首页 > 最新文献

Social Epistemology最新文献

英文 中文
Knowledge Brokers in Crisis: Public Communication of Science During the COVID-19 Pandemic 危机中的知识经纪人:2019冠状病毒病大流行期间的公共科学传播
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2116961
C. Martini, D. Battisti, Federico Bina, Monica Consolandi
ABSTRACT Knowledge brokers are among the main channels of communication between scientists and the public and a key element to establishing a relation of trust between the two. But translating knowledge from the scientific community to a wider audience presents several difficulties, which can be accentuated in times of crisis. In this paper we study some of the problems that knowledge brokers face when communicating in times of crisis. During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we collected interviews with Italian experts that played a major role as knowledge brokers in the local media. We asked them questions about five main topics: the features and role of science communicators; the use of language in communicating science; the importance of the relation of trust with the public; the peculiarity of communicating in a context of emergency; the problem of disagreement among experts, and its public perception and communication. The goal of this paper is to understand, through the words of knowledge brokers themselves, what they consider as best practices (and obstacles) to create trust between scientists and the public. Our empirical work can inform normative accounts of what knowledge brokering should be about.
摘要知识中介是科学家与公众沟通的主要渠道之一,也是在两者之间建立信任关系的关键因素。但是,将科学界的知识翻译给更广泛的受众会带来一些困难,在危机时期会更加突出。在本文中,我们研究了知识经纪人在危机时期沟通时面临的一些问题。在第一波新冠肺炎大流行期间,我们收集了对意大利专家的采访,这些专家作为当地媒体的知识经纪人发挥了重要作用。我们就五个主要主题向他们提问:科学传播者的特征和作用;语言在传播科学中的应用;信任与公众关系的重要性;在紧急情况下进行沟通的特点;专家之间的分歧问题,以及公众的看法和沟通。本文的目标是通过知识经纪人自己的话,了解他们认为在科学家和公众之间建立信任的最佳实践(和障碍)。我们的实证工作可以为规范性说明知识中介应该是什么提供信息。
{"title":"Knowledge Brokers in Crisis: Public Communication of Science During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"C. Martini, D. Battisti, Federico Bina, Monica Consolandi","doi":"10.1080/02691728.2022.2116961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2022.2116961","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Knowledge brokers are among the main channels of communication between scientists and the public and a key element to establishing a relation of trust between the two. But translating knowledge from the scientific community to a wider audience presents several difficulties, which can be accentuated in times of crisis. In this paper we study some of the problems that knowledge brokers face when communicating in times of crisis. During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we collected interviews with Italian experts that played a major role as knowledge brokers in the local media. We asked them questions about five main topics: the features and role of science communicators; the use of language in communicating science; the importance of the relation of trust with the public; the peculiarity of communicating in a context of emergency; the problem of disagreement among experts, and its public perception and communication. The goal of this paper is to understand, through the words of knowledge brokers themselves, what they consider as best practices (and obstacles) to create trust between scientists and the public. Our empirical work can inform normative accounts of what knowledge brokering should be about.","PeriodicalId":51614,"journal":{"name":"Social Epistemology","volume":"36 1","pages":"656 - 669"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46613989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Watching People Watching People: Culture, Prestige, and Epistemic Authority 看人看人:文化、声望和认知权威
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2114113
C. Lassiter
ABSTRACT Novices sometimes misidentify authorities and end up endorsing false beliefs as a result. In this paper, I suggest that this phenomenon is at least sometimes the result of culturally evolved mechanisms functioning in faulty epistemic contexts. I identify three background conditions which, when satisfied, enable expert-identifying mechanisms to function properly. When any one of them fails, that increases the likelihood of identifying a non-authority as authoritative. Consequently, novices can end up deferring to merely apparent authorities without having failed in any epistemic obligations.
