Blood is important evidence that can assist an investigator in solving a crime. It connects the suspect to a crime and aid in the reconstruction of the crime scene. Criminals frequently attempt to wipe away blood stained evidence at a crime scene. These efforts may result in the modification or partial or total elimination of blood on the stained parts. Numerous presumptive tests are employed to identify bloodstains on floor surfaces since they are frequently cleansed after a crime using various surfactants. However, the traces of stains remain there and if analysed with appropriate reagents will give conclusive results. In This study Blood-stained floor surfaces were cleaned using a commercially available and widely used floor cleaners and After repeated washings, the Kastle-Meyer (KM),Leucomalachite green (LMG), and Tetra methylbenzidine (TMB) tests were employed to determine the presence of blood on these surfaces, and their sensitivity were assessed, this study will help the forensic investigator to select the appropriate reagents for detection of blood stains on the various washed floor surfaces and effectiveness of reagents for detection of blood stains washed with various floor cleaners.
{"title":"Sensitivity of Preliminary Blood Test on Various Floor Surfaces After Washing with Different Cleansing Products. : Original Work","authors":"Oshin Hathi, Lav Kesharwani, M. Mishra","doi":"10.37506/5ftcva91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37506/5ftcva91","url":null,"abstract":"Blood is important evidence that can assist an investigator in solving a crime. It connects the suspect to a crime and aid in the reconstruction of the crime scene. Criminals frequently attempt to wipe away blood stained evidence at a crime scene. These efforts may result in the modification or partial or total elimination of blood on the stained parts. Numerous presumptive tests are employed to identify bloodstains on floor surfaces since they are frequently cleansed after a crime using various surfactants. However, the traces of stains remain there and if analysed with appropriate reagents will give conclusive results. In This study Blood-stained floor surfaces were cleaned using a commercially available and widely used floor cleaners and After repeated washings, the Kastle-Meyer (KM),Leucomalachite green (LMG), and Tetra methylbenzidine (TMB) tests were employed to determine the presence of blood on these surfaces, and their sensitivity were assessed, this study will help the forensic investigator to select the appropriate reagents for detection of blood stains on the various washed floor surfaces and effectiveness of reagents for detection of blood stains washed with various floor cleaners.","PeriodicalId":516766,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology","volume":"24 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140504011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Road Traffic Accidents (RTA’s) constitute a significant public health problem, they are rising in an alarmingrate and causing increased morbidity and mortality among people. Motor vehicle accidents are complex events resulting primarily from human, technical, and environmental contributing factors. That is the reason, road traffic accidents are creating the burden for people related to mortality and morbidity.Objectives: The following study analyses the following: 1) Age and sex distribution of the deceased in RTA. 2)Month and Time of occurrence of RTA. 3) Pattern of injury sustained in RTA.Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted for a period of three month (October 2022-December 2022), in cases of road traffic accidents brought for autopsy at tertiary care teaching hospital, Madurai. All the data regarding the age, sex, month, time and place of occurrence, type and site of injuries and outcome are collected based on autopsy report. Data was analysed using standard statistical method.Results: Of the total 330 road traffic accidents cases, 81.8% cases were males, 18.2% females. Majority of the victims were in the age group of 41-50 years (21%), Urban victims found to be on the highest side (77.2%), compared to Rural victims 22.8%. Most of the RTA happened during the month of NOVEMBER (38.2%) and during the time period between 2 PM and 1 0PM (40.6%). Head injuries contributes the most common injury pattern (60.7%) compared to other pattern of injury.Conclusion: The present study concluded that head injuries were the most common injury pattern in RTAs and it is the main factor for death. Proper awareness about usage of helmets, punishment regarding drunk & driving and rash driving among the common people will help to reduce the mortality due to Road traffic accidents.
