Pub Date : 2023-01-11DOI: 10.1080/15140326.2022.2146861
Sarvar Gurbanov, Jeyhun I. Mikayilov, Shahriyar Mukhtarov, Sakit Yagubov
ABSTRACT This study firstly analyzes the impact of energy intensities and income on CO2 emissions in Russia, applying different estimation methods to the data period from 1990 to 2020. In addition, the study forecasts CO2 emissions considering 2030 targets under different assumptions and assesses the achievability of the set target. The estimation results concluded that the GDP and fossil fuel intensities of GDP have a statistically positive impact on CO2 emissions. Also, we found that the forecasted value for 2030, for the business-as-usual case, is 1750 MtCO2, with 95% confidence interval values of 1703 MtCO2 and 1796 MtCO2. This result shows that Russia needs to undergo substantial policy interventions to achieve its targets to reduce CO2 emissions. As the fifth biggest emitter, Russia missing its emissions targets will have undesirable implications for the rest of the world. Based on the projection results, the paper discusses some potential policy interventions.
{"title":"Forecasting 2030 CO2 reduction targets for Russia as a major emitter using different estimation scenarios","authors":"Sarvar Gurbanov, Jeyhun I. Mikayilov, Shahriyar Mukhtarov, Sakit Yagubov","doi":"10.1080/15140326.2022.2146861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2022.2146861","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study firstly analyzes the impact of energy intensities and income on CO2 emissions in Russia, applying different estimation methods to the data period from 1990 to 2020. In addition, the study forecasts CO2 emissions considering 2030 targets under different assumptions and assesses the achievability of the set target. The estimation results concluded that the GDP and fossil fuel intensities of GDP have a statistically positive impact on CO2 emissions. Also, we found that the forecasted value for 2030, for the business-as-usual case, is 1750 MtCO2, with 95% confidence interval values of 1703 MtCO2 and 1796 MtCO2. This result shows that Russia needs to undergo substantial policy interventions to achieve its targets to reduce CO2 emissions. As the fifth biggest emitter, Russia missing its emissions targets will have undesirable implications for the rest of the world. Based on the projection results, the paper discusses some potential policy interventions.","PeriodicalId":51747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Economics","volume":" 113","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41252698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.1080/15140326.2021.2021128
G. Falavigna, R. Ippoliti
ABSTRACT In this manuscript we present a comparative analysis of benchmarks based on technical efficiency scores computed using Data Envelopment Analysis with two different model specifications. In one case, we adopt the number of settled cases as output and human resources as input; in the other case, we adopt the same model definition but with judicial expenditure as additional key input. Our findings show that the model specification containing both judicial expenditure and human resources is more appropriate than the model based only on human resources. Moreover, we show that, without considering the additional variable costs generated within the production process, those courts incorrectly identified as benchmarks might mislead the policy makers dealing with the reform process.
{"title":"Model definitions to identify appropriate benchmarks in judiciary","authors":"G. Falavigna, R. Ippoliti","doi":"10.1080/15140326.2021.2021128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2021.2021128","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this manuscript we present a comparative analysis of benchmarks based on technical efficiency scores computed using Data Envelopment Analysis with two different model specifications. In one case, we adopt the number of settled cases as output and human resources as input; in the other case, we adopt the same model definition but with judicial expenditure as additional key input. Our findings show that the model specification containing both judicial expenditure and human resources is more appropriate than the model based only on human resources. Moreover, we show that, without considering the additional variable costs generated within the production process, those courts incorrectly identified as benchmarks might mislead the policy makers dealing with the reform process.","PeriodicalId":51747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Economics","volume":"25 1","pages":"339 - 360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48082545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.1080/15140326.2021.2022828
B. Addai, Wenjin Tang, Annette Serwaa Agyeman
ABSTRACT This study examines the heterogeneity of foreign banks in the income diversification and performance nexus. We utilize annual bank data across 46 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa over the period 2011–2018 and find that increased income diversification improves banks performance, and the Global and Emerging banks perform better than the regional African and domestic banks. Regarding how different foreign banks benefit from income diversification, we find that Global banks benefit from diversification more than their counterparts operating in the region. The Emerging country banks outperform the African and domestic banks, while the local banks in the region benefit from income diversification more than the regional African banks. The results of this study suggest that the emerging banks and the regional African banks do not always exhibit similar features like the Global banks. The observations in this study make significant contribution to the literature by providing new insight into the non-homogeneity of foreign banks in the income diversification pendulum.