新手有时会错误地识别权威,并最终支持错误的信念。在本文中,我认为这种现象至少有时是文化进化机制在错误的认知背景下运作的结果。我确定了三个背景条件,当满足这些条件时,使专家识别机制能够正常运行。当他们中的任何一个失败时,这增加了将非权威者识别为权威者的可能性。因此,新手最终可能只服从表面上的权威,而没有任何认识上的义务。
{"title":"Watching People Watching People: Culture, Prestige, and Epistemic Authority","authors":"C. Lassiter","doi":"10.1080/02691728.2022.2114113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2022.2114113","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Novices sometimes misidentify authorities and end up endorsing false beliefs as a result. In this paper, I suggest that this phenomenon is at least sometimes the result of culturally evolved mechanisms functioning in faulty epistemic contexts. I identify three background conditions which, when satisfied, enable expert-identifying mechanisms to function properly. When any one of them fails, that increases the likelihood of identifying a non-authority as authoritative. Consequently, novices can end up deferring to merely apparent authorities without having failed in any epistemic obligations.","PeriodicalId":51614,"journal":{"name":"Social Epistemology","volume":"36 1","pages":"601 - 612"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46239249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Social Indicators of Trust in the Age of Informational Chaos 信息混乱时代信任的社会指标
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2121622
T. Y. Branch, G. Origgi
ABSTRACT Expert knowledge regularly informs personal and civic-decision making. To decide which experts to trust, lay publics —including policymakers and experts from other domains—use different epistemic and non-epistemic cues. Epistemic cues such as honesty, like when experts are forthcoming about conflicts of interest, are a popular way of understanding how people evaluate and decide which experts to trust. However, many other epistemic cues, like the evidence supporting information from experts, are inaccessible to lay publics. Therefore, lay publics simultaneously use second-order social cues in their environment to inform decisions to trust. These second-order social cues, or ‘social indicators of trust’, prevent lay publics from having to trust blindly. Social indicators of trust therefore inform lay publics’ epistemic vigilance, or constant low level-monitoring of testimony from experts. This special issue examines the nature, acquisition and application of social indicators of trust for scientific experts and institutions. It also raises questions about the types of trust asked of lay publics and challenges traditional normative assumptions about the relationship between science and lay publics through study of attitudes, values, and experiences. The issue descriptively re-examines the structure of institutions, their role and methods for ferrying information, as well as how social indicators operate in times of crisis. In this collection of works, we bridge history, science, philosophy of science, science and technology studies, science communication and social epistemology, to broaden the discourse on trust in experts and more accurately reflect the imperfect yet indispensable endeavour that trusting is.
专家知识定期为个人和公民决策提供信息。为了决定信任哪些专家,普通公众——包括政策制定者和其他领域的专家——使用不同的认知和非认知线索。像诚实这样的认知线索,比如专家对利益冲突的坦诚,是理解人们如何评估和决定哪些专家值得信任的一种流行方式。然而,许多其他的认知线索,如来自专家的支持信息的证据,是外行公众无法获得的。因此,外行公众同时在他们的环境中使用二阶社会线索来告知信任的决定。这些二级社会线索,或“信任的社会指标”,可以防止外行公众盲目信任。因此,信任的社会指标告知了普通公众的认知警惕,或对专家证词的持续低水平监测。本期特刊探讨了科学专家和机构信任的社会指标的性质、获取和应用。它还提出了对非专业公众的信任类型的问题,并通过对态度、价值观和经验的研究,挑战了关于科学与非专业公众之间关系的传统规范假设。该问题以描述性的方式重新审查了机构的结构、它们的作用和传递信息的方法,以及社会指标在危机时期的运作方式。在这本作品集中,我们将历史、科学、科学哲学、科学技术研究、科学传播和社会认识论联系起来,拓宽了对专家信任的论述,更准确地反映了信任是一种不完美但不可或缺的努力。
{"title":"Social Indicators of Trust in the Age of Informational Chaos","authors":"T. Y. Branch, G. Origgi","doi":"10.1080/02691728.2022.2121622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2022.2121622","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Expert knowledge regularly informs personal and civic-decision making. To decide which experts to trust, lay publics —including policymakers and experts from other domains—use different epistemic and non-epistemic cues. Epistemic cues such as honesty, like when experts are forthcoming about conflicts of interest, are a popular way of understanding how people evaluate and decide which experts to trust. However, many other epistemic cues, like the evidence supporting information