Early childhood development (ECD) is the period of rapid and critical development that occurs from conception upto 6 to 8 years of age. During this time, children experience significant growth and changes in all areas of development, including physical, cognitive, linguistic and socio - emotional. A variety of factors can influence ECD, including genetics, environment and health. This presents a unique opportunity to invest in ECD and build a foundation for a prosperous and equitable future for the country. This review looked at the programmatic and legal preparedness of India in taking forward the agenda of ECD. A review of the laws and programs was undertaken to discern this objective. Besides desk review, interviews were conducted with programme officers handling child health at the central and state levels. Based on the direction for action given by the national health and other policies and several statutes, the central government has launched various programmes and schemes under various ministries within the overarching framework provided by the Constitution of India. There are 5 policies, 15 statutes/acts/laws and nearly 40 government schemes and programmes relating to children in India. The activities are majorly coordinated through Ministries of Woman and Child Development, Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of Education, Drinking Water and Sanitation and Tribal Affairs. Despite these efforts, there is still a significant gap between the demand and supply for ECD services.
{"title":"Programmatic and Legal Preparedness of India on Early Childhood Development","authors":"Prasanth Subrahmanian, Shilpa Singh, Ashutosh Kothari","doi":"10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_39_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_39_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Early childhood development (ECD) is the period of rapid and critical development that occurs from conception upto 6 to 8 years of age. During this time, children experience significant growth and changes in all areas of development, including physical, cognitive, linguistic and socio - emotional. A variety of factors can influence ECD, including genetics, environment and health. This presents a unique opportunity to invest in ECD and build a foundation for a prosperous and equitable future for the country. This review looked at the programmatic and legal preparedness of India in taking forward the agenda of ECD. A review of the laws and programs was undertaken to discern this objective. Besides desk review, interviews were conducted with programme officers handling child health at the central and state levels. Based on the direction for action given by the national health and other policies and several statutes, the central government has launched various programmes and schemes under various ministries within the overarching framework provided by the Constitution of India. There are 5 policies, 15 statutes/acts/laws and nearly 40 government schemes and programmes relating to children in India. The activities are majorly coordinated through Ministries of Woman and Child Development, Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of Education, Drinking Water and Sanitation and Tribal Affairs. Despite these efforts, there is still a significant gap between the demand and supply for ECD services.","PeriodicalId":517020,"journal":{"name":"Preventive Medicine: Research & Reviews","volume":"123 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141126110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The elderly population in India is rising rapidly, which merits the need to develop an understanding of the prevalence and determinants of frailty in this age group. This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. The participants were over 60 years of age. The authors used the Edmonton Frailty Scale to assess frailty and a semi-structured questionnaire to assess sociodemographic variables, morbidity and lifestyle factors. The mean age of participants in the study was 66.7 years (standard deviation ± 5.52). The prevalence of any type of frailty was 34.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 29.9%–39.6%). Amongst the frail, 11.9% were vulnerable to frailty, 11.7% were mildly frail, 8.1% were moderately frail and 3% were severely frail. Significant associations were found with age, chronic diseases and smokeless tobacco use. There is a substantial prevalence of frailty amongst the elderly, with critical links to age, chronic disease and lifestyle choices. These findings underscore the necessity of integrating frailty assessment into routine geriatric care and primary healthcare services.
{"title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Frailty amongst the Elderly: A Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India","authors":"Nidhi Prakash Vadanere, Aninda Debnath, Anita Verma, Priyansha Gupta","doi":"10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_16_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_16_24","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The elderly population in India is rising rapidly, which merits the need to develop an understanding of the prevalence and determinants of frailty in this age group.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. The participants were over 60 years of age. The authors used the Edmonton Frailty Scale to assess frailty and a semi-structured questionnaire to assess sociodemographic variables, morbidity and lifestyle factors.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The mean age of participants in the study was 66.7 years (standard deviation ± 5.52). The prevalence of any type of frailty was 34.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 29.9%–39.6%). Amongst the frail, 11.9% were vulnerable to frailty, 11.7% were mildly frail, 8.1% were moderately frail and 3% were severely frail. Significant associations were found with age, chronic diseases and smokeless tobacco use.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 There is a substantial prevalence of frailty amongst the elderly, with critical links to age, chronic disease and lifestyle choices. These findings underscore the necessity of integrating frailty assessment into routine geriatric care and primary healthcare services.\u0000","PeriodicalId":517020,"journal":{"name":"Preventive Medicine: Research & Reviews","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141001289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. M. D. M. Adnyana, Budi Utomo, D. S. Eljatin, M. Setyawan
This review was conducted by analysing the nine attributes of the surveillance system according to Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems. Information was collected using various databases by setting keywords and the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that 67% of surveillance system implementations used sentinel surveillance and 33% used epidemiological studies. Surveillance system activities: 83% used active and passive surveillance, whereas 17% used only passive surveillance. The adequacy assessment found that 50% met the attributes of surveillance systems in Nigeria, Indonesia and Pakistan, whereas 50% did not meet the attributes of surveillance systems in Ghana, Australia and Ethiopia. This variability was due to geographical differences, the number of informants and experts, the level of collaboration and the health policies of each country. It is recommended that surveillance systems should aim to meet these nine attributes from the design to implementation stage.
