Suchan与朱利安·迈尔斯和乔安娜·苏平斯卡的合作伙伴grupa o.k.之间的对话,探讨了以种族为中心的右翼民粹主义政党法律与正义统治下的波兰当前政治危机及其对该国艺术机构的影响。它讲述了苏对20世纪初先锋派的创新态度,他认为这是国际主义和解放主义,并探讨了他被极端保守政府内部的势力解雇的情况。它提供了苏昌对执政党内部不同派系的分析,他对这些派系旨在推动对波兰历史的粉饰的目的的批判性分析,他努力对这种“新历史政治”进行反叙事,以及他对右翼民粹主义指导下的波兰文化场景的希望和恐惧。
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引用次数: 0
Dada Meets Dixieland: Marcel Duchamp Explains Fountain∗ 达达会见Dixieland:Marcel Duchamp解释喷泉*
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1162/octo_a_00470
B. Bailey
Abstract In a 1953 recorded conversation with Harriet, Carroll, and Sidney Janis that was never published, Marcel Duchamp gave his earliest and most detailed description of the origin and submission of the readymade Fountain to the first exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists in 1917. In addition to featuring several notable revelations about the Fountain episode, the interview is also remarkable for the light it sheds on another nearly contemporary account of the story of Fountain, published in 1956 in the book Modern Art USA by the art and music historian Rudi Blesh. Passionate advocates for Ragtime and the Dixieland jazz revival, Blesh and Harriet Janis were frequent writing partners, publishing several music and art books, and together founded a record label to record traditional jazz artists. Through Harriet and Sidney Janis's extensive artworld connections, Blesh became a close associate of Duchamp, whose impact on Blesh's formulation of Modern Art USA has not been given adequate consideration by scholars. This article presents an analysis of both the Janis and Blesh accounts of Fountain, which together comprise the most comprehensive narrative description of this iconic work of art from Duchamp's perspective.
马塞尔·杜尚在1953年与哈丽特、卡罗尔和西德尼·贾尼斯的一次录音谈话中,对1917年独立艺术家协会的第一次展览中现成的喷泉的起源和提交进行了最早和最详细的描述。除了对喷泉事件的一些值得注意的揭露外,这次采访还引人注目地揭示了喷泉故事的另一个近乎当代的故事,该故事于1956年由艺术和音乐历史学家鲁迪·布莱什(Rudi Blesh)出版的《美国现代艺术》(Modern Art USA)一书。Blesh和Harriet Janis是拉格泰姆和迪克西兰爵士复兴的热情倡导者,他们经常合作写作,出版了几本音乐和艺术书籍,并共同创立了一家唱片公司,为传统爵士艺术家录音。通过Harriet和Sidney Janis在艺术界的广泛联系,Blesh成为了杜尚的亲密伙伴,杜尚对Blesh制定现代艺术美国的影响并没有得到学者们的充分考虑。本文分析了詹尼斯和布莱斯对《泉》的描述,这两种描述共同构成了从杜尚的角度对这一标志性艺术作品的最全面的叙事描述。
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引用次数: 0
“The Object Comes Alive”: A Conversation with Claes Oldenburg∗ “物体活了起来”:与Claes Oldenburg的对话*
IF 0.3 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1162/octo_a_00472
Hal Foster
Abstract In this interview, the late Claes Oldenburg looks back on both the motivations and the modalities of his distinctive practice. Among the topics discussed are his signature “guises,” such as the Ray Guns and the Flags, the performative basis of his early objects, and his sustained commitment to an aesthetic of shape-shifting.
摘要在这次采访中,已故的克莱斯·奥尔登堡回顾了他独特实践的动机和方式。讨论的主题包括他标志性的“伪装”,如雷枪和旗帜,他早期作品的表演基础,以及他对变形美学的持续承诺。
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引用次数: 0
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