Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1177/00220094231209239
Shalala Mammadova
The data collected during the author's ‘History of Azerbaijan’ class at Baku State University in 2014 showed that both the young and old generations felt great sympathy for the Soviet polity. Social life after Stalin was seen as a period of political stability and social prosperity. However, the official party and government documentation as well as individual memory reject this understanding. This article examines the collective and individual memory of Azerbaijani society in the post-Stalin period to understand why the social grievances and dissatisfaction of the time are discounted by modern-day Azerbaijanis, who see the time as one of social prosperity. The research is based on various primary sources from the Azerbaijan and Russian Federation archives. Data from surveys of 796 respondents, as well as ten interviews, were involved in the research. Mixed methods, a combination of descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods, were used for this research.
{"title":"Remembering Lived Past: History and Memory in Post-Stalin Azerbaijan","authors":"Shalala Mammadova","doi":"10.1177/00220094231209239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231209239","url":null,"abstract":"The data collected during the author's ‘History of Azerbaijan’ class at Baku State University in 2014 showed that both the young and old generations felt great sympathy for the Soviet polity. Social life after Stalin was seen as a period of political stability and social prosperity. However, the official party and government documentation as well as individual memory reject this understanding. This article examines the collective and individual memory of Azerbaijani society in the post-Stalin period to understand why the social grievances and dissatisfaction of the time are discounted by modern-day Azerbaijanis, who see the time as one of social prosperity. The research is based on various primary sources from the Azerbaijan and Russian Federation archives. Data from surveys of 796 respondents, as well as ten interviews, were involved in the research. Mixed methods, a combination of descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods, were used for this research.","PeriodicalId":51640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary History","volume":"176 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136069677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-29DOI: 10.1177/00220094231209223
Aleksandar Ignjatović, Danica Milan Stojiljković
This article examines relationships between architecture and ideology in socialist Yugoslavia by exploring the cultural interpretation and appropriation of the Balkan house in achieving modern, specifically Yugoslav architectural expression. Through the contextualization of the period's different narratives on the Ottoman vernacular and various architectural designs related to it, the aim is to demonstrate how Yugoslav architects relied on Marxism to appropriate vernacular architecture into the modernist discourses. Dialectical materialism was used as a key for the interpretation of the opposition between what was seen as the negative and positive elements of the Balkan house, which challenged banal polarization between the traditional and modern and led to a more nuanced understanding of backwardness and progress in vernacular architecture. The idea of architectural metamorphoses of vernacular to modern forms was justified by evolution and revolution, the basic concepts of the Marxist understanding of processes in society and culture. The Yugoslav interest in the Balkan house represented a living, perceivable example of how the relationships between tradition and modernity, the past and the present, as well as men and their environment, became incorporated into new architecture of ‘socialism with a humane face’, which stood at the heart of Yugoslav social and political experiment.
{"title":"Practising Dialectical Materialism: The Balkan House and Architecture in Socialist Yugoslavia","authors":"Aleksandar Ignjatović, Danica Milan Stojiljković","doi":"10.1177/00220094231209223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231209223","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines relationships between architecture and ideology in socialist Yugoslavia by exploring the cultural interpretation and appropriation of the Balkan house in achieving modern, specifically Yugoslav architectural expression. Through the contextualization of the period's different narratives on the Ottoman vernacular and various architectural designs related to it, the aim is to demonstrate how Yugoslav architects relied on Marxism to appropriate vernacular architecture into the modernist discourses. Dialectical materialism was used as a key for the interpretation of the opposition between what was seen as the negative and positive elements of the Balkan house, which challenged banal polarization between the traditional and modern and led to a more nuanced understanding of backwardness and progress in vernacular architecture. The idea of architectural metamorphoses of vernacular to modern forms was justified by evolution and revolution, the basic concepts of the Marxist understanding of processes in society and culture. The Yugoslav interest in the Balkan house represented a living, perceivable example of how the relationships between tradition and modernity, the past and the present, as well as men and their environment, became incorporated into new architecture of ‘socialism with a humane face’, which stood at the heart of Yugoslav social and political experiment.","PeriodicalId":51640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary History","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136136350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1177/00220094231209186
Tomasz Korban
During the Second World War, the Axis states looted a great deal of gold in various forms, both from individuals and countries. Following that war, the western allies established the Tripartite Gold Commission (TGC) to organize the restitution of monetary gold that had belonged to central banks in occupied Europe. One of the claimant countries was Yugoslavia. Drawing upon hitherto unused TGC records, the article examines the looting of Yugoslav monetary gold and its restitution via the TGC, which is a little-known episode in postwar history. Of the four Yugoslav claims submitted to the TGC in 1947, the majority were recognized as valid, yet the final adjudication was not published until 1958. The reasons for this protracted process of restitution and for the rejection of some of the Yugoslav claims are set out and note is made of the issue's recrudescence in the 1990s, when the TGC sought to distribute the final Yugoslav share. The break-up of Yugoslavia made this concluding allocation of gold a demanding task, and it did not end until 2004. By comparing it with other claimant countries, the article demonstrates that in some ways Yugoslavia was in a better position than the states behind the Iron Curtain.
