This paper examines discourses in five Finnish municipalities’ energy transition processes to identify and explain different ideological discourses among its members. The study fills a gap in research extending the idea of sense making to capture the ideologies that hide in discourses during socio-technical transitions. We identify three types of ideological discourses labelled as Clan, Solarpunk and Native. The implications of the ideologies embedded in municipal, multi-partner networks that participate in energy transition affect who will be heard in a local context. This impacts future choices directly related to sustainability outcomes. We propose that discourses in these multi-partner networks, conceptualized from the perspective of municipal energy systems, help us to uncover underlying ideologies that imperil change. And yet at the same time, these revelations offer opportunities for sustainability-oriented innovation.
{"title":"Ideologies in Energy Transition: Community Discourses on Renewables","authors":"Petra Berg, Rumy Narayan, A. Rajala","doi":"10.22215/timreview/1458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1458","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines discourses in five Finnish municipalities’ energy transition processes to identify and explain different ideological discourses among its members. The study fills a gap in research extending the idea of sense making to capture the ideologies that hide in discourses during socio-technical transitions. We identify three types of ideological discourses labelled as Clan, Solarpunk and Native. The implications of the ideologies embedded in municipal, multi-partner networks that participate in energy transition affect who will be heard in a local context. This impacts future choices directly related to sustainability outcomes. We propose that discourses in these multi-partner networks, conceptualized from the perspective of municipal energy systems, help us to uncover underlying ideologies that imperil change. And yet at the same time, these revelations offer opportunities for sustainability-oriented innovation.","PeriodicalId":51569,"journal":{"name":"Technology Innovation Management Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43988361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Customer Journey (CJ) mapping offers a view of the Customer Experience (CX) from a customer's standpoint, which acts as the first step towards a myriad of actions that can be performed to improve CX. While CJ mapping has proven to be helpful in a wide range of use cases, companies still struggle to apply technology to make it effective. This research performs a literature review to identify how IT and digital assets can be used in the CJ context, providing practical examples for organizations willing to implement a consumer-centered IT strategy. As a result, it was found that IT can be used in three primary contexts for CJ: mapping, enabling, and monitoring.
{"title":"How Can Firms Effectively Use Technology in Customer Journey Management","authors":"William Boscardini Helouani","doi":"10.22215/timreview/1455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1455","url":null,"abstract":"Customer Journey (CJ) mapping offers a view of the Customer Experience (CX) from a customer's standpoint, which acts as the first step towards a myriad of actions that can be performed to improve CX. While CJ mapping has proven to be helpful in a wide range of use cases, companies still struggle to apply technology to make it effective. This research performs a literature review to identify how IT and digital assets can be used in the CJ context, providing practical examples for organizations willing to implement a consumer-centered IT strategy. As a result, it was found that IT can be used in three primary contexts for CJ: mapping, enabling, and monitoring.","PeriodicalId":51569,"journal":{"name":"Technology Innovation Management Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42162565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Charting a Course of Action: An Insider-Outsider Approach","authors":"Paul J. Woodfield, K. Ruckstuhl, R. Rabello","doi":"10.22215/timreview/1456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1456","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51569,"journal":{"name":"Technology Innovation Management Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43936977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Finally, the article concludes by summarizing the results, discussing the implications for theory and practice, as well as providing limitations of the study and future research avenues. Recent advances in ecosystem theory prescribe that companies need to develop offers that are modular and form unique or supermodular complementarities with other offers. However, both academic and managerial knowledge of the strategies that especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) can use to engage in existing ecosystems for value creation remains scattered and predominantly vague. This article thus aims to explore applicable ecosystem engagement strategies from the perspective of SMEs, as discussed in previous scholarly literature. In so doing, the article puts forward and elaborates three distinct strategies that SMEs can apply to become part of value-creating ecosystems. In this way, the findings contribute to the literature on ecosystems. This article aimed to explore applicable ecosystem engagement strategies from the perspective of SMEs as discussed in previous literature on ecosystems. The findings showed that various strategies are possible for SMEs to engage in existing ecosystems. The first strategy proposed in this project was based on the theory of ecosystems as articulated by Jacobides et al. (2018). The second strategy was built based on a summative model that synthesizes the findings from the literature by several authors, which also includes the definition and classification of complementarities by Jacobides al. Both strategies suggest that SMEs collaborate with ecosystem complementors by