{"title":"Pattern, Severity of Injuires Sustained in Road Traffic Accident: An Autopsy Based Study","authors":"Sadasivam Shanmugam¹, Swarana Sekar², Kaviya Kamalanathan³, Swarana Sekar, Junior Resident","doi":"10.37506/4nykex56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37506/4nykex56","url":null,"abstract":"Road Traffic Accidents (RTA’s) constitute a significant public health problem, they are rising in an alarmingrate and causing increased morbidity and mortality among people. Motor vehicle accidents are complex events resulting primarily from human, technical, and environmental contributing factors. That is the reason, road traffic accidents are creating the burden for people related to mortality and morbidity.Objectives: The following study analyses the following: 1) Age and sex distribution of the deceased in RTA. 2)Month and Time of occurrence of RTA. 3) Pattern of injury sustained in RTA.Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted for a period of three month (October 2022-December 2022), in cases of road traffic accidents brought for autopsy at tertiary care teaching hospital, Madurai. All the data regarding the age, sex, month, time and place of occurrence, type and site of injuries and outcome are collected based on autopsy report. Data was analysed using standard statistical method.Results: Of the total 330 road traffic accidents cases, 81.8% cases were males, 18.2% females. Majority of the victims were in the age group of 41-50 years (21%), Urban victims found to be on the highest side (77.2%), compared to Rural victims 22.8%. Most of the RTA happened during the month of NOVEMBER (38.2%) and during the time period between 2 PM and 1 0PM (40.6%). Head injuries contributes the most common injury pattern (60.7%) compared to other pattern of injury.Conclusion: The present study concluded that head injuries were the most common injury pattern in RTAs and it is the main factor for death. Proper awareness about usage of helmets, punishment regarding drunk & driving and rash driving among the common people will help to reduce the mortality due to Road traffic accidents.","PeriodicalId":516766,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology","volume":"115 1-3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140503932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: One of the most important aspects of forensic investigations and genetic research is forensickaryotyping, which involves analyzing a person’s chromosomes to find genetic anomalies and establishidentification. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology offers a chance to improve and automate the forensic karyotyping procedure. This study examines the possible advantages and difficulties of artificial intelligence (AI) in forensic karyotyping. In forensic science, forensic karyotyping is essential for providing an accurate interpretation of genetic data for use in legal and investigative processes. It can offer useful details regarding genetic problems, such as chromosomal abnormalities or mutations, which can help with personal identification, paternity determination, or supplying proof in criminal investigations.Aim: To give a general review of how artificial intelligence is used in forensic karyotyping, evaluate its possible advantages, and address any relevant issues. By being aware of Artificial Intelligence’s promise and limitations in this field, we may set the stage for its efficient integration into forensic practitioner.Methods: A database search we did to start the inquiry turned up 582 documents. There were 216 unique records left after duplicates were eliminated. 232 items were subsequently eliminated as a result of download problems. A final sample of 31 research was chosen from the 134 full-text papers that were evaluated (n=134), with 103 being eliminated owing to quality issues.Result: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in forensic karyotyping has several advantages, including automated chromosomal analysis, quicker abnormality discovery, and increased uniformity. For a successful application, challenges such as a lack of labelled datasets and ethical issues must be resolved.Concussion: By increasing productivity, precision, and uniformity, artificial intelligence has the potential totransform forensic karyotyping. While there are obstacles, continued study and cooperation amongst several fields might help you get through them. The ethical and appropriate use of AI in forensic karyotyping will improve forensic investigations, boost genetic research, and expand the use of genetics in the legal system.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and its Role in Forensic Karyotyping: A Systematic Review","authors":"Sachin Kumar Tripathi, Khyati Rao, Rajiv Ratan Singh, Pradeep kumar Yadav","doi":"10.37506/900g7477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37506/900g7477","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: One of the most important aspects of forensic investigations and genetic research is forensickaryotyping, which involves analyzing a person’s chromosomes to find genetic anomalies and establishidentification. