Monitoring physiological signals during regular life might provide many benefits including early detection of abnormalities and tracking the severities of diseases. A wireless connection between the passive sensor and the scanner eliminates the obtrusive wires, resolves battery-related issues, and makes it easy-to-use. We have previously proposed a wireless resistive analogue passive sensor technique that operates with the help of inductive coupling. The variation of resistive physiological transducer (secondary side) leads to amplitude modulation on the scanner coil (primary side). The design of printed spiral coil (PSC) on printed circuit board, significantly affects the performance of the overall system in terms of sensitivity, the output voltage change as a reflection of the transducer change. To optimize the PSC's profile and maximize the sensitivity, we employ three methods: iterative, analytical, and genetic algorithm (GA). The GA optimized PSCs, as the best result, have been fabricated and the measurement showed a sensitivity of 0.72 mƱ which has 5% (8.8%) deviation from the simulation (theoretical) results. This method can be utilized to design a PSC pair in near-field applications to transfer amplitude modulation with various sizes and fabrication constraints.
{"title":"Design and optimization of printed spiral coils for wireless passive sensors","authors":"Babak Noroozi, Bashir I. Morshed","doi":"10.1049/wss2.12019","DOIUrl":"10.1049/wss2.12019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Monitoring physiological signals during regular life might provide many benefits including early detection of abnormalities and tracking the severities of diseases. A wireless connection between the passive sensor and the scanner eliminates the obtrusive wires, resolves battery-related issues, and makes it easy-to-use. We have previously proposed a wireless resistive analogue passive sensor technique that operates with the help of inductive coupling. The variation of resistive physiological transducer (secondary side) leads to amplitude modulation on the scanner coil (primary side). The design of printed spiral coil (PSC) on printed circuit board, significantly affects the performance of the overall system in terms of sensitivity, the output voltage change as a reflection of the transducer change. To optimize the PSC's profile and maximize the sensitivity, we employ three methods: iterative, analytical, and genetic algorithm (GA). The GA optimized PSCs, as the best result, have been fabricated and the measurement showed a sensitivity of 0.72 mƱ which has 5% (8.8%) deviation from the simulation (theoretical) results. This method can be utilized to design a PSC pair in near-field applications to transfer amplitude modulation with various sizes and fabrication constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":51726,"journal":{"name":"IET Wireless Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/wss2.12019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84810283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the area coverage problem has emerged in the directional sensor network (DSN), where the sensor's sensed area depends on its working direction and viewing angle. This study has proposed a new algorithm based on the Voronoi diagram, called prioritized geometric area coverage (PGAC), to increase DSN's covered area. In a Voronoi diagram, all internal points of a convex polygon (cell) formed around a sensor are closer to the sensor than any other sensor. Therefore, the best sensor for covering a Voronoi cell area is the corresponding sensor of the cell. In contrast to similar approaches, PGAC considers the relation between the cell area and the sensor's covered area when selecting a sensor's working direction. It categorizes Voronoi cells, based on their geometric sizes, into three categories. In each category, PGAC adjusts the sensor's working direction to maximize the covered area and minimize the overlapping between adjacent cells. It also turns off redundant sensors for extending the network lifetime. Our simulation results showed that PGAC increases the covered area and decreases the number of active sensors compared to similar methods.
{"title":"Coverage improvement using Voronoi diagrams in directional sensor networks","authors":"Zahra Zarei, Mozafar Bag-Mohammadi","doi":"10.1049/wss2.12015","DOIUrl":"10.1049/wss2.12015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recently, the area coverage problem has emerged in the directional sensor network (DSN), where the sensor's sensed area depends on its working direction and viewing angle. This study has proposed a new algorithm based on the Voronoi diagram, called prioritized geometric area coverage (PGAC), to increase DSN's covered area. In a Voronoi diagram, all internal points of a convex polygon (cell) formed around a sensor are closer to the sensor than any other sensor. Therefore, the best sensor for covering a Voronoi cell area is the corresponding sensor of the cell. In contrast to similar approaches, PGAC considers the relation between the cell area and the sensor's covered area when selecting a sensor's working direction. It categorizes Voronoi cells, based on their geometric sizes, into three categories. In each category, PGAC adjusts the sensor's working direction to maximize the covered area and minimize the overlapping between adjacent cells. It also turns off redundant sensors for extending the network lifetime. Our simulation results showed that PGAC increases the covered area and decreases the number of active sensors compared to similar methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":51726,"journal":{"name":"IET Wireless Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/wss2.12015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83567199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non-uniform node distribution in a randomly deployed network causes inefficient routing when some abnormality or events at certain parts of the network cannot be detected due to a coverage hole problem. Existing works to improve routing efficiency in randomly deployed network utilise mobile sink to prolong nodes lifetime is either centred around the static sink or movement through random patterns. Few works had considered multiple mobile sinks to route packets in such network distribution. In fact, important aspect such as collaborations among mobile sinks is not well considered, where the decision made by each mobile sink in most existing approaches tend to maximise the individual sink's utility rather than benefiting wider parts of the network. Thus, a decision based on consensus may benefit more parties and eventually lead to better decision. A distributed collaboration mechanism may assist nodes mobility in improving routing efficiency. Thus, the authors proposed the consensus-based routing protocol, which aims to improve routing efficiency in randomly deployed network, by deciding relocation of mobile sinks based on coverage factor, in order to reduce energy consumption, providing more balance sinks distribution and better network coverage. Simulation results show good performances of proposed approach in terms of nodes lifetime, energy consumption, delay, packet delivery ratio and coverage hole, compared to other existing protocols.
