Pub Date : 2020-01-22eCollection Date: 2020-01-01DOI: 10.2147/OAJSM.S198809
Gustavo R Mota, Mário Antônio de Moura Simim, Izabela Aparecida Dos Santos, Jeffer Eidi Sasaki, Moacir Marocolo
This systematic review investigated the effects of wearing below-knee compression stockings (CS) on exercise performance (or sports activity) and associated physiological and perceived indicators. We searched articles on PubMed using the following terms: "graduated compression stockings"; "compression stockings"; "graduated compression socks"; "compression socks" combined with "performance", "athletes", "exercise", "exercise performance", "fatigue", "sports" and "recovery", resulting in 1067 papers. After checking for inclusion criteria (e.g., original studies, healthy subjects, performance analysis), 21 studies were selected and analyzed. We conclude that wearing CS during exercise improved performance in a small number of studies. However, wearing CS could benefit muscle function indicators and perceived muscle soreness during the recovery period. Future research should investigate the chronic effect of CS on Sports Medicine and athletic performance.
{"title":"Effects of Wearing Compression Stockings on Exercise Performance and Associated Indicators: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Gustavo R Mota, Mário Antônio de Moura Simim, Izabela Aparecida Dos Santos, Jeffer Eidi Sasaki, Moacir Marocolo","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S198809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S198809","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This systematic review investigated the effects of wearing below-knee compression stockings (CS) on exercise performance (or sports activity) and associated physiological and perceived indicators. We searched articles on PubMed using the following terms: \"graduated compression stockings\"; \"compression stockings\"; \"graduated compression socks\"; \"compression socks\" combined with \"performance\", \"athletes\", \"exercise\", \"exercise performance\", \"fatigue\", \"sports\" and \"recovery\", resulting in 1067 papers. After checking for inclusion criteria (e.g., original studies, healthy subjects, performance analysis), 21 studies were selected and analyzed. We conclude that wearing CS during exercise improved performance in a small number of studies. However, wearing CS could benefit muscle function indicators and perceived muscle soreness during the recovery period. Future research should investigate the chronic effect of CS on Sports Medicine and athletic performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"29-42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S198809","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37726459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-21eCollection Date: 2020-01-01DOI: 10.2147/OAJSM.S224919
Hassane Zouhal, Ayoub Saeidi, Amal Salhi, Huige Li, M Faadiel Essop, Ismail Laher, Fatma Rhibi, Sadegh Amani-Shalamzari, Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman
Fasting is defined as the abstinence from consuming food and/or beverages for different periods of time. Both traditional and modern healthcare systems recommend fasting as a therapeutic intervention for the management of several chronic, non-infectious diseases. Exercising during a fasting state increases lipolysis in adipose tissue while also stimulating peripheral fat oxidation, resulting in increased fat utilization and weight loss. A key focus of this review is to assess whether endurance training performed while fasting induces specific training adaptations, where increased fat oxidation improves long-term endurance levels. Fasting decreases body weight, lean body and fat content in both trained and untrained individuals. Several studies indicate a broader impact of fasting on metabolism, with effects on protein and glucose metabolism in sedentary and untrained subjects. However, there are conflicting data regarding the effects of fasting on glucose metabolism in highly trained athletes. The effects of fasting on physical performance indicators also remain unclear, with some reporting a decreased performance, while others found no significant effects. Differences in experimental design, severity of calorie restriction, duration, and participant characteristics could, at least in part, explain such discordant findings. Our review of the literature suggests that there is little evidence to support the notion of endurance training and fasting-mediated increases in fat oxidation, and we recommend that endurance athletes should avoid high intensity training while fasting.