{"title":"Developing and Establishing Attribute-based Surveillance System: A Review","authors":"I. M. D. M. Adnyana, Budi Utomo, D. S. Eljatin, M. Setyawan","doi":"10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_54_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_54_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This review was conducted by analysing the nine attributes of the surveillance system according to Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems. Information was collected using various databases by setting keywords and the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that 67% of surveillance system implementations used sentinel surveillance and 33% used epidemiological studies. Surveillance system activities: 83% used active and passive surveillance, whereas 17% used only passive surveillance. The adequacy assessment found that 50% met the attributes of surveillance systems in Nigeria, Indonesia and Pakistan, whereas 50% did not meet the attributes of surveillance systems in Ghana, Australia and Ethiopia. This variability was due to geographical differences, the number of informants and experts, the level of collaboration and the health policies of each country. It is recommended that surveillance systems should aim to meet these nine attributes from the design to implementation stage.","PeriodicalId":517020,"journal":{"name":"Preventive Medicine: Research & Reviews","volume":"206 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139894299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sreeharshita Malla, V. Agiwal, Sirshendu Chaudhuri
To estimate the national and state-level burden of multimorbidity in pregnancy in India and to assess the burden in different socio-demographic strata. The study utilised National Family Health Survey 5 data, focusing on pregnant women, and assessing eight morbidity conditions. Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of at least two out of these conditions. Descriptive statistics were used to show the national and state wise burden of the condition and the distribution in different socio-demographic strata. The authors analysed the data from 28,191 pregnancies, with participants having a mean age of 25.1 years (standard deviation 4.9 years). The prevalence of multimorbidity in pregnancy was found to be 13.7 per 1000 pregnant women, with notable regional variations. The North-Eastern states, such as Nagaland (67.3), Meghalaya (56.4), Mizoram (28.6) and Tripura (25.6), exhibited higher prevalence. Tribal population (23.9) and women in the poorest wealth index category (16.3) had higher prevalence. The prevalence of multimorbidity appears to be relatively low in the Indian context, although it is likely to be underestimated.
{"title":"Multimorbidity among Pregnant Women in India: National and State-level Burden and Socio-demographic Variations","authors":"Sreeharshita Malla, V. Agiwal, Sirshendu Chaudhuri","doi":"10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_76_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_76_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To estimate the national and state-level burden of multimorbidity in pregnancy in India and to assess the burden in different socio-demographic strata.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study utilised National Family Health Survey 5 data, focusing on pregnant women, and assessing eight morbidity conditions. Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of at least two out of these conditions. Descriptive statistics were used to show the national and state wise burden of the condition and the distribution in different socio-demographic strata.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The authors analysed the data from 28,191 pregnancies, with participants having a mean age of 25.1 years (standard deviation 4.9 years). The prevalence of multimorbidity in pregnancy was found to be 13.7 per 1000 pregnant women, with notable regional variations. The North-Eastern states, such as Nagaland (67.3), Meghalaya (56.4), Mizoram (28.6) and Tripura (25.6), exhibited higher prevalence. Tribal population (23.9) and women in the poorest wealth index category (16.3) had higher prevalence.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The prevalence of multimorbidity appears to be relatively low in the Indian context, although it is likely to be underestimated.\u0000","PeriodicalId":517020,"journal":{"name":"Preventive Medicine: Research & Reviews","volume":"698 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139894320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The classification of salivary gland tumours, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is a system used to classify benign and malignant tumours of the salivary glands. It is based on the histopathological features of the tumours, such as the type of cells involved, the degree of differentiation and any malignant features. In addition to the WHO classification, other systems are used to classify salivary gland tumours. One such system is the Milan system, which is used to classify salivary gland tumours based on their cytological features. This article reviews the consistently occurring prolific genetic alterations and novel molecular changes that include TP53, NOTCH1, PIK3CA, CDKN2A and ERBB2, as seen in salivary gland tumours.
