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Promoting Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration: A Systematic Review, a Critical Literature Review, and a Pathway Forward 促进跨学科研究合作:系统综述、批判性文献综述和前进之路
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-12 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2023.2172694
J. Newman
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引用次数: 2
Regulating Social Media as a Public Good: Limiting Epistemic Segregation 将社交媒体作为一种公共产品进行监管:限制认知隔离
2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-02 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2156825
Toby Handfield
The rise of social media has correlated with an increase in political polarization, which many perceive as a threat to public discourse and democratic governance. This paper presents a framework, drawing on social epistemology and the economic theory of public goods, to explain how social media can contribute to polarization, making us collectively poorer, even while it provides a preferable media experience for individual consumers. Collective knowledge and consensus is best served by having richly connected networks that are epistemically integrated: individuals with diverse levels of expertise should be relatively well connected to each other. In epistemically segregated networks, by contrast, we have reason to predict collective epistemic failures. Expert knowledge will be isolated from the majority, leading average opinion to be less informed than is socially optimal, and entrenching disagreements. Because social media enables users to very easily adopt homophilous network connections – connections to those with similar opinions, education levels, and social backgrounds – it is likely to have increased epistemic segregation compared to older media platforms. The paper explains the theoretical foundations of these predictions, and sketches regulatory measures – such as taxes – that might be employed to preserve the public good of a well integrated social media network.
社交媒体的兴起与政治两极分化的加剧有关,许多人认为这是对公共话语和民主治理的威胁。本文提出了一个框架,利用社会认识论和公共产品的经济理论,来解释社交媒体如何有助于两极分化,使我们集体变穷,即使它为个人消费者提供了更好的媒体体验。集体知识和共识的最佳服务方式是拥有丰富的连接网络,这些网络在认知上是整合的:拥有不同专业知识水平的个人应该相对良好地相互连接。相比之下,在认知隔离的网络中,我们有理由预测集体认知失败。专家知识将与大多数人隔离开来,导致普通意见比社会最优意见了解得更少,并加深分歧。因为社交媒体使用户能够很容易地采用同质网络连接——与那些观点、教育水平和社会背景相似的人建立联系——与旧媒体平台相比,它可能会增加认知隔离。这篇论文解释了这些预测的理论基础,并概述了监管措施——比如税收——可能被用来保护一个整合良好的社交媒体网络的公共利益。
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引用次数: 0
Counteracting Epistemic Oppression Through Social Myths: The Last Indigenous Peoples of Europe 通过社会神话对抗认识论压迫:欧洲最后的原住民
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2153350
Xabier Renteria-Uriarte
ABSTRACT Epistemic social oppressions such as ‘epistemic partiality’, ‘epistemic injustice’, ‘epistemic harms and wrongs’, ‘epistemic oppression’, ‘epistemic exploitation’, ‘epistemic violence’, or ‘epistemicide’ are terms with increasing theoretical importance and empirical applications. However, less literature is devoted to social strategies to overcome such oppressions. Here the Sorelian and Gramscian concept of social myth is considered in that sense. The empirical case is the myth of ‘The last Indigenous peoples of Europe’ present in the Basque Country, divided between France and Spain and with a historical national culture under their statist powers. The myth has a renewal in a recent social movement, the Biltzarre platform and its Basque Cultural Instinct Team, currently followed through a Participatory Action Research. The results show how such social myth gives coherence and empowers the Basque identity against the loss of identity caused by the French and Spanish powers. Finally, progress is being made on how epistemic oppressons can end, ironically, because of the success of an epistemicide. Presumably, social myths counteract epistemic oppression, strengthening the social identity and self-esteem of the subject, as a form of empowerment in social and political issues.
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引用次数: 0
‘Here’s Me Being Humble’: The Strangeness of Modeling Intellectual Humility “这就是谦虚的我”:塑造智力谦逊的奇怪之处
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-26 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2161859
N. L. Clemente
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引用次数: 0
Chameleonism Revisited: Imposters, Hypocrites, and Passing 变色龙主义再访:冒名顶替者、伪君子和冒充者
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2147806
R. Sassower
ABSTRACT This paper looks at a constellation of three interrelated figures, the hypocrite, the imposter, and the chameleon, all of whom deceive others and at times themselves as they present themselves and are examined by others in different social settings. On closer examination, different facets of their public presentations come to light, some related to their motives, some to the expected goals of their conduct. The conduct of hypocrites overlaps with and resembles imposters insofar as they both suggest a possible nefarious intentionality associated with undeserved outcomes or gains, as compared with chameleons, who seem at most to camouflage themselves in order to become undetected in their environments. The deceptive (and occasionally self-deceptive) character of the conduct of all three figures (whether understood interchangeably or not) remains of interest beyond the circles of social theorists and political pundits at least in the sense that it is condemnable as much as it is condemning, though to different degrees.