{"title":"Exercise Training and Fasting: Current Insights.","authors":"Hassane Zouhal, Ayoub Saeidi, Amal Salhi, Huige Li, M Faadiel Essop, Ismail Laher, Fatma Rhibi, Sadegh Amani-Shalamzari, Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S224919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S224919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fasting is defined as the abstinence from consuming food and/or beverages for different periods of time. Both traditional and modern healthcare systems recommend fasting as a therapeutic intervention for the management of several chronic, non-infectious diseases. Exercising during a fasting state increases lipolysis in adipose tissue while also stimulating peripheral fat oxidation, resulting in increased fat utilization and weight loss. A key focus of this review is to assess whether endurance training performed while fasting induces specific training adaptations, where increased fat oxidation improves long-term endurance levels. Fasting decreases body weight, lean body and fat content in both trained and untrained individuals. Several studies indicate a broader impact of fasting on metabolism, with effects on protein and glucose metabolism in sedentary and untrained subjects. However, there are conflicting data regarding the effects of fasting on glucose metabolism in highly trained athletes. The effects of fasting on physical performance indicators also remain unclear, with some reporting a decreased performance, while others found no significant effects. Differences in experimental design, severity of calorie restriction, duration, and participant characteristics could, at least in part, explain such discordant findings. Our review of the literature suggests that there is little evidence to support the notion of endurance training and fasting-mediated increases in fat oxidation, and we recommend that endurance athletes should avoid high intensity training while fasting.</p>","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S224919","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37611371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-06eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.2147/OAJSM.S149257
Jane E Yardley
Fear of hypoglycemia is a common barrier to exercise and physical activity for individuals with type 1 diabetes. While some of the earliest studies in this area involved only one or two participants, the link between exercise, exogenous insulin, and hypoglycemia was already clear, with the only suggested management strategies being to decrease insulin dosage and/or consume carbohydrates before and after exercise. Over the past 50 years, a great deal of knowledge has been developed around the impact of different types and intensities of exercise on blood glucose levels in this population. Recent decades have also seen the development of technologies such as continuous glucose monitors, faster-acting insulins and commercially available insulin pumps to allow for the real-time observation of interstitial glucose levels, and more precise adjustments to insulin dosage before, during and after activity. As such, there are now evidence-based exercise and physical activity guidelines for individuals with type 1 diabetes. While the risk of hypoglycemia has not been completely eliminated, therapy recommendations have evolved considerably. This review discusses the evolution of the knowledge and the technology related to type 1 diabetes and exercise that have allowed this evolution to take place.
{"title":"The Athlete with Type 1 Diabetes: Transition from Case Reports to General Therapy Recommendations.","authors":"Jane E Yardley","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S149257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S149257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fear of hypoglycemia is a common barrier to exercise and physical activity for individuals with type 1 diabetes. While some of the earliest studies in this area involved only one or two participants, the link between exercise, exogenous insulin, and hypoglycemia was already clear, with the only suggested management strategies being to decrease insulin dosage and/or consume carbohydrates before and after exercise. Over the past 50 years, a great deal of knowledge has been developed around the impact of different types and intensities of exercise on blood glucose levels in this population. Recent decades have also seen the development of technologies such as continuous glucose monitors, faster-acting insulins and commercially available insulin pumps to allow for the real-time observation of interstitial glucose levels, and more precise adjustments to insulin dosage before, during and after activity. As such, there are now evidence-based exercise and physical activity guidelines for individuals with type 1 diabetes. While the risk of hypoglycemia has not been completely eliminated, therapy recommendations have evolved considerably. This review discusses the evolution of the knowledge and the technology related to type 1 diabetes and exercise that have allowed this evolution to take place.</p>","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"199-207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S149257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37448843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-06eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.2147/OAJSM.S234289
Sarah K Perry, Harsh H Buddhadev, Lorraine R Brilla, David N Suprak
Background: During ballet, injuries to the Achilles tendon are associated with the take-off phase of various jumps.
Research question: The purpose of the study was to assess differences in mechanical demand on the body, specifically at the ankle, in two single-leg jumps commonly trained in ballet: a saut de chat (SDC) and a temps levé (TL).
Methods: Fifteen classically trained female dancers had 16 reflective markers placed on the lower body and each dancer performed each jump three times on a force plate. The marker position data and ground reaction forces (GRF) were captured synchronously at 250 Hz and 1000 Hz, respectively. Peak vertical GRF, mean rate of force development (RFD), peak ankle moment, and peak ankle power were determined and averaged across trials. Paired t-tests were used to determine differences between the SDC and the TL.
Results: When compared to the TL, the SDC displayed significantly higher peak vertical GRF (p = 0.003), RFD (p = 0.002), and peak ankle moment and power (p < 0.001). The effect sizes for these differences were large for all variables (Cohen's d > 0.80).
Conclusion: The mechanical demand at the ankle joint is significantly greater for the SDC than the TL.