{"title":"Strategies for a Small to Medium-sized Enterprise to Engage in an Existing Ecosystem","authors":"Ermela Bashui, Tony Bailetti","doi":"10.22215/timreview/1453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1453","url":null,"abstract":"Finally, the article concludes by summarizing the results, discussing the implications for theory and practice, as well as providing limitations of the study and future research avenues. Recent advances in ecosystem theory prescribe that companies need to develop offers that are modular and form unique or supermodular complementarities with other offers. However, both academic and managerial knowledge of the strategies that especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) can use to engage in existing ecosystems for value creation remains scattered and predominantly vague. This article thus aims to explore applicable ecosystem engagement strategies from the perspective of SMEs, as discussed in previous scholarly literature. In so doing, the article puts forward and elaborates three distinct strategies that SMEs can apply to become part of value-creating ecosystems. In this way, the findings contribute to the literature on ecosystems. This article aimed to explore applicable ecosystem engagement strategies from the perspective of SMEs as discussed in previous literature on ecosystems. The findings showed that various strategies are possible for SMEs to engage in existing ecosystems. The first strategy proposed in this project was based on the theory of ecosystems as articulated by Jacobides et al. (2018). The second strategy was built based on a summative model that synthesizes the findings from the literature by several authors, which also includes the definition and classification of complementarities by Jacobides al. Both strategies suggest that SMEs collaborate with ecosystem complementors by","PeriodicalId":51569,"journal":{"name":"Technology Innovation Management Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48140579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdulla Aweisi, Daman Arora, Renée Emby, Madiha Rehman, George Tanev, S. Tanev
Categorizing the market focus of larger samples of companies can be a tedious and timeconsuming process for both researchers and business analysts interested in developing insights about emerging business sectors. The objective of this article is to suggest a text analytics approach to categorizing the application areas of companies operating in the digital health sector based on the information provided on their websites. More specifically, we apply topic modeling on a collection of text documents, including information collected from the websites of a sample of 100 innovative digital health companies. The topic model helps in grouping the companies offering similar types of market offers. It enables identifying the companies that are most highly associated with each of the topics. In addition, it allows identifying some of the emerging themes that are discussed online by the companies, as well as their specific market offers. The results will be of interest to aspiring technology entrepreneurs, organizations supporting new ventures, and business accelerators interested to enhance their services to new venture clients. The development, operationalization, and automation of the company categorization process based on publicly available information is a methodological contribution that opens the opportunity for future applications in research and business practice.
{"title":"Using Web Text Analytics to Categorize the Business Focus of Innovative Digital Health Companies","authors":"Abdulla Aweisi, Daman Arora, Renée Emby, Madiha Rehman, George Tanev, S. Tanev","doi":"10.22215/timreview/1457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1457","url":null,"abstract":"Categorizing the market focus of larger samples of companies can be a tedious and timeconsuming process for both researchers and business analysts interested in developing insights about emerging business sectors. The objective of this article is to suggest a text analytics approach to categorizing the application areas of companies operating in the digital health sector based on the information provided on their websites. More specifically, we apply topic modeling on a collection of text documents, including information collected from the websites of a sample of 100 innovative digital health companies. The topic model helps in grouping the companies offering similar types of market offers. It enables identifying the companies that are most highly associated with each of the topics. In addition, it allows identifying some of the emerging themes that are discussed online by the companies, as well as their specific market offers. The results will be of interest to aspiring technology entrepreneurs, organizations supporting new ventures, and business accelerators interested to enhance their services to new venture clients. The development, operationalization, and automation of the company categorization process based on publicly available information is a methodological contribution that opens the opportunity for future applications in research and business practice.","PeriodicalId":51569,"journal":{"name":"Technology Innovation Management Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43191342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the first article, Kamal Sakhdari, Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Entrepreneurship at the University of Tehran, Iran, seeks to understand why some firms are able to generate higher levels of corporate entrepreneurship than others. After critically reviewing the literature and then developing a framework that integrates previous research, Sakhdari recommends five potentially worthwhile avenues for future research to help managers foster corporate entrepreneurship.
{"title":"Editorial: Insights","authors":"C. McPhee","doi":"10.22215/timreview/1444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1444","url":null,"abstract":"In the first article, Kamal Sakhdari, Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Entrepreneurship at the University of Tehran, Iran, seeks to understand why some firms are able to generate higher levels of corporate entrepreneurship than others. After critically reviewing the literature and then developing a framework that integrates previous research, Sakhdari recommends five potentially worthwhile avenues for future research to help managers foster corporate entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":51569,"journal":{"name":"Technology Innovation Management Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45770340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What are now called “social machines” have been around for decades as part of a computer-driven wave of digitalization that has taken over developed societies around the world, including but not limited to the invention of the Internet. People and machines are becoming increasingly integrated through computing power, data processing and storage, information management, and Artificial Intelligence (AI), which are all included in the study of “web science” (Shadbolt & Berners-Lee, 2008, Hall et al. 2016). Economic development now hinges significantly on digitalization and the digital economy, while early mover high tech companies can develop and use advanced technologies to gain strategic advantages over competitors, potentially for years to come.