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology offers a chance to improve and automate the forensic karyotyping procedure. This study examines the possible advantages and difficulties of artificial intelligence (AI) in forensic karyotyping. In forensic science, forensic karyotyping is essential for providing an accurate interpretation of genetic data for use in legal and investigative processes. It can offer useful details regarding genetic problems, such as chromosomal abnormalities or mutations, which can help with personal identification, paternity determination, or supplying proof in criminal investigations.Aim: To give a general review of how artificial intelligence is used in forensic karyotyping, evaluate its possible advantages, and address any relevant issues. By being aware of Artificial Intelligence’s promise and limitations in this field, we may set the stage for its efficient integration into forensic practitioner.Methods: A database search we did to start the inquiry turned up 582 documents. There were 216 unique records left after duplicates were eliminated. 232 items were subsequently eliminated as a result of download problems. A final sample of 31 research was chosen from the 134 full-text papers that were evaluated (n=134), with 103 being eliminated owing to quality issues.Result: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in forensic karyotyping has several advantages, including automated chromosomal analysis, quicker abnormality discovery, and increased uniformity. For a successful application, challenges such as a lack of labelled datasets and ethical issues must be resolved.Concussion: By increasing productivity, precision, and uniformity, artificial intelligence has the potential totransform forensic karyotyping. While there are obstacles, continued study and cooperation amongst several fields might help you get through them. The ethical and appropriate use of AI in forensic karyotyping will improve forensic investigations, boost genetic research, and expand the use of genetics in the legal system.","PeriodicalId":516766,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology","volume":"66 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140503304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Aim: Sex estimate is a crucial component of human identification in a forensic setting. Due to the sexual dimorphism of human teeth, odontometrics—the measuring and analysis of tooth size standards—is most frequently utilized in age and sex determination. The aim of this study was to assess the degree of sexualdimorphism in mandibular canine using mandibular canine index using mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL)dimensions of the crown and inter canine distance measured.Material and Methods: The study sample included 200 people (100 men and 100 women), ages 18 to 35, withan average age of 22 years. The distance between the mesial and distal contact points was used to calculate the mesiodistal dimension of the mandibular canine (CMD). Each subject’s right mandibular canine index and left mandibular canine index were used to construct the canine index. The standard canine index (SCI) value was used as a cutoff point to differentiate males from females.Results: Men’s right and left mandibular canines mesio-distal crown widths were found to be significantly greater than those of their female counterparts. The current study demonstrates a very high significance of p value seen in the left mandibular canine and a significant difference in mesiodistal breadth between males and females of the right mandibular canine of p value. The total probability of sex determination for the right mandibular canine is 55% and for the left canine is 59.5% based on the conventional MCI calculations for the right mandibular canine (0.22) and for the left mandibular canine (0.21), suggesting that the left mandibular canine is more relevant for sex determination.Conclusion: It has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt that mandibular canines exhibit significant sexual dimorphism when it comes to sex determination, and it is clear from the study that this breed is a more trustworthy source for sex determination.
背景和目的：在法医鉴定中，性别估计是人类身份鉴定的重要组成部分。由于人类牙齿的性二形性，牙体测量学--牙齿尺寸标准的测量和分析--最常用于年龄和性别鉴定。本研究的目的是使用下颌犬齿指数评估下颌犬齿的性别二形性程度，该指数使用牙冠的牙间距（MD）和颊舌侧（BL）尺寸以及测量的犬齿间距：研究样本包括 200 人（100 名男性和 100 名女性），年龄在 18 至 35 岁之间，平均年龄为 22 岁。下颌犬齿的牙冠中径尺寸（CMD）是用中端和远端接触点之间的距离来计算的。每个受试者的右下颌犬齿指数和左下颌犬齿指数用于构建犬齿指数。以标准犬齿指数（SCI）值作为区分男性和女性的分界点：结果：发现男性的左右下颌犬齿中远牙冠宽度明显大于女性。目前的研究表明，左下颌犬齿的 p 值非常显著，而右下颌犬齿的男性和女性牙冠中远径宽度的 p 值差异显著。根据传统的 MCI 计算，右下颌犬齿（0.22）和左下颌犬齿（0.21）的性别鉴定总概率分别为 55%和 59.5%，这表明左下颌犬齿与性别鉴定更为相关：毫无疑问，下颌犬齿在性别鉴定方面表现出明显的性二态性，而且从研究中可以清楚地看出，该品种在性别鉴定方面更值得信赖。