{"title":"Mechanical Demands at the Ankle Joint During Saut de Chat and Temps levé Jumps in Classically Trained Ballet Dancers.","authors":"Sarah K Perry, Harsh H Buddhadev, Lorraine R Brilla, David N Suprak","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S234289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S234289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>During ballet, injuries to the Achilles tendon are associated with the take-off phase of various jumps.</p><p><strong>Research question: </strong>The purpose of the study was to assess differences in mechanical demand on the body, specifically at the ankle, in two single-leg jumps commonly trained in ballet: a saut de chat (SDC) and a temps levé (TL).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen classically trained female dancers had 16 reflective markers placed on the lower body and each dancer performed each jump three times on a force plate. The marker position data and ground reaction forces (GRF) were captured synchronously at 250 Hz and 1000 Hz, respectively. Peak vertical GRF, mean rate of force development (RFD), peak ankle moment, and peak ankle power were determined and averaged across trials. Paired <i>t</i>-tests were used to determine differences between the SDC and the TL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When compared to the TL, the SDC displayed significantly higher peak vertical GRF (<i>p</i> = 0.003), RFD (<i>p</i> = 0.002), and peak ankle moment and power (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The effect sizes for these differences were large for all variables (Cohen's <i>d</i> > 0.80).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The mechanical demand at the ankle joint is significantly greater for the SDC than the TL.</p>","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"191-197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S234289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37448932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Guex, Émilie Serain, G. Gremion, C. Besson, R. Faiss, Jocelyne Majo, F. Degache
Background The Race Across AMerica (RAAM) is considered as one of the longest, and most difficult cycling races in the world. It can be performed in solo or in relay of two, four or eight persons. Purpose/method The aim of the present study was to investigate several physiological, perceptual and psychological responses before, during and after RAAM in a team of eight amateur cyclists. Because logistics of all team is demanding and complex, crew members have followed the same testing procedure. Results The main result is that parameters were globally not altered to a greater extent in cyclists than in crew members over the course of the RAAM, and that all variables returned to pre-race levels 1 week after the end of the race in both groups. In crew, body fat was decreased (p < 0.05) at mid-race (Mid) vs 1 week before the RAAM (Pre) (−1.5%) and total body water was increased (p < 0.05) at Mid vs Pre (+2.5%). In pre-relay quadriceps strength in cyclists was significantly lower (p < 0.05) at Mid vs Pre (41.6 ± 9.1 vs 45.0 ± 11.2 N, d = 0.36). Therefore, performing the race with eight well-prepared amateur cyclists seems to decrease potential risks on health. In crew, quadriceps strength remained stable at each assessment time but general fatigue increased all along the race. Anger was increased (p < 0.05) at Mid vs Pre in crew. Conclusion The most important message of this study is that crew members for a team of eight require adequate and sufficient preparation and training. Roles and responsibilities need to be thoroughly defined; individuals need to know each other beforehand and they must be prepared for sleep deprivation. The results of this study show the importance of the preparation of two teams: crew members, as well as cyclists.
横穿美国自行车赛(RAAM)被认为是世界上最长、最困难的自行车比赛之一。它可以单人表演，也可以两人、四人或八人接力赛。目的/方法本研究的目的是调查8名业余自行车手在RAAM之前、期间和之后的几种生理、知觉和心理反应。由于所有团队的后勤要求都很高，而且很复杂，所以机组人员都遵循相同的测试程序。主要结果是，在RAAM过程中，自行车手的参数总体上没有比机组成员的参数改变得更大，并且在比赛结束后一周，两组的所有变量都恢复到比赛前的水平。在船员中，与RAAM (Pre)前1周相比，比赛中期(Mid)体脂减少(p < 0.05)(- 1.5%)，总水在中期(+2.5%)比RAAM (Pre)增加(p < 0.05)。在接力赛前，骑自行车者的股四头肌力量在中期比在接力赛前显著降低(p < 0.05)(41.6±9.1比45.0±11.2 N, d = 0.36)。因此，与8名准备充分的业余自行车手进行比赛似乎可以降低对健康的潜在风险。在队员中，股四头肌的力量在每次评估时都保持稳定，但在整个比赛过程中，全身疲劳感会增加。在中期和前期，乘员的愤怒增加(p < 0.05)。本研究最重要的信息是，八人团队的船员需要充分和充分的准备和培训。需要彻底定义角色和职责;个人需要事先相互了解，他们必须为睡眠不足做好准备。这项研究的结果显示了两支队伍的准备工作的重要性:车队成员和自行车手。
{"title":"Participating In The Race Across AMerica In A Team Of Eight Cyclists: Do Not Neglect Crew Preparation","authors":"K. Guex, Émilie Serain, G. Gremion, C. Besson, R. Faiss, Jocelyne Majo, F. Degache","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S219124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S219124","url":null,"abstract":"Background The Race Across AMerica (RAAM) is considered as one of the longest, and most difficult cycling races in the world. It can be performed in solo or in relay of two, four or eight persons. Purpose/method The aim of the present study was to investigate several physiological, perceptual and psychological responses before, during and after RAAM in a team of eight amateur cyclists. Because logistics of all team is demanding and complex, crew members have followed the same testing procedure. Results The main result is that parameters were globally not altered to a greater extent in cyclists than in crew members over the course of the RAAM, and that all variables returned to pre-race levels 1 week after the end of the race in both groups. In crew, body fat was decreased (p < 0.05) at mid-race (Mid) vs 1 week before the RAAM (Pre) (−1.5%) and total body water was increased (p < 0.05) at Mid vs Pre (+2.5%). In pre-relay quadriceps strength in cyclists was significantly lower (p < 0.05) at Mid vs Pre (41.6 ± 9.1 vs 45.0 ± 11.2 N, d = 0.36). Therefore, performing the race with eight well-prepared amateur cyclists seems to decrease potential risks on health. In crew, quadriceps strength remained stable at each assessment time but general fatigue increased all along the race. Anger was increased (p < 0.05) at Mid vs Pre in crew. Conclusion The most important message of this study is that crew members for a team of eight require adequate and sufficient preparation and training. Roles and responsibilities need to be thoroughly defined; individuals need to know each other beforehand and they must be prepared for sleep deprivation. The results of this study show the importance of the preparation of two teams: crew members, as well as cyclists.","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"161 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S219124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42680184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The impact of a ketogenic diet (KD) (<50 g/d carbohydrate, >75% fat) on athletic performance has sparked much interest and self-experimentation in the past 3–4 years. Evidence shows 3–4-week adaptations to a KD in endurance-trained athletes were associated with maintenance of moderate (46–63% VO2max) and vigorous intensity (64–90% VO2max) endurance exercise, while at intensities >70% VO2max, increases in fat oxidation were associated with decreased economy (increased oxygen consumption), and in some cases, increased ratings of perceived exertion and heart rate. Two investigations in recreationally active endurance athletes noted no vigorous intensity exercise decrement following 3- and 12-week adaptations. Moderate (70–85% one repetition maximum) and near-maximal to maximal intensity (>85% 1RM) strength performance experienced no decrement following a 3-12-week KD adaptation. Beneficial effects were noted for 2000 m sprint and critical power test completed for short duration at vigorous intensity, while two additional tests noted no decrement. For sprint, near-maximal exercise (>91% VO2max), benefit of the KD was observed for six-second sprint, while no decrement in performance was noted for two additional maximal tests. When protein is equated (grams per kilogram), one investigation noted no decrement in muscle hypertrophy, while one noted a decrement. One investigation with matched protein noted the KD group lost more body fat. In conclusion, moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise experiences no decrement following adaptation to a KD. Decreases in exercise economy are observed >70% VO2max in trained endurance athletes which may negate performance within field settings. Beneficial effects of the KD during short duration vigorous, and sprint bouts of exercises are often confounded by greater weight loss in the KD group. With more athletes pursuing carbohydrate-restricted diets (moderate and strict (KD)) for their proposed health benefits, more work is needed in the area to address both performance and health outcomes.
{"title":"Impact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights","authors":"F. McSwiney, L. Doyle, D. Plews, C. Zinn","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S180409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S180409","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The impact of a ketogenic diet (KD) (<50 g/d carbohydrate, >75% fat) on athletic performance has sparked much interest and self-experimentation in the past 3–4 years. Evidence shows 3–4-week adaptations to a KD in endurance-trained athletes were associated with maintenance of moderate (46–63% VO2max) and vigorous intensity (64–90% VO2max) endurance exercise, while at intensities >70% VO2max, increases in fat oxidation were associated with decreased economy (increased oxygen consumption), and in some cases, increased ratings of perceived exertion and heart rate. Two investigations in recreationally active endurance athletes noted no vigorous intensity exercise decrement following 3- and 12-week adaptations. Moderate (70–85% one repetition maximum) and near-maximal to maximal intensity (>85% 1RM) strength performance experienced no decrement following a 3-12-week KD adaptation. Beneficial effects were noted for 2000 m sprint and critical power test completed for short duration at vigorous intensity, while two additional tests noted no decrement. For sprint, near-maximal exercise (>91% VO2max), benefit of the KD was observed for six-second sprint, while no decrement in performance was noted for two additional maximal tests. When protein is equated (grams per kilogram), one investigation noted no decrement in muscle hypertrophy, while one noted a decrement. One investigation with matched protein noted the KD group lost more body fat. In conclusion, moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise experiences no decrement following adaptation to a KD. Decreases in exercise economy are observed >70% VO2max in trained endurance athletes which may negate performance within field settings. Beneficial effects of the KD during short duration vigorous, and sprint bouts of exercises are often confounded by greater weight loss in the KD group. With more athletes pursuing carbohydrate-restricted diets (moderate and strict (KD)) for their proposed health benefits, more work is needed in the area to address both performance and health outcomes.","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"171 