{"title":"Distributed consensus-based routing protocol with multiple mobile sinks support for wireless sensor network","authors":"Nor Azimah Khalid, Quan Bai, Adnan Al-Anbuky","doi":"10.1049/wss2.12016","DOIUrl":"10.1049/wss2.12016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Non-uniform node distribution in a randomly deployed network causes inefficient routing when some abnormality or events at certain parts of the network cannot be detected due to a coverage hole problem. Existing works to improve routing efficiency in randomly deployed network utilise mobile sink to prolong nodes lifetime is either centred around the static sink or movement through random patterns. Few works had considered multiple mobile sinks to route packets in such network distribution. In fact, important aspect such as collaborations among mobile sinks is not well considered, where the decision made by each mobile sink in most existing approaches tend to maximise the individual sink's utility rather than benefiting wider parts of the network. Thus, a decision based on consensus may benefit more parties and eventually lead to better decision. A distributed collaboration mechanism may assist nodes mobility in improving routing efficiency. Thus, the authors proposed the consensus-based routing protocol, which aims to improve routing efficiency in randomly deployed network, by deciding relocation of mobile sinks based on coverage factor, in order to reduce energy consumption, providing more balance sinks distribution and better network coverage. Simulation results show good performances of proposed approach in terms of nodes lifetime, energy consumption, delay, packet delivery ratio and coverage hole, compared to other existing protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":51726,"journal":{"name":"IET Wireless Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/wss2.12016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81359077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Internet of Things (IoTs) as a new network pattern for the intelligent world usually uses wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as a perception layer which consisted of numerous number of sensor nodes scattered in the environment to gather intended information. The selected information then is sent to a base station (BS) to be sent to cloud server for further processing. Since the energy of sensor nodes is limited, the most significant challenge in these networks is reducing the energy consumption of the network. It is proved that dividing the network to clusters can significantly reduce the energy consumption. One of the most popular clustering protocols in WSNs is the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). In this protocol, cluster heads (CHs) are selected randomly which results in poor performance in real scenarios. In this article, a new energy aware CH selection algorithm is proposed which selects CHs based on the residual energy, the position and centrality of nodes. It uses a variable range upon which the centrality and the number of neighbours of each node are calculated. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH, Multi-hope Routing with LEACH (MR-LEACH) and Enhanced Multi-hop LEACH (EM-LEACH) in terms of reducing energy consumption, increasing network lifetime and improving network reliability.
物联网(Internet of Things, iot)作为智能世界的一种新型网络模式,通常使用无线传感器网络(wireless sensor network, WSNs)作为感知层,由分散在环境中的大量传感器节点组成,以收集目标信息。然后将选定的信息发送到基站(BS),再发送到云服务器进行进一步处理。由于传感器节点的能量是有限的,在这些网络中最大的挑战是降低网络的能量消耗。实验证明,将网络划分为集群可以显著降低能耗。低能量自适应聚类层次(LEACH)是无线传感器网络中最流行的聚类协议之一。在该协议中,簇头(CHs)是随机选择的,这导致在实际场景中性能较差。本文提出了一种新的能量感知CH选择算法,该算法根据节点的剩余能量、位置和中心性选择CHs。它使用一个可变范围来计算每个节点的中心性和邻居的数量。仿真结果表明,该算法在降低能耗、延长网络寿命和提高网络可靠性方面优于LEACH、带LEACH的多希望路由(MR-LEACH)和增强多跳路由(EM-LEACH)。
{"title":"A new energy aware cluster head selection for LEACH in wireless sensor networks","authors":"Sina Einavi Pour, Reza Javidan","doi":"10.1049/wss2.12007","DOIUrl":"10.1049/wss2.12007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Internet of Things (IoTs) as a new network pattern for the intelligent world usually uses wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as a perception layer which consisted of numerous number of sensor nodes scattered in the environment to gather intended information. The selected information then is sent to a base station (BS) to be sent to cloud server for further processing. Since the energy of sensor nodes is limited, the most significant challenge in these networks is reducing the energy consumption of the network. It is proved that dividing the network to clusters can significantly reduce the energy consumption. One of the most popular clustering protocols in WSNs is the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). In this protocol, cluster heads (CHs) are selected randomly which results in poor performance in real scenarios. In this article, a new energy aware CH selection algorithm is proposed which selects CHs based on the residual energy, the position and centrality of nodes. It uses a variable range upon which the centrality and the number of neighbours of each node are calculated. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH, Multi-hope Routing with LEACH (MR-LEACH) and Enhanced Multi-hop LEACH (EM-LEACH) in terms of reducing energy consumption, increasing network lifetime and improving network reliability.</p>","PeriodicalId":51726,"journal":{"name":"IET Wireless Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/wss2.12007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83135039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The finite energy of batteries associated with wireless sensor networks is a major constraint, which limits its lifetime. One of the methods to overcome this major limitation is the energy harvesting (EH) systems. There are many energy sources available nowadays, but solar energy is flexible, mature and is an external power source; so, it is broadly utilised for EH in the wireless sensor network to enhance the life of the network. The solar EH technique along with the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol is applied. The charging and discharging curves of the battery and energy status of the nodes are propounded. The simulation results demonstrate that the lifetime of the battery and the network gets augmented after applying the solar EH technique.