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Odontometric Parameters for Determining Gender","authors":"R. Bhoot, Vanrajsinh K Rathva","doi":"10.37506/vn6q6e33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37506/vn6q6e33","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Sex estimate is a crucial component of human identification in a forensic setting. Due to the sexual dimorphism of human teeth, odontometrics—the measuring and analysis of tooth size standards—is most frequently utilized in age and sex determination. The aim of this study was to assess the degree of sexualdimorphism in mandibular canine using mandibular canine index using mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL)dimensions of the crown and inter canine distance measured.Material and Methods: The study sample included 200 people (100 men and 100 women), ages 18 to 35, withan average age of 22 years. The distance between the mesial and distal contact points was used to calculate the mesiodistal dimension of the mandibular canine (CMD). Each subject’s right mandibular canine index and left mandibular canine index were used to construct the canine index. The standard canine index (SCI) value was used as a cutoff point to differentiate males from females.Results: Men’s right and left mandibular canines mesio-distal crown widths were found to be significantly greater than those of their female counterparts. The current study demonstrates a very high significance of p value seen in the left mandibular canine and a significant difference in mesiodistal breadth between males and females of the right mandibular canine of p value. The total probability of sex determination for the right mandibular canine is 55% and for the left canine is 59.5% based on the conventional MCI calculations for the right mandibular canine (0.22) and for the left mandibular canine (0.21), suggesting that the left mandibular canine is more relevant for sex determination.Conclusion: It has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt that mandibular canines exhibit significant sexual dimorphism when it comes to sex determination, and it is clear from the study that this breed is a more trustworthy source for sex determination.","PeriodicalId":516766,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140504378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background, Aim and Objective: Age estimation is also one of the important factors to establish individual’sidentity and radiological investigations play a phenomenal role in estimation of age in conjunction with clinical examination. The aim of this study to assess the applicability of Greulich and Pyle (GP) method for determination of age in 14-18 years of age group healthy population of Jaipur region. And objective is to assess the skeletal age determined by GP method using hand radiography of study population.Method: This study was carried out on total 80 subjects at the Department of Forensic Medicine in association with the Department of Radiology after obtaining due permission and approval from the RRB and IEC of SMS Medical College, Jaipur during the period from 1st July, 2020 to 31st August, 2021 of subjects between 14-18 years of age. All subjects recruited from each age sub-group category viz 14-15 years (Group A), 15-16 years (Group B), 16-17 years (Group C) and 17-18 years (Group D) including equal number of members from both sexes (10 males and 10 females of each age sub group category). After obtaining valid informed consent for age estimation all details,general physical & dental examination was done and recorded in proposed Pro forma. The skeletal age (bone age) was determined using Greulich and Pyle Atlas (2nd edition, 1959)15. X-ray image on computer was comparedwith images on GP Atlas according to sex and most matching image to assess the skeletal age. Images wereseparated in two groups according to their sex and examined by both observers at different occasions to determine skeletal age of subjects and result derived.Result: Among all (n=80), of 81.2% Hindus (34 males and 31 females), 12.5% Muslims (4 males and 6 females) and 6.25% Jains (2 males and 3 females). Correlation of estimated skeletal age by GP method to the chronological age in both females and males showed a strong positive correlation. {r value=0.987 (females) & 0.974 (males)} and for both p<0.001 which indicates that the correlation of estimated skeletal age and chronological age was statistically significant.Conclusion: Study reveals skeletal age lagged behind chronological age in all age subgroups in both boys and girls but the difference of CA and SA is less in girls as compared to boys. The G-P atlas method, although very old but used with caution can yield good results for assessment of bone age in Indian boys and girls, better for girls. Delay in skeletal maturation was observed in both males and females, but the females in the sample matured earlier then the males. Thus, G-P atlas method seems applicable on Indian children. However, studies on larger sample sizes considering other factors may yield better insight into its forensic application.