{"title":"Yugoslavia and the Restitution of Monetary Gold After the Second World War","authors":"Tomasz Korban","doi":"10.1177/00220094231209186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231209186","url":null,"abstract":"During the Second World War, the Axis states looted a great deal of gold in various forms, both from individuals and countries. Following that war, the western allies established the Tripartite Gold Commission (TGC) to organize the restitution of monetary gold that had belonged to central banks in occupied Europe. One of the claimant countries was Yugoslavia. Drawing upon hitherto unused TGC records, the article examines the looting of Yugoslav monetary gold and its restitution via the TGC, which is a little-known episode in postwar history. Of the four Yugoslav claims submitted to the TGC in 1947, the majority were recognized as valid, yet the final adjudication was not published until 1958. The reasons for this protracted process of restitution and for the rejection of some of the Yugoslav claims are set out and note is made of the issue's recrudescence in the 1990s, when the TGC sought to distribute the final Yugoslav share. The break-up of Yugoslavia made this concluding allocation of gold a demanding task, and it did not end until 2004. By comparing it with other claimant countries, the article demonstrates that in some ways Yugoslavia was in a better position than the states behind the Iron Curtain.","PeriodicalId":51640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary History","volume":"5 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135322835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/00220094231184092c
George Roberts
instinctively suspicious of legal restrictions on trade unions, citing both their right to free association and the hostility of the bourgeois judiciary. Comrades in Conflict also ably draws out the personal element of the disagreement, the antipathy that trade union leaders and trade union MPs had towards the ‘academic, middle-class’ proponents of In Place of Strife – such as Wilson and Castle – straying onto their turf, in addition to the misogynistic treatment of Castle herself. The fundamental disagreement at the heart of the conflict over In Place of Strife, however, regards the nature of industrial conflict. For Castle and Wilson, unconstitutional and unofficial strikes reflected disorder, a disorder generated first and foremost by irresponsible trade unions. For Jones, Scanlon, et al., these strikes were primarily the product of reckless and intransigent employers. Some engagement with how workers on the shop floor understood these issues and reacted to this legislation would have enabled Comrades in Conflict to weigh in more directly on which of those positions most closely approximated reality. This remains, however, a valuable volume that deepens our understanding of policy formation and power under the post-war settlement.