摘要本文研究了三个相互关联的人物,伪君子、冒名顶替者和变色龙,他们都在不同的社会环境中欺骗他人,有时也欺骗自己。经过仔细研究,他们公开演讲的不同方面浮出水面,有些与他们的动机有关,有些则与他们行为的预期目标有关。伪君子的行为与冒名顶替者重叠并相似,因为他们都暗示了与不应有的结果或收益相关的可能的邪恶意图,而变色龙似乎最多只是伪装自己,以便在自己的环境中不被发现。这三位人物的行为都具有欺骗性(偶尔也有自我欺骗性)(无论是否可以互换理解),这一点在社会理论家和政治专家圈子之外仍然令人感兴趣——至少在某种意义上,它既要受到谴责,也要受到谴责——尽管程度不同。
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引用次数: 0
To Be Scientific Is To Be Communist 科学就是共产主义
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2156308
L. Bright, R. Heesen
ABSTRACT What differentiates scientific research from non-scientific inquiry? Philosophers addressing this question have typically been inspired by the exalted social place and intellectual achievements of science. They have hence tended to point to some epistemic virtue or methodological feature of science that sets it apart. Our discussion on the other hand is motivated by the case of commercial research, which we argue is distinct from (and often epistemically inferior to) academic research. We consider a deflationary view in which science refers to whatever is regarded as epistemically successful, but find that this does not leave room for the important notion of scientific error and fails to capture distinctive social elements of science. This leads us to the view that a demarcation criterion should be a widely upheld social norm without immediate epistemic connotations. Our tentative answer is the communist norm, which calls on scientists to share their work widely for public scrutiny and evaluation.
摘要科学研究与非科学探究的区别是什么?解决这个问题的哲学家通常受到科学崇高的社会地位和智力成就的启发。因此,他们倾向于指出科学的某些认识美德或方法论特征,使其与众不同。另一方面,我们的讨论是以商业研究为动机的,我们认为商业研究与学术研究不同(而且在认识上往往不如学术研究)。我们考虑了一种通货紧缩的观点,在这种观点中,科学指的是任何被认为在认识上成功的东西,但发现这并没有为科学错误的重要概念留下空间,也没有捕捉到科学的独特社会元素。这导致我们认为,划界标准应该是一种广泛支持的社会规范,而没有直接的认识内涵。我们的初步答案是共产主义规范,它呼吁科学家广泛分享他们的工作,以供公众审查和评估。
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引用次数: 4
Defining Wokeness 定义Wokeness
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2145857
J. Atkins
ABSTRACT Rima Basu and I have offered separate accounts of wokeness as an anti-racist ethical concept. Our accounts endorse controversial doctrines in epistemology: doxastic wronging, doxastic voluntarism, and moral encroachment. Many philosophers deny these three views, favoring instead some ordinary standards for epistemic justification. I call this denial the standard view. In this paper, I offer an account of wokeness that is consistent with the standard view. I argue that wokeness is best understood as ‘group epistemic partiality’. The woke person does extra epistemic work before forming a negative belief about a member of an oppressed social group. Just as we do extra epistemic work when forming belief about our friends, so the woke person does for members of oppressed social groups. I first outline the account. I then raise questions about the scope of wokeness and belief formation. After this, I demonstrate that the group partiality view is consistent with the standard view in epistemology. The partiality view, therefore, should appeal to epistemologists who have adopted the standard view because it is consistent with ordinary standards of justification. I conclude that wokeness as a concept in epistemology should not be controversial for those who endorse the standard view.