{"title":"Lifetime enhancement of wireless sensor network using solar energy harvesting technique","authors":"Harmandeep Kaur, Avtar Singh Buttar","doi":"10.1049/wss2.12008","DOIUrl":"10.1049/wss2.12008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The finite energy of batteries associated with wireless sensor networks is a major constraint, which limits its lifetime. One of the methods to overcome this major limitation is the energy harvesting (EH) systems. There are many energy sources available nowadays, but solar energy is flexible, mature and is an external power source; so, it is broadly utilised for EH in the wireless sensor network to enhance the life of the network. The solar EH technique along with the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol is applied. The charging and discharging curves of the battery and energy status of the nodes are propounded. The simulation results demonstrate that the lifetime of the battery and the network gets augmented after applying the solar EH technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":51726,"journal":{"name":"IET Wireless Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/wss2.12008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86599568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leila Saadatdoost, Homayun Motameni, Seyed Mehdi Hosseini Andargoli, Reza Ghazalian
In target tracking scenarios, a suitable sensor selection method in combination with designing mobile sinks (MSes) movement path is a promising solution to maximise the lifetime of the wireless sensor network (WSN). The lifetime optimization problem is non-deterministic polynomial-time hardness (NP-hard) and its optimal solution requires an exhaustive search with the exponential complexity. To tackle this issue, the original problem is separated into two more tractable sub-problems: first, the MSes' assignment and their positions' calculations, second, the SN assignment problem. The SNs assignment problem is an integer programing, which is relaxed to the more tractable form. Moreover, its solution results in a priority function which is combined with a numerical search algorithm to select the SNs. In the proposed framework, based on the estimated path of each target, a MS is assigned to the target. Besides, the MSes optimum position in the next rounds are calculated. Afterwards, for each target at each round, sensing nodes (SNs) are selected based on the targets' position and the MSes' position. Simulation results show that proposed solution increases the network's lifetime considerably in comparison with the benchmark algorithms while its complexity is much lower than that of the optimal exhaustive search algorithm.
{"title":"Sensing node selection and mobile sink displacement in the environments with multiple targets","authors":"Leila Saadatdoost, Homayun Motameni, Seyed Mehdi Hosseini Andargoli, Reza Ghazalian","doi":"10.1049/wss2.12013","DOIUrl":"10.1049/wss2.12013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In target tracking scenarios, a suitable sensor selection method in combination with designing mobile sinks (MSes) movement path is a promising solution to maximise the lifetime of the wireless sensor network (WSN). The lifetime optimization problem is non-deterministic polynomial-time hardness (NP-hard) and its optimal solution requires an exhaustive search with the exponential complexity. To tackle this issue, the original problem is separated into two more tractable sub-problems: first, the MSes' assignment and their positions' calculations, second, the SN assignment problem. The SNs assignment problem is an integer programing, which is relaxed to the more tractable form. Moreover, its solution results in a priority function which is combined with a numerical search algorithm to select the SNs. In the proposed framework, based on the estimated path of each target, a MS is assigned to the target. Besides, the MSes optimum position in the next rounds are calculated. Afterwards, for each target at each round, sensing nodes (SNs) are selected based on the targets' position and the MSes' position. Simulation results show that proposed solution increases the network's lifetime considerably in comparison with the benchmark algorithms while its complexity is much lower than that of the optimal exhaustive search algorithm.</p>","PeriodicalId":51726,"journal":{"name":"IET Wireless Sensor Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/wss2.12013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85670563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A weighted stochastic gradient algorithm is proposed for cost-efficient tracking of unknown, correlated spatial signals from randomly distributed sensor observations in localized wireless sensor field. The algorithm is implemented in spatial modelling and spatial tracking phases. In spatial modelling phase, the algorithm finds the model parameters, and in spatial tracking phase, it updates these parameters. The spatial signal is modelled with its M iso-contour lines at equally spaced levels