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S180409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43329480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background Block periodization (BP) has been proposed as an alternative to traditional (TRAD) organization of the annual training plan for endurance athletes. Objective To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the effect BP of endurance training on endurance performance and factors determinative for endurance performance in trained- to well-trained athletes. Methods The PubMed, SPORTdiscus and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to August 2019. Studies were included if the following criteria were met: 1) the study examined a block-periodized endurance training intervention; 2) the study had a one-, two or multiple group-, crossover- or case-study design; 3) the study assessed at least one key endurance variable before and after the intervention period. A total of 2905 studies were screened, where 20 records met the eligibility criteria. Methodological quality for each study was assessed using the PEDro scale. Six studies were pooled to perform meta-analysis for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximal power output (Wmax) during an incremental exercise test to exhaustion. Due to a lower number of studies and heterogenous measurements, other performance measures were systematically reviewed. Results The meta-analyses revealed small favorable effects for BP compared to TRAD regarding changes in VO2max (standardized mean difference, 0.40; 95% CI=0.02, 0.79) and Wmax (standardized mean difference, 0.28; 95% CI=0.01, 0.54). For changes in endurance performance and workload at different exercise thresholds BP generally revealed moderate- to large-effect sizes compared to TRAD. Conclusion BP is an adequate, alternative training strategy to TRAD as evidenced by superior training effects on VO2max and Wmax in athletes. The reviewed studies show promising effects for BP of endurance training; however, these results must be considered with some caution due to small studies with generally low methodological quality (mean PEDro score =3.7/10).
块周期化(BP)已被提出作为耐力运动员年度训练计划传统(TRAD)组织的替代方案。目的:据我们所知，这是第一个评估耐力训练对耐力表现的影响的荟萃分析，以及训练有素到训练有素的运动员耐力表现的决定因素。方法检索PubMed、SPORTdiscus和Web of Science数据库，检索时间为建库至2019年8月。符合以下标准的研究被纳入:1)该研究检查了块周期耐力训练干预;2)研究采用单、双或多组、交叉或个案研究设计;3)研究评估了干预前后至少一个关键的耐力变量。总共筛选了2905项研究，其中20项记录符合入选标准。采用PEDro量表对每项研究的方法学质量进行评估。对6项研究进行汇总，对增量运动试验至衰竭期间的最大摄氧量(VO2max)和最大功率输出(Wmax)进行meta分析。由于较少的研究和异质性测量，其他性能测量被系统地审查。荟萃分析显示，与TRAD相比，BP在VO2max变化方面的有利作用较小(标准化平均差为0.40;95% CI=0.02, 0.79)和Wmax(标准化平均差，0.28;95% ci =0.01, 0.54)。对于不同运动阈值下耐力表现和工作量的变化，与TRAD相比，BP通常显示出中等到较大的效应。结论BP训练对运动员的最大摄氧量和最大耗氧量的影响优于TRAD，是一种合适的替代训练策略。所回顾的研究显示耐力训练对血压有很好的效果;然而，由于研究规模小，方法学质量一般较低(平均PEDro评分=3.7/10)，因此必须谨慎考虑这些结果。
{"title":"Block periodization of endurance training – a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Knut Sindre Mølmen, S. Øfsteng, B. Rønnestad","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S180408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S180408","url":null,"abstract":"Background Block periodization (BP) has been proposed as an alternative to traditional (TRAD) organization of the annual training plan for endurance athletes. Objective To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the effect BP of endurance training on endurance performance and factors determinative for endurance performance in trained- to well-trained athletes. Methods The PubMed, SPORTdiscus and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to August 2019. Studies were included if the following criteria were met: 1) the study examined a block-periodized endurance training intervention; 2) the study had a one-, two or multiple group-, crossover- or case-study design; 3) the study assessed at least one key endurance variable before and after the intervention period. A total of 2905 studies were screened, where 20 records met the eligibility criteria. Methodological quality for each study was assessed using the PEDro scale. Six studies were pooled to perform meta-analysis for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximal power output (Wmax) during an incremental exercise test to exhaustion. Due to a lower number of studies and heterogenous measurements, other performance measures were systematically reviewed. Results The meta-analyses revealed small favorable effects for BP compared to TRAD regarding changes in VO2max (standardized mean difference, 0.40; 95% CI=0.02, 0.79) and Wmax (standardized mean difference, 0.28; 95% CI=0.01, 0.54). For changes in endurance performance and workload at different exercise thresholds BP generally revealed moderate- to large-effect sizes compared to TRAD. Conclusion BP is an adequate, alternative training strategy to TRAD as evidenced by superior training effects on VO2max and Wmax in athletes. The reviewed studies show promising effects for BP of endurance training; however, these results must be considered with some caution due to small studies with generally low methodological quality (mean PEDro score =3.7/10).","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"145 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S180408","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42340731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The last decade has seen a dramatic rise in sports science research due to the ever-increasing professionalization of sport. As a result, many alternative training methodologies that challenge traditional training philosophies have emerged. In the sport of swimming, ultra-short