from experts, are inaccessible to lay publics. Therefore, lay publics simultaneously use second-order social cues in their environment to inform decisions to trust. These second-order social cues, or ‘social indicators of trust’, prevent lay publics from having to trust blindly. Social indicators of trust therefore inform lay publics’ epistemic vigilance, or constant low level-monitoring of testimony from experts. This special issue examines the nature, acquisition and application of social indicators of trust for scientific experts and institutions. It also raises questions about the types of trust asked of lay publics and challenges traditional normative assumptions about the relationship between science and lay publics through study of attitudes, values, and experiences. The issue descriptively re-examines the structure of institutions, their role and methods for ferrying information, as well as how social indicators operate in times of crisis. In this collection of works, we bridge history, science, philosophy of science, science and technology studies, science communication and social epistemology, to broaden the discourse on trust in experts and more accurately reflect the imperfect yet indispensable endeavour that trusting is.","PeriodicalId":51614,"journal":{"name":"Social Epistemology","volume":"46 1","pages":"533 - 540"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59387476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
How to Fight Linguistic Injustice in Science: Equity Measures and Mitigating Agents 如何对抗科学中的语言不公正:公平措施和缓解措施
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-08-31 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2109531
A. Vučković, Vlasta Sikimić
ABSTRACT Though a common language of science allows for easier communication of the results among researchers, the use of lingua franca also comes with the cost of losing some of the diverse ideas and results arising from the plurality of languages. Following Quine’s famous thesis about the indeterminacy of translation, we elaborate on the inherent loss of diverse ideas when only one language of science is used. Non-native speakers sometimes experience epistemic injustice due to their language proficiency and consequently, their scientific insights get marginalized. Thus, it is important epistemically to include the results of all researchers independent of their native language. As a solution, we promote epistemic equity and inclusion both on the individual level and on the level of the scientific community. Epistemic equity means that researchers who suffer disadvantages because of their language skills get support from the rest of the scientific community that will compensate for their disadvantage and at the same time facilitate their epistemic inclusion. This can be achieved through the introduction of mitigating agents – the individuals and organizations that ought to serve as a communication bridge between individual researchers and the scientific community. Video Abstract Read the transcript Watch the video on Vimeo © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
摘要尽管科学的通用语言可以让研究人员更容易地交流研究结果,但通用语言的使用也会带来失去多种语言所产生的一些不同想法和结果的代价。继奎因关于翻译不确定性的著名论文之后,我们详细阐述了当只使用一种科学语言时,多样性思想的内在损失。非母语人士有时会因为他们的语言能力而经历认识上的不公正,因此,他们的科学见解被边缘化了。因此,重要的是要在认识论上包括所有研究人员的结果,而不依赖于他们的母语。作为一种解决方案,我们在个人层面和科学界层面促进认识公平和包容。认识公平意味着,因语言技能而处于劣势的研究人员会得到科学界其他成员的支持,这将弥补他们的劣势,同时促进他们的认识包容。这可以通过引入缓解剂来实现——个人和组织应该成为个人研究人员和科学界之间的沟通桥梁。视频摘要阅读文字记录在Vimeo上观看视频©2022 Informa UK Limited,交易名称为Taylor&Francis Group
{"title":"How to Fight Linguistic Injustice in Science: Equity Measures and Mitigating Agents","authors":"A. Vučković, Vlasta Sikimić","doi":"10.1080/02691728.2022.2109531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2022.2109531","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Though a common language of science allows for easier communication of the results among researchers, the use of lingua franca also comes with the cost of losing some of the diverse ideas and results arising from the plurality of languages. Following Quine’s famous thesis about the indeterminacy of translation, we elaborate on the inherent loss of diverse ideas when only one language of science is used. Non-native speakers sometimes experience epistemic injustice due to their language proficiency and consequently, their scientific insights get