{"title":"Book Review: <i>Socialism Goes Global: The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the Age of Decolonization</i> by James Mark, Paul Betts, Alena Alamgir, Péter Apor, Eric Burton, Bogdan C. Iacob, Steffi Marung and Radina Vučetić","authors":"George Roberts","doi":"10.1177/00220094231184092c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231184092c","url":null,"abstract":"instinctively suspicious of legal restrictions on trade unions, citing both their right to free association and the hostility of the bourgeois judiciary. Comrades in Conflict also ably draws out the personal element of the disagreement, the antipathy that trade union leaders and trade union MPs had towards the ‘academic, middle-class’ proponents of In Place of Strife – such as Wilson and Castle – straying onto their turf, in addition to the misogynistic treatment of Castle herself. The fundamental disagreement at the heart of the conflict over In Place of Strife, however, regards the nature of industrial conflict. For Castle and Wilson, unconstitutional and unofficial strikes reflected disorder, a disorder generated first and foremost by irresponsible trade unions. For Jones, Scanlon, et al., these strikes were primarily the product of reckless and intransigent employers. Some engagement with how workers on the shop floor understood these issues and reacted to this legislation would have enabled Comrades in Conflict to weigh in more directly on which of those positions most closely approximated reality. This remains, however, a valuable volume that deepens our understanding of policy formation and power under the post-war settlement.","PeriodicalId":51640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary History","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135568493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/00220094231184092d
Stephan Merl
While non-aligned Yugoslavia receives extensive treatment, only passing mention is made of Albania. Some will remain unconvinced of the merits of an alternative ‘socialist globalization’. Here, rather than critique the teleological pitfalls of the received globalisation story, it may have been more productive to explore the geographic worldviews of Eastern European socialists themselves. But, ultimately, this is an important book. Its collaborative and comparative nature helps push beyond the ‘solidarity with tensions’ conclusions often reached by narrower case studies. Rich in evidence and imaginative in conception, it is a testament to the value of collective scholarship in the writing of global history.
{"title":"Book Review: <i>Collapse. The Fall of the Soviet Union</i> by Vladislav M. Zubok","authors":"Stephan Merl","doi":"10.1177/00220094231184092d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231184092d","url":null,"abstract":"While non-aligned Yugoslavia receives extensive treatment, only passing mention is made of Albania. Some will remain unconvinced of the merits of an alternative ‘socialist globalization’. Here, rather than critique the teleological pitfalls of the received globalisation story, it may have been more productive to explore the geographic worldviews of Eastern European socialists themselves. But, ultimately, this is an important book. Its collaborative and comparative nature helps push beyond the ‘solidarity with tensions’ conclusions often reached by narrower case studies. Rich in evidence and imaginative in conception, it is a testament to the value of collective scholarship in the writing of global history.","PeriodicalId":51640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary History","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135568491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/00220094231184092b
Jack Saunders
{"title":"Book Review: <i>Comrades in Conflict: Labour, The Trade Unions and 1969’s In Place of Strife</i> by Peter Dorey","authors":"Jack Saunders","doi":"10.1177/00220094231184092b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231184092b","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary History","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135605288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/00220094231200459
Betty de Hart, Julia Woesthoff
This article demonstrates how official discourses in Western Europe warning against mixed marriages were built on colonial continuities as part of shared European heritage, as well as the importance of race and gender ideologies in those discourses. It addresses the exchange across borders of approaches to regulating ‘mixed’ marriages among Dutch and German consular officials, strongly advising European White women not to emigrate and not to marry Muslim men. Based on research in the archives of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs as well as newspaper archives in the Netherlands and West Germany, this article demonstrates the central role that consulates of both countries played in developing these official discourses. This study contributes to literature on female (e)migration as well as literature on present-day restrictive migration control practices by demonstrating the historical and colonial roots that still serve to justify state practices of regulating mixed intimacies in surveilling women's partner choice.