race-pace training (USRPT) was recently proposed. The aim of this article was to provide current perspectives on USRPT in competitive swimming. A systematic review was conducted to determine the effects of USRPT on performance in competitive swimmers. Of the 1347 studies retrieved, 1332 were excluded. The full-texts of 15 studies were assessed for eligibility. However, all 15 studies were excluded as the intervention did not consist of USRPT. Consequently, there are concerns surrounding USRPT as it is not currently based on peer-reviewed published literature. In addition, the recommendations within USRPT to avoid resistance training, cross-training activities, training intensities less than race-pace velocity and part practice swimming drills are highly controversial and lack scientific evidence. There is evidence to suggest that USRPT is a derivative of high-intensity training (HIT) and there is peer-reviewed published literature available to support the effects of HIT on performance in competitive swimmers. Swimming coaches and sports scientists are advised to consider the applications of USRPT with caution. The authors suggest that USRPT is a training method, which may be incorporated within a holistic periodized training program that includes a variety of training methods and stimuli. Future research should involve a randomized controlled intervention of USRPT in competitive swimmers.
{"title":"Ultra-Short Race-Pace Training (USRPT) In Swimming: Current Perspectives","authors":"F. Nugent, T. Comyns, P. Kearney, G. Warrington","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S180598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S180598","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The last decade has seen a dramatic rise in sports science research due to the ever-increasing professionalization of sport. As a result, many alternative training methodologies that challenge traditional training philosophies have emerged. In the sport of swimming, ultra-short race-pace training (USRPT) was recently proposed. The aim of this article was to provide current perspectives on USRPT in competitive swimming. A systematic review was conducted to determine the effects of USRPT on performance in competitive swimmers. Of the 1347 studies retrieved, 1332 were excluded. The full-texts of 15 studies were assessed for eligibility. However, all 15 studies were excluded as the intervention did not consist of USRPT. Consequently, there are concerns surrounding USRPT as it is not currently based on peer-reviewed published literature. In addition, the recommendations within USRPT to avoid resistance training, cross-training activities, training intensities less than race-pace velocity and part practice swimming drills are highly controversial and lack scientific evidence. There is evidence to suggest that USRPT is a derivative of high-intensity training (HIT) and there is peer-reviewed published literature available to support the effects of HIT on performance in competitive swimmers. Swimming coaches and sports scientists are advised to consider the applications of USRPT with caution. The authors suggest that USRPT is a training method, which may be incorporated within a holistic periodized training program that includes a variety of training methods and stimuli. Future research should involve a randomized controlled intervention of USRPT in competitive swimmers.","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"133 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S180598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44495174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vini Simas, W. Hing, E. Rathbone, R. Pope, B. Beck, M. Climstein
Purpose Given the lack of research investigating surfing and bone health, we aimed to assess the bone mineral density (BMD) of middle-aged and older surfers. Patients and methods In a cross-sectional observational design, we compared a group of middle-aged and older surfers to a group of non-surfers, age- and sex-matched controls. Participants were males, aged between 50 and 75 years. Volunteers were assessed for body mass index, bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) scores, daily calcium intake, and alcohol intake. Primary outcomes included BMD at the femur and lumbar spine (LS), and T-score, assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone biomarkers were also analyzed. Results A total of 104 participants (59 surfers and 45 controls) were assessed. Groups were similar with regards to all demographic characteristics except for percentage of lean mass (higher in surfers, mean difference [MD] +2.57%; 95% CI 0.05–5.09; p=0.046) and current BPAQ score (lower in surfers; MD −0.967; 95% CI −0.395 to −1.539; p=0.001). Surfers had a mean surfing experience of 41.2 (SD ±11.8) years and mean surfing exposure of 26.9 (SD ±15.0) hours/month. Controls were divided into two groups, according to their main physical activity: weight-bearing/high intensity (WBHI) and non-weight-bearing/low intensity (NWBLI). When compared to NWBLI controls, surfers had higher LS BMD (MD +0.064; 95% CI 0.002–0.126; p=0.041) and higher T-score (MD +0.40; 95% CI 0.01–0.80; p=0.042); however, surfers had a lower T-score than the WBHI group (MD −0.52; 95% CI −0.02 to −1.0; p=0.039). No other differences were found between groups. Conclusion The findings of this study support our hypothesis that regular surfing may be an effective physical activity for middle-aged and older men to decrease bone deterioration related to aging, as we identified positive results for surfers in relation to primary outcomes.