marginalized. Thus, it is important epistemically to include the results of all researchers independent of their native language. As a solution, we promote epistemic equity and inclusion both on the individual level and on the level of the scientific community. Epistemic equity means that researchers who suffer disadvantages because of their language skills get support from the rest of the scientific community that will compensate for their disadvantage and at the same time facilitate their epistemic inclusion. This can be achieved through the introduction of mitigating agents – the individuals and organizations that ought to serve as a communication bridge between individual researchers and the scientific community. Video Abstract Read the transcript Watch the video on Vimeo © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group","PeriodicalId":51614,"journal":{"name":"Social Epistemology","volume":"37 1","pages":"80 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42673618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Binarism Grammatical Lacuna as an Ensemble of Diverse Epistemic Injustices 二元性语法缺陷是多种认知不公正的综合
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-08-30 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2103473
Carla Carmona
ABSTRACT This paper characterizes a phenomenon I call ‘binarism grammatical lacuna’ (BGL). BGL occurs when non-binary sex and gender identities are forced to choose between being he or she by the grammar of a language owing to the sex/gender binary. Although hermeneutical injustice (HI) lies at its core, given that non-binary communities come up with hermeneutical devices to overcome unintelligibility and these tools are discredited, a variety of epistemic injustices, besides HI, intertwine in BGL. I address contributory injustice, pragmatic competence injustice, testimonial injustice, and testimonial smothering. Section 1 introduces the phenomenon by portraying it as an ensemble of epistemic injustices. Section 2 elucidates the variety of HI at the core of BGL by examining the case of mainstream Spanish, and section 3 reveals it as producing the primary harm of HI. Section 4 studies the relationship between grammar, ideology, and language use, calling attention to the fact that grammatical lacunae are performatively reenacted in daily speech acts. Section 5 explores the agential dimension of BGL, examining responsibilities. In addition to addressing some of the forms of epistemic injustice that might intertwine in BGL besides HI, I portray non-marginalized users of binary grammar when addressing non-binary people as hermeneutical misfirers.
摘要本文描述了一种现象,我称之为“二元主义语法缺陷”(BGL)。BGL发生在非二元性别和性别身份由于性别/性别二元性而被迫根据语言语法在作为他或她之间做出选择时。尽管解释学不公正(HI)是其核心,但鉴于非二元群体提出了克服不公正的解释学手段,并且这些工具不可信,除了HI之外,各种认识上的不公正在BGL中交织在一起。我处理贡献不公正、务实能力不公正、证明不公正和证明窒息。第一节介绍了这一现象,将其描绘成一个认识上的不公正现象。第二节通过对主流西班牙语案例的考察,阐明了BGL核心HI的多样性,第三节揭示了HI的主要危害。第4节研究语法、意识形态和语言使用之间的关系,提请注意语法缺陷在日常言语行为中被表演性地重演。第5节探讨了BGL的代理维度,考察了责任。除了解决除了HI之外,BGL中可能交织的一些形式的认识不公正之外,我还将二元语法的非边缘化用户描述为解释学的不适应者。
{"title":"Binarism Grammatical Lacuna as an Ensemble of Diverse Epistemic Injustices","authors":"Carla Carmona","doi":"10.1080/02691728.2022.2103473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2022.2103473","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper characterizes a phenomenon I call ‘binarism grammatical lacuna’ (BGL). BGL occurs when non-binary sex and gender identities are forced to choose between being he or she by the grammar of a language owing to the sex/gender binary. Although hermeneutical injustice (HI) lies at its core, given that non-binary communities come up with hermeneutical devices to overcome unintelligibility and these tools are discredited, a variety of epistemic injustices, besides HI, intertwine in BGL. I address contributory injustice, pragmatic competence injustice, testimonial injustice, and testimonial smothering. Section 1 introduces the phenomenon by portraying it as an ensemble of epistemic injustices. Section 2 elucidates the variety of HI at the core of BGL by examining the case of mainstream Spanish, and section 3 reveals it as producing the primary harm of HI. Section 4 studies the relationship between grammar, ideology, and language use, calling attention to the fact that grammatical lacunae are performatively reenacted in daily speech acts. Section 5 explores the agential dimension of BGL, examining responsibilities. In addition to addressing some of the forms of epistemic injustice that might intertwine in BGL besides HI, I portray non-marginalized users of binary grammar when addressing non-binary people as hermeneutical misfirers.","PeriodicalId":51614,"journal":{"name":"Social Epistemology","volume":"37 1","pages":"339 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48231170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Collective Construction of Technology: Re-Narrating Bicycle Development in an ANT Atmosphere 技术的集体建构:ANT氛围下自行车发展的再叙事