{"title":"Molecular and Genetic Profile in Salivary Gland Tumours","authors":"S. Umakanthan, A. R. Katwaroo","doi":"10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_51_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_51_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The classification of salivary gland tumours, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is a system used to classify benign and malignant tumours of the salivary glands. It is based on the histopathological features of the tumours, such as the type of cells involved, the degree of differentiation and any malignant features. In addition to the WHO classification, other systems are used to classify salivary gland tumours. One such system is the Milan system, which is used to classify salivary gland tumours based on their cytological features. This article reviews the consistently occurring prolific genetic alterations and novel molecular changes that include TP53, NOTCH1, PIK3CA, CDKN2A and ERBB2, as seen in salivary gland tumours.","PeriodicalId":517020,"journal":{"name":"Preventive Medicine: Research & Reviews","volume":"113 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139894425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanna Anil, Tisjy T. Mohan, Feon Biju, Shalin Saji, R. K. Gopal, Shaliet R Sebastian
To assess the prevalence of workplace stress and its correlates amongst medical educators in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala. A study was conducted amongst medical teachers of both genders, in the age group of 20–70 years, in Pathanamthitta district, Central Kerala, from June 2022 to December 2022. About 7.2% and 4.5% of the study participants experienced severe and potentially dangerous levels of stress. Age group, excessive additional duty, lack of research and personal growth opportunities, work–home conflict and lack of self-motivation were some of the risk factors for workplace stress amongst study participants. Workplace stress is prevalent amongst medical educators. Many variables that have emerged as risk factors of academic procrastination amongst study participants are modifiable.
{"title":"Epidemiology of Work Place Stress among Medical Educators in Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India","authors":"Hanna Anil, Tisjy T. Mohan, Feon Biju, Shalin Saji, R. K. Gopal, Shaliet R Sebastian","doi":"10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_95_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_95_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To assess the prevalence of workplace stress and its correlates amongst medical educators in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A study was conducted amongst medical teachers of both genders, in the age group of 20–70 years, in Pathanamthitta district, Central Kerala, from June 2022 to December 2022.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 About 7.2% and 4.5% of the study participants experienced severe and potentially dangerous levels of stress. Age group, excessive additional duty, lack of research and personal growth opportunities, work–home conflict and lack of self-motivation were some of the risk factors for workplace stress amongst study participants.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Workplace stress is prevalent amongst medical educators. Many variables that have emerged as risk factors of academic procrastination amongst study participants are modifiable.\u0000","PeriodicalId":517020,"journal":{"name":"Preventive Medicine: Research & Reviews","volume":"17 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139964295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farah Niazi, Kalsang Choedon, Mehwish Iqbal, K. Kaur, S. Saeed, Mohd Shannawaz
The increase in caesarean sections (CS) globally and specifically in the Indian subcontinent is a subject of interest in maternal healthcare, considering both the benefits and risks associated with the procedure. This study aims to assess the rate of CS in the Indian subcontinent, analysing data from 10 articles encompassing 702,930 pregnant women aged 15–49 years. The findings show varying CS rates, with Bangladesh at 13.80%, India at 13.74% and Nepal at 4.60%. Factors, such as maternal age, education, place of birth and wealth quintile, were linked to these rates. The study also notes post-partum infection as a common complication associated with CS. The research focuses on three aspects: The prevalence and determinants of CS, the outcomes for mothers and neonates and the impact of CS on healthcare resources. It underscores the need for balanced antenatal counselling and informed decision-making to optimise the use of CS, considering both its necessity in certain cases and the associated healthcare implications.