作为计算机驱动的数字化浪潮的一部分，现在所谓的“社交机器”已经存在了几十年，这一浪潮席卷了世界各地的发达社会，包括但不限于互联网的发明。通过计算能力、数据处理和存储、信息管理和人工智能(AI)，人和机器越来越融合，这些都包括在“网络科学”的研究中(Shadbolt & Berners-Lee, 2008, Hall et al. 2016)。如今，经济发展在很大程度上取决于数字化和数字经济，而先行者高科技公司可以开发和使用先进技术，从而在未来几年获得相对于竞争对手的战略优势。
{"title":"Distributed Ledger Technologies and Social Machines: How to “Smartify” the Economy with Blockchain-based Digital Extension Services?","authors":"G. Sandstrom","doi":"10.22215/TIMREVIEW/1449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/TIMREVIEW/1449","url":null,"abstract":"What are now called “social machines” have been around for decades as part of a computer-driven wave of digitalization that has taken over developed societies around the world, including but not limited to the invention of the Internet. People and machines are becoming increasingly integrated through computing power, data processing and storage, information management, and Artificial Intelligence (AI), which are all included in the study of “web science” (Shadbolt & Berners-Lee, 2008, Hall et al. 2016). Economic development now hinges significantly on digitalization and the digital economy, while early mover high tech companies can develop and use advanced technologies to gain strategic advantages over competitors, potentially for years to come.","PeriodicalId":51569,"journal":{"name":"Technology Innovation Management Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47798785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides an overview on how content can be managed with a blockchain or other distributed ledger technology (DLT), and what challenges need to be addressed in managing this content as part of transactions. Transactions on a blockchain may require supporting documents, for example, photos, reference documents, or actual contracts. As DLTs becoming an increasingly popular method to complete transactions and share information, several issues are arising that need to be addressed, such as: Where should this electronic content in documents be stored? Will the storage system have the features and functionality to properly manage this content through the "information lifecycle", including the retention and disposition of business records based on legal and regulatory requirements? The paper presents an overview of the emerging technology involved with distributed storage systems. It presents five solutions currently available, including their designs, how they secure and store files, and whether or not these files can be deleted in order to meet record disposition requirements and regulations. The discussion points out the need for alignment between multiple stakeholders and consortium members in a distributed ledger-based community with shared ecosystem scaling objectives. The challenges of scaling include the need to protect personal and sensitive information, especially when this information should normally be disposed after a record's retention period has ended.
{"title":"A Practitioner’s View on Distributed Storage Systems: Overview, Challenges and Potential Solutions","authors":"Michael R LeGault","doi":"10.22215/TIMREVIEW/1448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/TIMREVIEW/1448","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an overview on how content can be managed with a blockchain or other distributed ledger technology (DLT), and what challenges need to be addressed in managing this content as part of transactions. Transactions on a blockchain may require supporting documents, for example, photos, reference documents, or actual contracts. As DLTs becoming an increasingly popular method to complete transactions and share information, several issues are arising that need to be addressed, such as: Where should this electronic content in documents be stored? Will the storage system have the features and functionality to properly manage this content through the \"information lifecycle\", including the retention and disposition of business records based on legal and regulatory requirements? The paper presents an overview of the emerging technology involved with distributed storage systems. It presents five solutions currently available, including their designs, how they secure and store files, and whether or not these files can be deleted in order to meet record disposition requirements and regulations. The discussion points out the need for alignment between multiple stakeholders and consortium members in a distributed ledger-based community with shared ecosystem scaling objectives. The challenges of scaling include the need to protect personal and sensitive information, especially when this information should normally be disposed after a record's retention period has ended.","PeriodicalId":51569,"journal":{"name":"Technology Innovation Management Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41885984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Westerlund, Soham Nene, S. Leminen, Mervi Rajahonka
Blockchain is a novel distributed database technology that could solve some issues of traditional traceability systems, such as cost of adoption and vulnerabilities to hacking and data tampering. This study aims to gain insights on the benefits of applying blockchain technology for traceability in food supply chains through literature review and an investigation of five companies that are experimenting with blockchain-based food traceability. Our findings suggest that, upon implementation and contribution by all supply chain participants, blockchain-based traceability can provide cost-savings, reduced response time to food scandals and food-borne illness outbreaks, improved security and accuracy, better compliance with government regulations, and thus increase consumer trust. Companies are increasingly taking for the safety of the food they sell, rather than risk their brand on a large recall.