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2093292
R. Sharifzadeh
ABSTRACT One way to compare different theoretical approaches to the study of technologies is to see what the difference is between their narratives of the construction of a particular technology. In this paper, we re-narrate the bicycle construction from the perspective of actor-network theory (ANT), comparing to SCOT’s first account of the construction. Although SCOT has moved closer to actor-network theory later by paying more attention to co-construction and materliaty, Pinch and Biker have not modified their account of the bicycle development according to these theoretical changes, despite the fact that one decade later Bijker allocated one chapter, ‘king of the road’, to Safety bicycle development again. An ANT’s narrative of bicycle development can provide a basis for a concrete comparison between ANT and the classic version of SCOT. Or it could be argued that this narrative could complement the story of Pinch and Biker of bicycle development. While we present a new narrative of bicycle development in comparison with SCOT’s one, we offer a methodological framework in the ANT literature that can be considered as a methodological procedure to the study of artefacts in general; this framework has three elements: 1. Phenomenal Bracketing, 2. Collective construction, and 3. Co-construction.
摘要比较技术研究的不同理论方法的一种方法是,看看它们对特定技术构建的叙述之间有什么不同。在本文中,我们从行动者网络理论(ANT)的角度重新叙述了自行车的建设,并与SCOT对自行车建设的第一次描述进行了比较。尽管SCOT后来更加关注共建和物质化,从而更接近于行动者网络理论,但Pinch和Biker并没有根据这些理论变化修改他们对自行车发展的描述,尽管十年后Bijker再次将“道路之王”一章分配给安全自行车发展。ANT对自行车发展的叙述可以为ANT与经典版SCOT之间的具体比较提供基础。或者可以说,这种叙事可以补充平奇和比克的自行车发展故事。虽然我们提出了一种新的自行车发展叙事,与SCOT的叙事相比,我们在ANT文献中提供了一个方法论框架,可以被视为一般人工制品研究的方法论程序;该框架包含三个要素:1。现象支架,2。集体建设。共建。
{"title":"The Collective Construction of Technology: Re-Narrating Bicycle Development in an ANT Atmosphere","authors":"R. Sharifzadeh","doi":"10.1080/02691728.2022.2093292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2022.2093292","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT One way to compare different theoretical approaches to the study of technologies is to see what the difference is between their narratives of the construction of a particular technology. In this paper, we re-narrate the bicycle construction from the perspective of actor-network theory (ANT), comparing to SCOT’s first account of the construction. Although SCOT has moved closer to actor-network theory later by paying more attention to co-construction and materliaty, Pinch and Biker have not modified their account of the bicycle development according to these theoretical changes, despite the fact that one decade later Bijker allocated one chapter, ‘king of the road’, to Safety bicycle development again. An ANT’s narrative of bicycle development can provide a basis for a concrete comparison between ANT and the classic version of SCOT. Or it could be argued that this narrative could complement the story of Pinch and Biker of bicycle development. While we present a new narrative of bicycle development in comparison with SCOT’s one, we offer a methodological framework in the ANT literature that can be considered as a methodological procedure to the study of artefacts in general; this framework has three elements: 1. Phenomenal Bracketing, 2. Collective construction, and 3. Co-construction.","PeriodicalId":51614,"journal":{"name":"Social Epistemology","volume":"36 1","pages":"759 - 772"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42564588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Enhanced Epistemic Trust and the Value-Free Ideal as a Social Indicator of Trust 增强的认知信任与价值自由理想作为信任的社会指标
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2114114
T. Y. Branch