{"title":"Surge in Caesarean Section Rates across the Indian Subcontinent: A Systematic Review","authors":"Farah Niazi, Kalsang Choedon, Mehwish Iqbal, K. Kaur, S. Saeed, Mohd Shannawaz","doi":"10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_96_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_96_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The increase in caesarean sections (CS) globally and specifically in the Indian subcontinent is a subject of interest in maternal healthcare, considering both the benefits and risks associated with the procedure. This study aims to assess the rate of CS in the Indian subcontinent, analysing data from 10 articles encompassing 702,930 pregnant women aged 15–49 years. The findings show varying CS rates, with Bangladesh at 13.80%, India at 13.74% and Nepal at 4.60%. Factors, such as maternal age, education, place of birth and wealth quintile, were linked to these rates. The study also notes post-partum infection as a common complication associated with CS. The research focuses on three aspects: The prevalence and determinants of CS, the outcomes for mothers and neonates and the impact of CS on healthcare resources. It underscores the need for balanced antenatal counselling and informed decision-making to optimise the use of CS, considering both its necessity in certain cases and the associated healthcare implications.","PeriodicalId":517020,"journal":{"name":"Preventive Medicine: Research & Reviews","volume":"209 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139894326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Can Yoga be an Effective Strategy at the Workplace to Fight Stress and Anxiety amongst the Nursing Staff?","authors":"Puneet Misra, S. Mandal","doi":"10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_50_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_50_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":517020,"journal":{"name":"Preventive Medicine: Research & Reviews","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139964299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hemant D. Shewade, A. Frederick, M. Kalyanasundaram, Joshua Chadwick, G. Kiruthika, T Daniel Rajasekar, K. Gayathri, R. Vijayaprabha, R. Sabarinathan, Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra Shivakumar, K. Jeyashree, P. Bhavani, S. Aarthi, K. V. Suma, D. P. Pathinathan, Raghavan Parthasarathy, M. B. Nivetha, Jerome G. Thampi, D. Chidambaram, Tarun Bhatnagar, S. Lokesh, S. Devika, Timothy S. Laux, Stalin Viswanathan, R. Sridhar, K. Krishnamoorthy, M. Sakthivel, S. Karunakaran, S. Rajkumar, M. Ramachandran, K. Kanagaraj, V. Durai, R. Saravanan, A. Sugantha, S. Z. H. M. Khan, P. Sangeetha, R. Vasudevan, R. Nedunchezhian, M. Sankari, N. Jeevanandam, S. Ganapathy, V. Rajasekaran, T. Mathavi, A. R. Rajaprakash, L. Murali, U. Pugal, K. Sundaralingam, S. Savithri, S. Vellasamy, D. Dheenadayal, P. Ashok, R. Sudhakar, K. Rajan, N. Tharageshwari, D. Chokkalingam, S. M. Anandrajkumar, T. Selvavinayagam, C. Padmapriyadarshini, Ranjani Ramachandran, M. Murhekar
This research paper reports on the first statewide implementation of differentiated Tuberculosis (TB) care in routine health system settings in India and possibly globally. This pilot aimed to assess the feasibility in routine health system settings and to identify the predictors of triaging and the burden of triage positive. An observational study involving cross-sectional and longitudinal descriptive design. This differentiated TB care was implemented amongst all public notified adults (≥15 years) with TB (not known to be drug resistant at diagnosis) in routine health system settings involving the existing workforce in Tamil Nadu, India (except Chennai). Of 2382 adults with TB notified during 14-27 March 2022, 1636 (69%) were triaged for severe illness and 290 (18%) were triage positive. Of these 298, a total of 160 (55%) were comprehensively assessed after referral. Of 136 confirmed as severely ill, 116 (85%) were admitted and 103 were discharged. The median admission duration was 4 days. From diagnosis, the median time interval to admit a severely ill patient was 1 day. Adults diagnosed by rapid molecular test, with extrapulmonary TB and transferred out of district, were less likely to be triaged. To reduce TB deaths, the losses in the care cascade should be reduced and the admission duration increased. The findings of this pilot exercise guided the eventual implementation starting 01 April 2022.