{"title":"An Exploration of Blockchain-based Traceability in Food Supply Chains: On the Benefits of Distributed Digital Records from Farm to Fork","authors":"M. Westerlund, Soham Nene, S. Leminen, Mervi Rajahonka","doi":"10.22215/TIMREVIEW/1446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/TIMREVIEW/1446","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain is a novel distributed database technology that could solve some issues of traditional traceability systems, such as cost of adoption and vulnerabilities to hacking and data tampering. This study aims to gain insights on the benefits of applying blockchain technology for traceability in food supply chains through literature review and an investigation of five companies that are experimenting with blockchain-based food traceability. Our findings suggest that, upon implementation and contribution by all supply chain participants, blockchain-based traceability can provide cost-savings, reduced response time to food scandals and food-borne illness outbreaks, improved security and accuracy, better compliance with government regulations, and thus increase consumer trust. Companies are increasingly taking for the safety of the food they sell, rather than risk their brand on a large recall.","PeriodicalId":51569,"journal":{"name":"Technology Innovation Management Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42778335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Blockchain technology is expected to contribute to the global economy in many ways. A recent study by PwC (2020) estimates that blockchain technology has the potential to boost the global GDP by $1.76 (USD) trillion by 2030 through five main areas. The following table summarizes the report’s findings from the report (PwC, 2020), showing the top five uses that are driveing blockchain adoption and their estimated economic contributions to the global GDP by 2030. As the emphasis on provenance (that is, verifying the sources of goods, tracking their movement, and increasing transparency) demonstrates, a key area of blockchain applications is global supply chains. Some reasons that make supply chains a potentially high-gain area for blockchain implementation include their complex network structure with several stakeholders, need for information sharing between the parties, difficulty and risk in transfer of documents, timeconsuming processes, and lack of trust between parties. Research shows that the number of blockchain Blockchain technology is widely seen as a promising technology for global supply chains, though early adoption of the technology is both costly and risky. Along with many other discouraging factors, large investments required to enter or develop a blockchain raise barriers to entry. Concerns about potential benefits, on the other hand, have led to companies questioning whether it is worth it. Consequently, many players in the global arena are still preferring to wait by observing current practices before making investments, while trying to figure out what the technology might bring them. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is to research various implementations of blockchain technology in supply chains, in order to learn from its early adopters. For this purpose, we chose case studies as the research method, which we used in a systematic way. We focused on multiple relevant case studies from previous research concerning the use of blockchain technology in supply chain practices. Through a systematic analysis of case studies, the paper aims at bringing forward different views, approaches, and results about blockchain adoption, as a way to show the pros and cons of adopting the technology under certain circumstances. The research was obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. This paper contributes to the literature by showcasing the use of blockchain in supply chains via multiple cases to learn from early blockchain adopters in supply chain practices. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.
{"title":"Learning from Early Adopters of Blockchain Technology: A Systematic Review of Supply Chain Case Studies","authors":"Sevda Dede, Mesut Can Köseoğlu, H. F. Yercan","doi":"10.22215/TIMREVIEW/1447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22215/TIMREVIEW/1447","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain technology is expected to contribute to the global economy in many ways. A recent study by PwC (2020) estimates that blockchain technology has the potential to boost the global GDP by $1.76 (USD) trillion by 2030 through five main areas. The following table summarizes the report’s findings from the report (PwC, 2020), showing the top five uses that are driveing blockchain adoption and their estimated economic contributions to the global GDP by 2030. As the emphasis on provenance (that is, verifying the sources of goods, tracking their movement, and increasing transparency) demonstrates, a key area of blockchain applications is global supply chains. Some reasons that make supply chains a potentially high-gain area for blockchain implementation include their complex network structure with several stakeholders, need for information sharing between the parties, difficulty and risk in transfer of documents, timeconsuming processes, and lack of trust between parties. Research shows that the number of blockchain Blockchain technology is widely seen as a promising technology for global supply chains, though early adoption of the technology is both costly and risky. Along with many other discouraging factors, large investments required to enter or develop a blockchain raise barriers to entry. Concerns about potential benefits, on the other hand, have led to companies questioning whether it is worth it. Consequently, many players in the global arena are still preferring to wait by observing current practices before making investments, while trying to figure out what the technology might bring them. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is to research various implementations of blockchain technology in supply chains, in order to learn from its early adopters. For this purpose, we chose case studies as the research method, which we used in a systematic way. We focused on multiple relevant case studies from previous research concerning the use of blockchain technology in supply chain practices. Through a systematic analysis of case studies, the paper aims at bringing forward different views, approaches, and results about blockchain adoption, as a way to show the pros and cons of adopting the technology under certain circumstances. The research was obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. This paper contributes to the literature by showcasing the use of blockchain in supply chains via multiple cases to learn from early blockchain adopters in supply chain practices. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.","PeriodicalId":51569,"journal":{"name":"Technology Innovation Management Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42077601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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