ABSTRACT Publics trust experts for personal and pro-social reasons. Scientists are among the experts publics trust most, and so, epistemic trust is routinely afforded to them. The call for epistemic trust to be more socially situated in order to account for the impact of science on society and public welfare is at the forefront of enhanced epistemic trust. I argue that the value-free ideal for science challenges establishing enhanced epistemic trust by preventing the inclusion of non-epistemic values throughout the evaluation of evidence and communication of these values. By selectively silencing non-epistemic values, the ideal cannot take into account publics’ social and moral responses to inductive risk, which are instrumental for defining and determining public welfare. Furthermore, by emphasising epistemic values almost exclusively in science education and communication, the value-free ideal is presented to publics in such a way that it becomes a social indicator of trust. I show this through examination of the importance of values in decisions to trust, and conclude that values (and restrictions on them) can be used by lay publics to help decide which experts to trust.
公众出于个人和亲社会的原因信任专家。科学家是公众最信任的专家之一,因此,常识上的信任通常给予他们。为了解释科学对社会和公共福利的影响,对认知信任的呼吁更加社会化,这是增强认知信任的最前沿。我认为,科学的无价值理想通过防止在整个证据评估和这些价值观的交流中包含非认知价值观来挑战建立增强的认知信任。通过选择性地压制非认知价值,理想不能考虑公众对归纳风险的社会和道德反应,而归纳风险是定义和决定公共福利的工具。此外,通过几乎完全在科学教育和传播中强调知识价值,价值自由的理想以这样一种方式呈现给公众,使其成为信任的社会指标。我通过考察价值观在信任决策中的重要性来证明这一点,并得出结论:价值观(以及对价值观的限制)可以被外行公众用来帮助决定信任哪些专家。
{"title":"Enhanced Epistemic Trust and the Value-Free Ideal as a Social Indicator of Trust","authors":"T. Y. Branch","doi":"10.1080/02691728.2022.2114114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2022.2114114","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Publics trust experts for personal and pro-social reasons. Scientists are among the experts publics trust most, and so, epistemic trust is routinely afforded to them. The call for epistemic trust to be more socially situated in order to account for the impact of science on society and public welfare is at the forefront of enhanced epistemic trust. I argue that the value-free ideal for science challenges establishing enhanced epistemic trust by preventing the inclusion of non-epistemic values throughout the evaluation of evidence and communication of these values. By selectively silencing non-epistemic values, the ideal cannot take into account publics’ social and moral responses to inductive risk, which are instrumental for defining and determining public welfare. Furthermore, by emphasising epistemic values almost exclusively in science education and communication, the value-free ideal is presented to publics in such a way that it becomes a social indicator of trust. I show this through examination of the importance of values in decisions to trust, and conclude that values (and restrictions on them) can be used by lay publics to help decide which experts to trust.","PeriodicalId":51614,"journal":{"name":"Social Epistemology","volume":"36 1","pages":"561 - 575"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43535247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is Philosophy Exceptional? A Corpus-Based, Quantitative Study 哲学是例外吗?基于语料库的定量研究
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-08-25 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2109529
Moti Mizrahi, Michael Adam Dickinson
ABSTRACT Drawing on the epistemology of logic literature on anti-exceptionalism about logic, we set out to investigate the following metaphilosophical questions empirically: Is philosophy special? Are its methods (dis)continuous with science? More specifically, we test the following metaphilosophical hypotheses empirically: philosophical deductivism, philosophical inductivism, and philosophical abductivism. Using indicator words to classify arguments by type (namely, deductive, inductive, and abductive arguments), we searched through a large corpus of philosophical texts mined from the JSTOR database (N = 435,703) to find patterns of argumentation. The results of our quantitative, corpus-based study suggest that deductive arguments are significantly more common than abductive arguments and inductive arguments in philosophical texts overall, but they are gradually and steadily giving way to non-deductive (i.e. inductive and abductive) arguments in academic philosophy.