鉴于冲浪与骨骼健康的研究缺乏，我们旨在评估中老年冲浪者的骨矿物质密度(BMD)。患者和方法在横断面观察设计中，我们比较了一组中老年冲浪者和一组年龄和性别匹配的非冲浪者。参与者为男性，年龄在50至75岁之间。研究人员评估了志愿者的体重指数、骨骼特异性体力活动问卷(BPAQ)评分、每日钙摄入量和酒精摄入量。主要结果包括股骨和腰椎(LS)的骨密度，以及通过双能x线吸收仪评估的t评分。还分析了骨骼生物标志物。结果共评估了104名参与者(59名冲浪者和45名对照组)。各组在所有人口统计学特征方面相似，除了瘦质量百分比(冲浪者较高，平均差[MD] +2.57%;95% ci 0.05-5.09;p=0.046)和当前BPAQ评分(冲浪者较低;MD−0.967;95% CI为−0.395 ~−1.539;p = 0.001)。冲浪者平均冲浪经验为41.2 (SD±11.8)年，平均冲浪暴露时间为26.9 (SD±15.0)小时/月。对照组根据其主要体育活动分为两组:负重/高强度(whbhi)和非负重/低强度(NWBLI)。与NWBLI对照组相比，冲浪者的LS BMD (MD +0.064;95% ci 0.002-0.126;p=0.041)和更高的t评分(MD +0.40;95% ci 0.01-0.80;p = 0.042);然而，冲浪者的t评分低于whbhi组(MD - 0.52;95% CI为−0.02 ~−1.0;p = 0.039)。各组之间没有发现其他差异。本研究的发现支持了我们的假设，即定期冲浪可能是中老年男性减少与衰老相关的骨质退化的有效体育活动，因为我们确定了冲浪者与主要结果相关的积极结果。
{"title":"Bone health of middle-aged and older surfers","authors":"Vini Simas, W. Hing, E. Rathbone, R. Pope, B. Beck, M. Climstein","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S209043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S209043","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose Given the lack of research investigating surfing and bone health, we aimed to assess the bone mineral density (BMD) of middle-aged and older surfers. Patients and methods In a cross-sectional observational design, we compared a group of middle-aged and older surfers to a group of non-surfers, age- and sex-matched controls. Participants were males, aged between 50 and 75 years. Volunteers were assessed for body mass index, bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) scores, daily calcium intake, and alcohol intake. Primary outcomes included BMD at the femur and lumbar spine (LS), and T-score, assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone biomarkers were also analyzed. Results A total of 104 participants (59 surfers and 45 controls) were assessed. Groups were similar with regards to all demographic characteristics except for percentage of lean mass (higher in surfers, mean difference [MD] +2.57%; 95% CI 0.05–5.09; p=0.046) and current BPAQ score (lower in surfers; MD −0.967; 95% CI −0.395 to −1.539; p=0.001). Surfers had a mean surfing experience of 41.2 (SD ±11.8) years and mean surfing exposure of 26.9 (SD ±15.0) hours/month. Controls were divided into two groups, according to their main physical activity: weight-bearing/high intensity (WBHI) and non-weight-bearing/low intensity (NWBLI). When compared to NWBLI controls, surfers had higher LS BMD (MD +0.064; 95% CI 0.002–0.126; p=0.041) and higher T-score (MD +0.40; 95% CI 0.01–0.80; p=0.042); however, surfers had a lower T-score than the WBHI group (MD −0.52; 95% CI −0.02 to −1.0; p=0.039). No other differences were found between groups. Conclusion The findings of this study support our hypothesis that regular surfing may be an effective physical activity for middle-aged and older men to decrease bone deterioration related to aging, as we identified positive results for surfers in relation to primary outcomes.","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"123 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S209043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43676417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mourad Ghrairi, T. Loney, R. Pruna, N. Malliaropoulos, X. Valle
Background Muscle injury is the most common type of injury in football. Previous research has focused on traditional risk factors (eg, age, injury history, muscle imbalance/inflexibility) contributing to muscle re-injury. The effect of poor cooperation between the coaching and medical teams on the risk of re-injury remains unexplored in the sports medicine football literature. Purpose Examine the effect of poor cooperation between coaching and medical teams on muscle re-injury in professional football. Methods Retrospective review of the medical files of 97 footballers of a professional team in Dubai over 15 consecutive seasons (2002–2017). Medical team recorded all injuries in each player’s file. Data on the perceived level of cooperation between coaching and medical teams were available in the daily meeting notes from the head of the medical team. The level of perceived cooperation was ranked on a three-point Likert scale by the head of the medical team and depended on whether the coaching team accepted the player injury (excellent cooperation), brought some suggestion after discussion with the medical team (normal cooperation) or rejected it (poor cooperation). Results In total, 338 indirect muscle injuries (21 re-injuries) were recorded during 15 consecutive seasons., There was a significant increase in the mean number of total injuries (mean ± SE, 95% CI; 16±2, 12–21; P<0.0001), mean number of indirect muscle injuries (12±1, 95% CI 10–14; P<0.0001), and indirect muscle re-injuries (4±1, 95% CI 3–5; P<0.0001) during seasons with a poor perceived level of cooperation compared to seasons with a normal/excellent perceived level of cooperation. Conclusion Findings suggest that poor cooperation between coaching and medical teams may increase the risk of muscle re-injury in professional football. Future studies conducted in different clubs, leagues, countries, and even sports are required to further explore the effect of cooperation between coaching and medical teams on the risk of re-injury.