{"title":"Assessment of Applicability of Gleurich and Pyle (GP) Method for Determination of Age of Children in 14-18 Years Age-Group at S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur","authors":"Ashish Kumar, Sumanta Dutta, Manish Kumar Dewat, Narendra Sisodia","doi":"10.37506/3kqdxz10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37506/3kqdxz10","url":null,"abstract":"Background, Aim and Objective: Age estimation is also one of the important factors to establish individual’sidentity and radiological investigations play a phenomenal role in estimation of age in conjunction with clinical examination. The aim of this study to assess the applicability of Greulich and Pyle (GP) method for determination of age in 14-18 years of age group healthy population of Jaipur region. And objective is to assess the skeletal age determined by GP method using hand radiography of study population.Method: This study was carried out on total 80 subjects at the Department of Forensic Medicine in association with the Department of Radiology after obtaining due permission and approval from the RRB and IEC of SMS Medical College, Jaipur during the period from 1st July, 2020 to 31st August, 2021 of subjects between 14-18 years of age. All subjects recruited from each age sub-group category viz 14-15 years (Group A), 15-16 years (Group B), 16-17 years (Group C) and 17-18 years (Group D) including equal number of members from both sexes (10 males and 10 females of each age sub group category). After obtaining valid informed consent for age estimation all details,general physical & dental examination was done and recorded in proposed Pro forma. The skeletal age (bone age) was determined using Greulich and Pyle Atlas (2nd edition, 1959)15. X-ray image on computer was comparedwith images on GP Atlas according to sex and most matching image to assess the skeletal age. Images wereseparated in two groups according to their sex and examined by both observers at different occasions to determine skeletal age of subjects and result derived.Result: Among all (n=80), of 81.2% Hindus (34 males and 31 females), 12.5% Muslims (4 males and 6 females) and 6.25% Jains (2 males and 3 females). Correlation of estimated skeletal age by GP method to the chronological age in both females and males showed a strong positive correlation. {r value=0.987 (females) & 0.974 (males)} and for both p<0.001 which indicates that the correlation of estimated skeletal age and chronological age was statistically significant.Conclusion: Study reveals skeletal age lagged behind chronological age in all age subgroups in both boys and girls but the difference of CA and SA is less in girls as compared to boys. The G-P atlas method, although very old but used with caution can yield good results for assessment of bone age in Indian boys and girls, better for girls. Delay in skeletal maturation was observed in both males and females, but the females in the sample matured earlier then the males. Thus, G-P atlas method seems applicable on Indian children. However, studies on larger sample sizes considering other factors may yield better insight into its forensic application.","PeriodicalId":516766,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology","volume":"31 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140504455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reyaz Ahmed Qadri, S. Sidiq, Majid Jehangir, A. H. Mir, Talib Khan, Abdul Waheed Mir, Majid Khan, MD Senior Resident Mbbs
Introduction: Drug abuse is a global public health issue that poses significant challenges to healthcare systems particularly in intensive care units (ICU). This study aims to assess the clinical profile and outcomes of drug abuse patients admitted to ICU of a tertiary care hospital in North India.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over period of 3 years involving drug abuse patients admitted to the ICU. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, substance abuse patterns, co-morbidities, severity scores and outcomes were recorded.Results: A total of 35 patients were included in the study. All patients were males with a mean age of 29.1(± 11.68).25 patients were from rural areas. 42.8% were unemployed. Most of the patients (85.7%) were unmarried. 34.3% were students. Mean APACHE II score on ICU admission was 13. Most of patients were admitted for heroin overdose (60%). All 35 patients admitted in ICU had low Glasgow coma scale (GCS< 7). 32 (91.4%) patients had associated respiratory failure. 7 patients had cardiovascular instability. 4 (11.4%) patients developed multi-organ failure during the ICU stay. Mean duration of ICU stay was 3.4 (± 2.68). 23 (65.7%) patients got extubated within 24 hours of ICU admission. 4 patients expired (11.4% mortality) in study group. Sepsis was cause of death in one patient, 3 patients died of multi-organ failureConclusion: Most of the overdose was due to opioids specifically of heroin. CNS depression was found in all drug overdose patients followed by respiratory failure. Multi organ involvement have poor outcome. Mortality ensued in 11.4% of admitted patients as a result of sepsis and multi-organ failure. Majority of the patients had good outcome especially patients who presented early to healthcare facility.