摘要:本文借鉴逻辑学中关于逻辑的反例外论的认识论文献,对以下形而上学问题进行了实证研究:哲学是特殊的吗?它的方法是否与科学相一致?更具体地说,我们通过经验检验了以下的形而上学假设:哲学演绎主义、哲学归纳主义和哲学溯因主义。使用指示词按类型对论证进行分类(即演绎、归纳和溯因论证),我们搜索了从JSTOR数据库(N = 435703)中挖掘的大量哲学文本语料库,以找到论证模式。我们的定量、基于语料库的研究结果表明,在哲学文本中,演绎论证明显比溯因论证和归纳论证更常见,但它们在学术哲学中逐渐、稳步地让位于非演绎(即归纳和溯因)论证。
{"title":"Is Philosophy Exceptional? A Corpus-Based, Quantitative Study","authors":"Moti Mizrahi, Michael Adam Dickinson","doi":"10.1080/02691728.2022.2109529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2022.2109529","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drawing on the epistemology of logic literature on anti-exceptionalism about logic, we set out to investigate the following metaphilosophical questions empirically: Is philosophy special? Are its methods (dis)continuous with science? More specifically, we test the following metaphilosophical hypotheses empirically: philosophical deductivism, philosophical inductivism, and philosophical abductivism. Using indicator words to classify arguments by type (namely, deductive, inductive, and abductive arguments), we searched through a large corpus of philosophical texts mined from the JSTOR database (N = 435,703) to find patterns of argumentation. The results of our quantitative, corpus-based study suggest that deductive arguments are significantly more common than abductive arguments and inductive arguments in philosophical texts overall, but they are gradually and steadily giving way to non-deductive (i.e. inductive and abductive) arguments in academic philosophy.","PeriodicalId":51614,"journal":{"name":"Social Epistemology","volume":"37 1","pages":"666 - 683"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44791949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Science Advice in an Environment of Trust: Trusted, but Not Trustworthy? 信任环境中的科学建议:值得信任,但不值得信任?
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-08-25 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2101564
Torbjørn Gundersen, Cathrine Holst
ABSTRACT This paper examines the conditions of trustworthy science advice mechanisms, in which scientists have a mandated role to inform public policymaking. Based on the literature on epistemic trust and public trust in science, we argue that possession of relevant expertise, justified moral and political considerations, as well as proper institutional design are conditions for trustworthy science advice. In order to assess these conditions further, we explore the case of temporary advisory committees in Norway. These committees exemplify a de facto trusted and seemingly well-functioning science advice mechanism. Still, this mechanism turns out to poorly realize some central conditions of trustworthy science advice. From this we draw three lessons. Firstly, it remains crucial to distinguish between well-placed and de facto trust. Secondly, some conditions of trustworthy science advice seem more significant than others and there are thresholds for realizing each condition. Thirdly, not only does the institutional design and organization of science advice matter more than often recognized; the trust and trustworthiness of the broader social and political context and institutional environment make a difference as well.