{"title":"Triaging for Severe Illness amongst Adults with Tuberculosis Followed by Referral and Inpatient Care: A Statewide Pilot in Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"Hemant D. Shewade, A. Frederick, M. Kalyanasundaram, Joshua Chadwick, G. Kiruthika, T Daniel Rajasekar, K. Gayathri, R. Vijayaprabha, R. Sabarinathan, Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra Shivakumar, K. Jeyashree, P. Bhavani, S. Aarthi, K. V. Suma, D. P. Pathinathan, Raghavan Parthasarathy, M. B. Nivetha, Jerome G. Thampi, D. Chidambaram, Tarun Bhatnagar, S. Lokesh, S. Devika, Timothy S. Laux, Stalin Viswanathan, R. Sridhar, K. Krishnamoorthy, M. Sakthivel, S. Karunakaran, S. Rajkumar, M. Ramachandran, K. Kanagaraj, V. Durai, R. Saravanan, A. Sugantha, S. Z. H. M. Khan, P. Sangeetha, R. Vasudevan, R. Nedunchezhian, M. Sankari, N. Jeevanandam, S. Ganapathy, V. Rajasekaran, T. Mathavi, A. R. Rajaprakash, L. Murali, U. Pugal, K. Sundaralingam, S. Savithri, S. Vellasamy, D. Dheenadayal, P. Ashok, R. Sudhakar, K. Rajan, N. Tharageshwari, D. Chokkalingam, S. M. Anandrajkumar, T. Selvavinayagam, C. Padmapriyadarshini, Ranjani Ramachandran, M. Murhekar","doi":"10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_33_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_33_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This research paper reports on the first statewide implementation of differentiated Tuberculosis (TB) care in routine health system settings in India and possibly globally. This pilot aimed to assess the feasibility in routine health system settings and to identify the predictors of triaging and the burden of triage positive.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 An observational study involving cross-sectional and longitudinal descriptive design. This differentiated TB care was implemented amongst all public notified adults (≥15 years) with TB (not known to be drug resistant at diagnosis) in routine health system settings involving the existing workforce in Tamil Nadu, India (except Chennai).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Of 2382 adults with TB notified during 14-27 March 2022, 1636 (69%) were triaged for severe illness and 290 (18%) were triage positive. Of these 298, a total of 160 (55%) were comprehensively assessed after referral. Of 136 confirmed as severely ill, 116 (85%) were admitted and 103 were discharged. The median admission duration was 4 days. From diagnosis, the median time interval to admit a severely ill patient was 1 day. Adults diagnosed by rapid molecular test, with extrapulmonary TB and transferred out of district, were less likely to be triaged.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To reduce TB deaths, the losses in the care cascade should be reduced and the admission duration increased. The findings of this pilot exercise guided the eventual implementation starting 01 April 2022.\u0000","PeriodicalId":517020,"journal":{"name":"Preventive Medicine: Research & Reviews","volume":"96 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139894309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes and obesity is on the rise worldwide. Rising consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) products or those high in fats, sugars or salt also called junk foods contributes to this grave situation. Increasing consumption of UPFs is associated with obesity, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers, cerebral vascular disease and all-cause mortality. Aggressive and pervasive marketing of UPFs targeting children and adolescents leads to the development of preference for such junk foods, and turns diets to be unhealthy. India made progress in 2017 to document and recommend through national multisectoral plan of action to prevent and control NCDs using legal measures to have front-of-the-pack labels and ban on the advertisements. However, it remains to be implemented. This review article delves into scientific evidence on why there is need to prioritise regulating UPFs and high fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) foods in India, while there is need for mass awareness of citizens on the risks of UPFs and how to read labels of pre-packaged foods.
{"title":"Why there is a Need to Priortise Regulation of Ultra-processed Foods and HFSS Foods in India?","authors":"Arun Gupta","doi":"10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_59_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_59_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes and obesity is on the rise worldwide. Rising consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) products or those high in fats, sugars or salt also called junk foods contributes to this grave situation. Increasing consumption of UPFs is associated with obesity, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers, cerebral vascular disease and all-cause mortality. Aggressive and pervasive marketing of UPFs targeting children and adolescents leads to the development of preference for such junk foods, and turns diets to be unhealthy. India made progress in 2017 to document and recommend through national multisectoral plan of action to prevent and control NCDs using legal measures to have front-of-the-pack labels and ban on the advertisements. However, it remains to be implemented. This review article delves into scientific evidence on why there is need to prioritise regulating UPFs and high fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) foods in India, while there is need for mass awareness of citizens on the risks of UPFs and how to read labels of pre-packaged foods.","PeriodicalId":517020,"journal":{"name":"Preventive Medicine: Research & Reviews","volume":"79 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140502429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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