{"title":"Clinical Profile and Outcome of Drug Abuse Patients Admitted in Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kashmir: A Prospective Observational Study","authors":"Reyaz Ahmed Qadri, S. Sidiq, Majid Jehangir, A. H. Mir, Talib Khan, Abdul Waheed Mir, Majid Khan, MD Senior Resident Mbbs","doi":"10.37506/08dabt36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37506/08dabt36","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Drug abuse is a global public health issue that poses significant challenges to healthcare systems particularly in intensive care units (ICU). This study aims to assess the clinical profile and outcomes of drug abuse patients admitted to ICU of a tertiary care hospital in North India.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over period of 3 years involving drug abuse patients admitted to the ICU. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, substance abuse patterns, co-morbidities, severity scores and outcomes were recorded.Results: A total of 35 patients were included in the study. All patients were males with a mean age of 29.1(± 11.68).25 patients were from rural areas. 42.8% were unemployed. Most of the patients (85.7%) were unmarried. 34.3% were students. Mean APACHE II score on ICU admission was 13. Most of patients were admitted for heroin overdose (60%). All 35 patients admitted in ICU had low Glasgow coma scale (GCS< 7). 32 (91.4%) patients had associated respiratory failure. 7 patients had cardiovascular instability. 4 (11.4%) patients developed multi-organ failure during the ICU stay. Mean duration of ICU stay was 3.4 (± 2.68). 23 (65.7%) patients got extubated within 24 hours of ICU admission. 4 patients expired (11.4% mortality) in study group. Sepsis was cause of death in one patient, 3 patients died of multi-organ failureConclusion: Most of the overdose was due to opioids specifically of heroin. CNS depression was found in all drug overdose patients followed by respiratory failure. Multi organ involvement have poor outcome. Mortality ensued in 11.4% of admitted patients as a result of sepsis and multi-organ failure. Majority of the patients had good outcome especially patients who presented early to healthcare facility.","PeriodicalId":516766,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140504788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To reliably calculate the time since death is most important for investigating officers in all unnatural deathcases. Reliability of the study can be obtained only when potential influencing factors are considered during the calculation of time since death. One of the methods used for calculating the time since death is based on the cooling of the body. Cooling of the body is influenced by various internal as well as external factors. There are various body temperature-based methods in practice (Henssge’s rectal nomogram, Henssge’s brain nomogram, and Baccino’s both interval and global formulae based on ear temperature) to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI). The rectum has been traditionally used to determine the central core temperature after death, though the external auditory canal has been proposed as an alternative site. According to published research, techniques based on ear temperature are just as trustworthy as those based on rectal temperature for determining the early PMI and may be employed as rapid, easy, and non-invasive procedures on the scene. It is vital to keep in mind that other aspects such as rigor mortis, lividity, and decomposition must also be taken into account to achieve a more accurate estimate, even if calculating the time since death based on the cooling of the corpse might be informative.Aim: The goal of this study is to thoroughly examine some of the available approaches, compare the accuracy of the results, and determine which method is more accurate (reliable) at estimating the time of death.Methods: It was decided to evaluate some of the earlier research’ published works from different publications and databases. A digital database was searched. Picks were made at random from the studies that were thought to be pertinent to the present goal.Result: Therefore, in addition to the body’s cooling rate, other factors like post-mortem lividity, rigor mortis,chemical changes in the body, and mechanical and electrical excitability of the skeletal muscles, are crucial for a more accurate prediction of the time of death.Conclusion: It is usually advisable to take into account additional factors in addition to the algor mortis-based one when determining the time since death so that a more exact and trustworthy time of death can assist the investigating officer in more precisely resolving medico-legal matters.
{"title":"Integrating Temperature Data with Other Forensic Methods for Time Since Death Estimation","authors":"Pradeep kumar Yadav, Rajiv Ratan Singh, Sachin Kumar Tripathi","doi":"10.37506/e5hae568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37506/e5hae568","url":null,"abstract":"To reliably calculate the time since death is most important for investigating officers in all unnatural deathcases. Reliability of the study can be obtained only when potential influencing factors are considered during the calculation of time since death. One of the methods used for calculating the time since death is based on the cooling of the body. Cooling of the body is influenced by various internal as well as external factors. There are various body temperature-based methods in practice (Henssge’s rectal nomogram, Henssge’s brain nomogram, and Baccino’s both interval and global formulae based on ear temperature) to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI). The rectum has been traditionally used to determine the central core temperature after death, though the external auditory canal has been proposed as an alternative site. According to published research, techniques based on ear temperature are just as trustworthy as those based on rectal temperature for determining the early PMI and may be employed as rapid, easy, and non-invasive procedures on the scene. It is vital to keep in mind that other aspects such as rigor mortis, lividity, and decomposition must also be taken into account to achieve a more accurate estimate, even if calculating the time since death based on the cooling of the corpse might be informative.Aim: The goal of this study is to thoroughly examine some of the available approaches, compare the accuracy of the results, and determine which method is more accurate (reliable) at estimating the time of death.Methods: It was decided to evaluate some of the earlier research’ published works from different publications and databases. A digital database was searched. Picks were made at random from the studies