{"title":"‘Doomed to Fail’: Dutch and West German Consulates Warning Against Mixed Marriages, 1950s–70s","authors":"Betty de Hart, Julia Woesthoff","doi":"10.1177/00220094231200459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231200459","url":null,"abstract":"This article demonstrates how official discourses in Western Europe warning against mixed marriages were built on colonial continuities as part of shared European heritage, as well as the importance of race and gender ideologies in those discourses. It addresses the exchange across borders of approaches to regulating ‘mixed’ marriages among Dutch and German consular officials, strongly advising European White women not to emigrate and not to marry Muslim men. Based on research in the archives of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs as well as newspaper archives in the Netherlands and West Germany, this article demonstrates the central role that consulates of both countries played in developing these official discourses. This study contributes to literature on female (e)migration as well as literature on present-day restrictive migration control practices by demonstrating the historical and colonial roots that still serve to justify state practices of regulating mixed intimacies in surveilling women's partner choice.","PeriodicalId":51640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary History","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135605289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/00220094231184092
Walter Schultz
Kindred Spirits, through an exploration of spiritual friendships and political activism within Catholicism during the tumultuous 1930s and 1940s, offers a rare glimpse into Catholic spirituality in the twentieth century. Drawing from the margins of the institutional church, Brenna Moore reveals the life-giving sustenance of Catholicity or all-embracing universality. Abjuring Nazism and European colonialism, the men and women depicted in Kindred Spirits portray a more humane and multicultural world. Ironically, Moore finds that their commitment to spiritual friendship avoids carnal tribalism to such an extent that familial biological ties are often disparaged. Referring to these spiritual friends in the light of Joseph Amato’s book on Jacques Maritain and Emmanuel Mounier, Brenna Moore notes in the Epilogue to Kindred Spirits how
{"title":"Book Review: <i>Kindred Spirits: Friendship and Resistance at the Edges of Modern Catholicism</i> by Brenna Moore","authors":"Walter Schultz","doi":"10.1177/00220094231184092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231184092","url":null,"abstract":"Kindred Spirits, through an exploration of spiritual friendships and political activism within Catholicism during the tumultuous 1930s and 1940s, offers a rare glimpse into Catholic spirituality in the twentieth century. Drawing from the margins of the institutional church, Brenna Moore reveals the life-giving sustenance of Catholicity or all-embracing universality. Abjuring Nazism and European colonialism, the men and women depicted in Kindred Spirits portray a more humane and multicultural world. Ironically, Moore finds that their commitment to spiritual friendship avoids carnal tribalism to such an extent that familial biological ties are often disparaged. Referring to these spiritual friends in the light of Joseph Amato’s book on Jacques Maritain and Emmanuel Mounier, Brenna Moore notes in the Epilogue to Kindred Spirits how","PeriodicalId":51640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary History","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135605291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/00220094231184092a
Tomasz Frydel
{"title":"Book Review: <i>Survivors: Warsaw Under Nazi Occupation</i> by Jadwiga Biskupska","authors":"Tomasz Frydel","doi":"10.1177/00220094231184092a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231184092a","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary History","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135605290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1177/00220094231199878
Tommaso Milani
The article investigates competing arguments in favour of democratic planning by comparing and contrasting the writings of E. H. Carr (1892–1982) and Harold B. Butler (1883–1951). As British civil servants and distinguished commentators on public affairs, Carr and Butler were deeply struck by the magnitude of the Great Depression and its political repercussions around the world. Despite having a similar background and being critical of laissez-faire economics, Carr and Butler came to express two conflicting visions of the implications of planning for democracy, informed by their respective fascination with the Soviet experience and the New Deal. Ultimately, they took opposite stances on Britain's post-1945 nationalizations, a development that highlights the extreme suppleness of the democratic planning discourse blossoming during the interwar years.
本文通过比较和对比E. H. Carr(1892-1982)和Harold B. Butler(1883-1951)的著作，调查了支持民主计划的相互竞争的论点。作为英国公务员和杰出的公共事务评论员，卡尔和巴特勒对大萧条的规模及其在世界各地的政治影响深感震惊。尽管有着相似的背景，并且对自由放任经济持批评态度，卡尔和巴特勒对计划民主的含义表达了两种相互矛盾的看法，这是由于他们各自对苏联经验和新政的迷恋。最终，他们在英国1945年后的国有化问题上采取了相反的立场，这一发展凸显了两次世界大战期间民主计划话语的极端灵活性。
{"title":"Democratic Planning and its Pitfalls: E. H. Carr, Harold B. Butler, and the Interwar Crisis","authors":"Tommaso Milani","doi":"10.1177/00220094231199878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231199878","url":null,"abstract":"The article investigates competing arguments in favour of democratic planning by comparing and contrasting the writings of E. H. Carr (1892–1982) and Harold B. Butler (1883–1951). As British civil servants and distinguished commentators on public affairs, Carr and Butler were deeply struck by the magnitude of the Great Depression and its political repercussions around the world. Despite having a similar background and being critical of laissez-faire economics, Carr and Butler came to express two conflicting visions of the implications of planning for democracy, informed by their respective fascination with the Soviet experience and the New Deal. Ultimately, they took opposite stances on Britain's post-1945 nationalizations, a development that highlights the extreme suppleness of the democratic planning discourse blossoming during the interwar years.","PeriodicalId":51640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary History","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136308696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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