摘要里玛·巴苏和我分别介绍了wokeness作为一种反种族主义的伦理概念。我们的叙述支持认识论中有争议的学说:多嘴多舌的错误、多嘴多嘴多嘴的自愿主义和道德侵犯。许多哲学家否认这三种观点,转而支持一些普通的认识论正当性标准。我称这种否认为标准观点。在这篇论文中,我提供了一个与标准观点一致的wokeness的描述。我认为wokeness最好被理解为“群体认识偏好”。清醒的人在对受压迫的社会群体的成员形成负面信念之前,会做额外的认识工作。正如我们在对朋友形成信念时做额外的认识工作一样,觉醒的人也为受压迫的社会群体成员做同样的工作。我首先概述一下这个账户。然后,我提出了关于wokeness和信念形成的范围的问题。在此基础上,论证了群体偏倚观与认识论中的标准观是一致的。因此,片面性观点应该吸引那些采用标准观点的认识论者,因为它与普通的正当性标准一致。我的结论是,wokeness作为认识论中的一个概念,对于那些支持标准观点的人来说不应该有争议。
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引用次数: 2
Epistemic Injustice in Late-Stage Dementia: A Case for Non-Verbal Testimonial Injustice. 认知不公正在晚期痴呆:非语言证明不公正的情况下。
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2103474
Lucienne Spencer

The literature on epistemic injustice has thus far confined the concept of testimonial injustice to speech expressions such as inquiring, discussing, deliberating, and, above all, telling. I propose that it is time to broaden the horizons of testimonial injustice to include a wider range of expressions. Controversially, the form of communication I have in mind is non-verbal expression. Non-verbal expression is a vital, though often overlooked, form of communication, particularly for people who have certain neurocognitive disorders. Dependency upon non-verbal expression is a common feature of some forms of neurocognitive disorders such as 'intellectual disabilities', autism and late-stage dementia. According to the narrow definition of testimonial injustice currently championed in the literature, people who express non-verbally are exempt from testimonial injustice. However, when we consider cases where meaningful communications from non-verbal people are dismissed or ignored in virtue of identity prejudice, there seems to be a distinct testimonial harm at play. Using late-stage dementia as a case study, I argue that the definition of testimonial injustice should be expanded to include all communicative practices, whether verbal or non-verbal, to encompass the epistemic harms inflicted upon some of the most marginalised in our society.

迄今为止,关于认知不公正的文献将证言不公正的概念局限于诸如询问、讨论、审议,以及最重要的,讲述等言语表达。我建议,现在是扩大证言不公正的范围,包括更广泛的表达的时候了。有争议的是,我心目中的交流形式是非语言表达。非语言表达是一种至关重要的交流方式,尽管经常被忽视,尤其是对患有某些神经认知障碍的人来说。依赖非语言表达是某些形式的神经认知障碍(如“智力残疾”、自闭症和晚期痴呆)的共同特征。根据目前文献中倡导的证词不公正的狭义定义,非语言表达的人免于证词不公正。然而,当我们考虑来自非语言人士的有意义的沟通由于身份偏见而被驳回或忽视的情况时,似乎存在明显的证词伤害。以晚期痴呆症为例,我认为证词不公正的定义应该扩大到包括所有的交流实践,无论是口头的还是非口头的,以涵盖对我们社会中一些最边缘化的人造成的认知伤害。
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引用次数: 4
Online Illusions of Understanding 理解的在线错觉
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2151331
J. de Ridder
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引用次数: 1
On the Uses and Abuses of Celebrity Epistemic Power 论名人认识权的使用与滥用
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2022.2153351
Alfred Archer, M. Alfano, M. Dennis
The testimonies of celebrities affect the lives of their many followers who pay attention to what they say. This gives celebrities a high degree of epistemic power, which has come under scrutiny during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper investigates the duties that arise from this power. We argue that celebrities have a negative duty of testimonial justice not to undermine trust in authoritative sources by spreading misinformation or directing attention to untrustworthy sources. Moreover, celebrities have a general imperfect duty to try to correct for an unjust distribution of attention by redirecting it to those who deserve it. During a pandemic this may become a perfect one, due to the harm that could be prevented if people follow the advice of experts. Relatedly, we argue that celebrities have an imperfect duty to promote behavior that will reduce the spread of a pandemic. We outline three ways they might do so: they might take on the position of a role model, they may act as a salience magnet or they can direct people's attention towards others who have taken on these roles.
名人的证词影响了许多关注他们言论的追随者的生活。这赋予了名人高度的认识力,这在新冠肺炎大流行期间受到了审视。本文探讨了这种权力所产生的义务。我们认为,名人有证明正义的负面责任,不要通过传播错误信息或将注意力引向不可信的来源来破坏对权威来源的信任。此外,名人通常有一项不完美的义务,即通过将注意力重新分配给应得的人来纠正注意力分配的不公正。在疫情期间,这可能会成为一种完美的方式,因为如果人们听从专家的建议,伤害是可以预防的。与此相关的是,我们认为名人有一项不完美的义务来促进减少疫情传播的行为。我们概述了他们可以这样做的三种方式:他们可以扮演榜样的角色,他们可以充当引人注目的磁铁,或者他们可以将人们的注意力引导到其他扮演过这些角色的人身上。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Social Epistemology
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