摘要本文考察了值得信赖的科学咨询机制的条件,在这种机制中,科学家有义务为公共决策提供信息。基于对科学的认识信任和公众信任的文献,我们认为,拥有相关的专业知识、合理的道德和政治考虑以及适当的制度设计是提供值得信赖的科学建议的条件。为了进一步评估这些情况,我们探讨了在挪威设立临时咨询委员会的情况。这些委员会体现了一个事实上值得信赖且似乎运作良好的科学咨询机制。尽管如此,这一机制未能很好地实现值得信赖的科学建议的一些核心条件。从中我们可以得到三个教训。首先,区分良好的信任和事实上的信任仍然至关重要。其次,值得信赖的科学建议的某些条件似乎比其他条件更重要,并且每个条件都有实现的阈值。第三,科学咨询的制度设计和组织不仅比人们通常认识到的更重要;更广泛的社会和政治背景以及制度环境的信任和可信度也会产生影响。
{"title":"Science Advice in an Environment of Trust: Trusted, but Not Trustworthy?","authors":"Torbjørn Gundersen, Cathrine Holst","doi":"10.1080/02691728.2022.2101564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2022.2101564","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the conditions of trustworthy science advice mechanisms, in which scientists have a mandated role to inform public policymaking. Based on the literature on epistemic trust and public trust in science, we argue that possession of relevant expertise, justified moral and political considerations, as well as proper institutional design are conditions for trustworthy science advice. In order to assess these conditions further, we explore the case of temporary advisory committees in Norway. These committees exemplify a de facto trusted and seemingly well-functioning science advice mechanism. Still, this mechanism turns out to poorly realize some central conditions of trustworthy science advice. From this we draw three lessons. Firstly, it remains crucial to distinguish between well-placed and de facto trust. Secondly, some conditions of trustworthy science advice seem more significant than others and there are thresholds for realizing each condition. Thirdly, not only does the institutional design and organization of science advice matter more than often recognized; the trust and trustworthiness of the broader social and political context and institutional environment make a difference as well.","PeriodicalId":51614,"journal":{"name":"Social Epistemology","volume":"36 1","pages":"629 - 640"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42419557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Status Distrust of Scientific Experts 对科学专家的地位不信任
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-08-23 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2104758
Hugh Desmond
ABSTRACT Distrust in scientific experts can be surprisingly stubborn, persisting despite evidence supporting the experts’ views, demonstrations of their competence, or displays of good will. This stubborn distrust is often viewed as a manifestation of irrationality. By contrast, this article proposes a logic of “status distrust”: low-status individuals are objectively vulnerable to collective decision-making, and can justifiably distrust high-status scientific experts if they are not confident that the experts do not have their best interests at heart. In phenomena of status distrust, social status is thus an indicator of distrust, and this has wider implications for the literatures on trust in science and on expert communication.
对科学专家的不信任可能会出奇地顽固,尽管有证据支持专家的观点,证明他们的能力,或表现出善意,但这种不信任仍会持续下去。这种顽固的不信任通常被视为非理性的表现。相比之下,本文提出了一种“地位不信任”的逻辑:地位低的个人客观上容易受到集体决策的影响,如果他们不相信地位高的科学专家没有把他们的最大利益放在心上,他们就有理由不信任这些专家。在地位不信任现象中,社会地位是不信任的一个指标,这对科学信任和专家沟通的文献具有更广泛的意义。
{"title":"Status Distrust of Scientific Experts","authors":"Hugh Desmond","doi":"10.1080/02691728.2022.2104758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2022.2104758","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Distrust in scientific experts can be surprisingly stubborn, persisting despite evidence supporting the experts’ views, demonstrations of their competence, or displays of good will. This stubborn distrust is often viewed as a manifestation of irrationality. By contrast, this article proposes a logic of “status distrust”: low-status individuals are objectively vulnerable to collective decision-making, and can justifiably distrust high-status scientific experts if they are not confident that the experts do not have their best interests at heart. In phenomena of status distrust, social status is thus an indicator of distrust, and this has wider implications for the literatures on trust in science and on expert communication.","PeriodicalId":51614,"journal":{"name":"Social Epistemology","volume":"36 1","pages":"586 - 600"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47817676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
期刊
Social Epistemology
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1