that were thought to be pertinent to the present goal.Result: Therefore, in addition to the body’s cooling rate, other factors like post-mortem lividity, rigor mortis,chemical changes in the body, and mechanical and electrical excitability of the skeletal muscles, are crucial for a more accurate prediction of the time of death.Conclusion: It is usually advisable to take into account additional factors in addition to the algor mortis-based one when determining the time since death so that a more exact and trustworthy time of death can assist the investigating officer in more precisely resolving medico-legal matters.","PeriodicalId":516766,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology","volume":"117 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139640331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The “Diatom Test” is based on the recovery of diatoms in high concentration in the organs of drowned persons because diatoms pass through the alveoli into the great circulation. Acid digested extracts of various internal organs and water collected from waterbodies demonstrate the presence of diatoms. If quantitatively and qualitatively these diatoms match to each other, that is the confirmatory diagnosis of death due to drowning in that drowning medium. This study was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of alternate method of diatom extraction using diluted Sulphuric acid solution and to compare its effectiveness with the traditional method of extraction of diatoms using concentrated nitric acid.Methods: It was a prospective study. Samples were collected from ten different water bodies which included lakes,rivers, canals and reservoirs, for a period of one year in all the seasons. The pH and temperature of water were recorded during sampling. From each of water samples, diatoms were extracted using both classical and alternate method. And then compared by observing the diatoms at 100X magnification under compound microscope. Total 22 genera of diatoms were identified. Most of them were pennales and few were centrales. The time demanded for complete digestion of samples with strong acids like concentrated nitric acid was much lesser time than with diluted acids as it hasstronger digestive capability in comparison to diluted sulphuric acid. The structures of different diatoms specifically Cyclotella, Cybella, Navicula were better found in almost intact state with clear background after digestion by diluted sulphuric acid.Conclusion: Depending on different criterion, digestion by diluted sulphuric acid has procured better result than concentrated nitric acid digestion method. Therefore, for qualitative and quantitative diatom analysis alternate diatom extraction method is a better choice than traditional method.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Effectiveness of an Alternate Diatom Extraction Procedure in Diatomological Study","authors":"Surangama Chakraborty","doi":"10.37506/p474y888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37506/p474y888","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The “Diatom Test” is based on the recovery of diatoms in high concentration in the organs of drowned persons because diatoms pass through the alveoli into the great circulation. Acid digested extracts of various internal organs and water collected from waterbodies demonstrate the presence of diatoms. If quantitatively and qualitatively these diatoms match to each other, that is the confirmatory diagnosis of death due to drowning in that drowning medium. This study was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of alternate method of diatom extraction using diluted Sulphuric acid solution and to compare its effectiveness with the traditional method of extraction of diatoms using concentrated nitric acid.Methods: It was a prospective study. Samples were collected from ten different water bodies which included lakes,rivers, canals and reservoirs, for a period of one year in all the seasons. The pH and temperature of water were recorded during sampling. From each of water samples, diatoms were extracted using both classical and alternate method. And then compared by observing the diatoms at 100X magnification under compound microscope. Total 22 genera of diatoms were identified. Most of them were pennales and few were centrales. The time demanded for complete digestion of samples with strong acids like concentrated nitric acid was much lesser time than with diluted acids as it hasstronger digestive capability in comparison to diluted sulphuric acid. The structures of different diatoms specifically Cyclotella, Cybella, Navicula were better found in almost intact state with clear background after digestion by diluted sulphuric acid.Conclusion: Depending on different criterion, digestion by diluted sulphuric acid has procured better result than concentrated nitric acid digestion method. Therefore, for qualitative and quantitative diatom analysis alternate diatom extraction method is a better choice than traditional method.","PeriodicalId":516766,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology","volume":"101 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139640343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present retrospective study has been carried out to find the occurrence of deaths due to electrocution inEastern part of Bengaluru with special emphasis on finding out the conditions along with pattern of injuriessustained by the victims. Medico legal autopsy cases with history of electrocution over period of three yearsbetween January 2019 to December 2021 were included in this study. A total of 799 cases were autopsied at our Institute during that period, out of which 51 deaths (6.38%) were deaths due to electrocution, in which male’s outnumbered females. The highest number of cases were observed in the age group of 21-30 years (n=18, 35.3%).27 victims (52.9%) were electrocuted by low tensions domestic supply. Majority of the victims (n=31, 60.8%) died on the spot. Most cases (n=38, 74.5%) were reported during the daytime between 7 am and 7 pm. The incidence of deaths during rainy season were typically higher (n=29, 56.9%). Limbs were the most common body parts affected by electrocution (n=27, 52.9%). 37 (72.5%) victims were electrocuted in dry conditions according to the surrounding places of incidence. As per police documents and history by relatives all cases of the electrocution deaths in the present series were accidental in nature.The hazard of getting electrocuted in domestic surroundings from the chaotically connected electric wires without correct maintenance is certainly a matter of worry. Implementation of correct insulation safety procedures are important factors required for prevention of fatal electrocution.