肌肉损伤是足球运动中最常见的损伤类型。以前的研究主要集中在导致肌肉再损伤的传统风险因素(如年龄、损伤史、肌肉不平衡/不灵活性)上。在运动医学足球文献中，教练和医疗团队之间的不良合作对再损伤风险的影响尚未得到探讨。目的探讨教练组与医疗组配合不良对职业足球运动员肌肉再损伤的影响。方法回顾性分析迪拜某职业足球队97名球员2002-2017年连续15个赛季的医疗档案。医疗队在每位队员的档案中记录了所有的伤情。关于教练队和医疗队之间的合作程度的数据可在医疗队团长的每日会议记录中找到。感知合作水平由医疗团队负责人按照李克特三分制进行排名，取决于教练团队是否接受球员受伤(合作优秀)，与医疗团队讨论后提出一些建议(正常合作)或拒绝(合作差)。结果连续15个季节共发生肌肉间接损伤338例(再损伤21例)。平均总损伤数显著增加(mean±SE, 95% CI;16±2,12-21;P<0.0001)，平均间接肌肉损伤数(12±1,95% CI 10-14;P<0.0001)，间接肌肉再损伤(4±1,95% CI 3-5;P<0.0001)，在合作感知水平较差的季节与合作感知水平正常/优秀的季节相比。结论教练组与医疗组配合不良可能会增加职业足球运动员肌肉再损伤的风险。未来的研究需要在不同的俱乐部、联赛、国家甚至运动项目中进一步探讨教练和医疗团队之间的合作对再损伤风险的影响。
{"title":"Effect of poor cooperation between coaching and medical staff on muscle re-injury in professional football over 15 seasons","authors":"Mourad Ghrairi, T. Loney, R. Pruna, N. Malliaropoulos, X. Valle","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S221292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S221292","url":null,"abstract":"Background Muscle injury is the most common type of injury in football. Previous research has focused on traditional risk factors (eg, age, injury history, muscle imbalance/inflexibility) contributing to muscle re-injury. The effect of poor cooperation between the coaching and medical teams on the risk of re-injury remains unexplored in the sports medicine football literature. Purpose Examine the effect of poor cooperation between coaching and medical teams on muscle re-injury in professional football. Methods Retrospective review of the medical files of 97 footballers of a professional team in Dubai over 15 consecutive seasons (2002–2017). Medical team recorded all injuries in each player’s file. Data on the perceived level of cooperation between coaching and medical teams were available in the daily meeting notes from the head of the medical team. The level of perceived cooperation was ranked on a three-point Likert scale by the head of the medical team and depended on whether the coaching team accepted the player injury (excellent cooperation), brought some suggestion after discussion with the medical team (normal cooperation) or rejected it (poor cooperation). Results In total, 338 indirect muscle injuries (21 re-injuries) were recorded during 15 consecutive seasons., There was a significant increase in the mean number of total injuries (mean ± SE, 95% CI; 16±2, 12–21; P<0.0001), mean number of indirect muscle injuries (12±1, 95% CI 10–14; P<0.0001), and indirect muscle re-injuries (4±1, 95% CI 3–5; P<0.0001) during seasons with a poor perceived level of cooperation compared to seasons with a normal/excellent perceived level of cooperation. Conclusion Findings suggest that poor cooperation between coaching and medical teams may increase the risk of muscle re-injury in professional football. Future studies conducted in different clubs, leagues, countries, and even sports are required to further explore the effect of cooperation between coaching and medical teams on the risk of re-injury.","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"107 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S221292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43905776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号