{"title":"Electrocution Related Deaths in Catchment Area of East Point Hospital: A 3-Year Retrospective Study","authors":"Manjunatha K, Raghavendra R, Ravindra Kumar C N","doi":"10.37506/8n1x6077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37506/8n1x6077","url":null,"abstract":"The present retrospective study has been carried out to find the occurrence of deaths due to electrocution inEastern part of Bengaluru with special emphasis on finding out the conditions along with pattern of injuriessustained by the victims. Medico legal autopsy cases with history of electrocution over period of three yearsbetween January 2019 to December 2021 were included in this study. A total of 799 cases were autopsied at our Institute during that period, out of which 51 deaths (6.38%) were deaths due to electrocution, in which male’s outnumbered females. The highest number of cases were observed in the age group of 21-30 years (n=18, 35.3%).27 victims (52.9%) were electrocuted by low tensions domestic supply. Majority of the victims (n=31, 60.8%) died on the spot. Most cases (n=38, 74.5%) were reported during the daytime between 7 am and 7 pm. The incidence of deaths during rainy season were typically higher (n=29, 56.9%). Limbs were the most common body parts affected by electrocution (n=27, 52.9%). 37 (72.5%) victims were electrocuted in dry conditions according to the surrounding places of incidence. As per police documents and history by relatives all cases of the electrocution deaths in the present series were accidental in nature.The hazard of getting electrocuted in domestic surroundings from the chaotically connected electric wires without correct maintenance is certainly a matter of worry. Implementation of correct insulation safety procedures are important factors required for prevention of fatal electrocution.","PeriodicalId":516766,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140504354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sruthi Balla, M. Seenivasan, C. Anandi, S.A.K. Noor Mohammed, P. Nagrajan
Background: Snake bite is a neglected tropical disease. More than 50% of death due to snake bite in the world occurs in India. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the cause of morbidity and mortality in viper bite. The compartment syndrome is a rare manifestation of snake bite. There is paucity of data on the role of fasciotomy in viper bite.Methods: A prospective observational study was done in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in southIndia, with snake bite-associated acute kidney injury, from March 2018 to March 2020.Results: Sixteen % of patients underwent fasciotomy following snake bite. We compared the renal outcome of 21 patients, who had undergone fasciotomy following snake bite, with 65 patients with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury following snake bite. The patients in the fasciotomy group had a lower peak serum creatinine (5.3 mg/dl), needed less number of dialysis sessions (3.9) and were on lesser number of days (6.1) on dialysis following snake bite, when compared with the group not needing fasciotomy.Conclusion: In snake bite patients presenting with compartment syndrome, fasciotomy should be considered in view of favourable renal outcome.
{"title":"Fasciotomy in Snake Bite Victims and Renal Outcome in a Tertiary Care Hospital","authors":"Sruthi Balla, M. Seenivasan, C. Anandi, S.A.K. Noor Mohammed, P. Nagrajan","doi":"10.37506/rhb9py71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37506/rhb9py71","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Snake bite is a neglected tropical disease. More than 50% of death due to snake bite in the world occurs in India. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the cause of morbidity and mortality in viper bite. The compartment syndrome is a rare manifestation of snake bite. There is paucity of data on the role of fasciotomy in viper bite.Methods: A prospective observational study was done in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in southIndia, with snake bite-associated acute kidney injury, from March 2018 to March 2020.Results: Sixteen % of patients underwent fasciotomy following snake bite. We compared the renal outcome of 21 patients, who had undergone fasciotomy following snake bite, with 65 patients with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury following snake bite. The patients in the fasciotomy group had a lower peak serum creatinine (5.3 mg/dl), needed less number of dialysis sessions (3.9) and were on lesser number of days (6.1) on dialysis following snake bite, when compared with the group not needing fasciotomy.Conclusion: In snake bite patients presenting with compartment syndrome, fasciotomy should be considered in view of favourable renal outcome.","PeriodicalId":516766,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140503816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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