{"title":"Examining the impact of income diversification on bank performance: Are foreign banks heterogeneous?","authors":"B. Addai, Wenjin Tang, Annette Serwaa Agyeman","doi":"10.1080/15140326.2021.2022828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2021.2022828","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines the heterogeneity of foreign banks in the income diversification and performance nexus. We utilize annual bank data across 46 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa over the period 2011–2018 and find that increased income diversification improves banks performance, and the Global and Emerging banks perform better than the regional African and domestic banks. Regarding how different foreign banks benefit from income diversification, we find that Global banks benefit from diversification more than their counterparts operating in the region. The Emerging country banks outperform the African and domestic banks, while the local banks in the region benefit from income diversification more than the regional African banks. The results of this study suggest that the emerging banks and the regional African banks do not always exhibit similar features like the Global banks. The observations in this study make significant contribution to the literature by providing new insight into the non-homogeneity of foreign banks in the income diversification pendulum.","PeriodicalId":51747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Economics","volume":"25 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44431515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.1080/15140326.2022.2073149
Chokri Zehri
ABSTRACT Capital controls may adversely affect international trade. This study aims to demonstrate the usefulness of capital controls for reducing macroeconomic volatilities and then mitigating their negative effects on international trade. Using quarterly data, we applied a dynamic panel approach to a sample of 26 countries over the period 2010–2020. By diversifying the estimation techniques and using different capital control indexes, our results show that a capital control policy supports international trade and reduces exchange rate and interest differentials volatilities. The impact of capital controls is asymmetric when considering the role of financial development, the cyclical behavior of capital controls, and the simultaneous use of macroprudential policies. This study raises some policy implications, particularly, the necessary coordination and adjustment of the macroeconomic policies and the importance of targeting long-lasting controls when applying a restrictive policy.
{"title":"Dampen macroeconomic volatility: a useful role of capital controls on international trade","authors":"Chokri Zehri","doi":"10.1080/15140326.2022.2073149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2022.2073149","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Capital controls may adversely affect international trade. This study aims to demonstrate the usefulness of capital controls for reducing macroeconomic volatilities and then mitigating their negative effects on international trade. Using quarterly data, we applied a dynamic panel approach to a sample of 26 countries over the period 2010–2020. By diversifying the estimation techniques and using different capital control indexes, our results show that a capital control policy supports international trade and reduces exchange rate and interest differentials volatilities. The impact of capital controls is asymmetric when considering the role of financial development, the cyclical behavior of capital controls, and the simultaneous use of macroprudential policies. This study raises some policy implications, particularly, the necessary coordination and adjustment of the macroeconomic policies and the importance of targeting long-lasting controls when applying a restrictive policy.","PeriodicalId":51747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Economics","volume":"25 1","pages":"907 - 935"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43363052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.1080/15140326.2022.2152562
O. Bajo‐Rubio
ABSTRACT We analyse in this paper the relationship between international trade and economic growth from the point of view of one of the most traditional hypotheses within this field, namely, the export-led growth hypothesis, for the case of Spain in a long-term perspective of 170 years. Exports seem to have played a positive, though modest, role in promoting economic growth in the Spanish economy over the whole period, mostly due to the higher productivity associated with the export sector. The contribution of exports to growth, however, seems to have been stronger in the final years of the 19th century, unlike the rest of the period, where it proved to be negligible.
{"title":"Exports and long-run growth: The case of Spain, 1850-2020","authors":"O. Bajo‐Rubio","doi":"10.1080/15140326.2022.2152562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2022.2152562","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We analyse in this paper the relationship between international trade and economic growth from the point of view of one of the most traditional hypotheses within this field, namely, the export-led growth hypothesis, for the case of Spain in a long-term perspective of 170 years. Exports seem to have played a positive, though modest, role in promoting economic growth in the Spanish economy over the whole period, mostly due to the higher productivity associated with the export sector. The contribution of exports to growth, however, seems to have been stronger in the final years of the 19th century, unlike the rest of the period, where it proved to be negligible.","PeriodicalId":51747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Economics","volume":"25 1","pages":"1314 - 1337"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47311979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-28DOI: 10.1080/15140326.2022.2151253
José Luis Miralles‐Quirós, María del Mar Miralles-Quirós
ABSTRACT Since the formulation of the Efficient Market Hypothesis, countless studies have been developed that try to either prove or refute it. Event studies, analysing the impact of different events on asset prices, are one of the most important research fields but there is a lack of evidence on cryptocurrencies. For that reason, we analyse the existence of over- and under- reaction effects on Bitcoin after hourly price shocks defined by filter sizes. We also do this using three alternative approaches. Our results show clear evidence of overreaction after negative shocks. We also observe that these overreactions tend to be greater as more hours pass after the event, with those that occur between 6 and 24 hours after the event being especially important. These results have important economic implications because they show that investors would be able to develop a profitable trading strategy simply by focusing on investing after negative shocks.
{"title":"Intraday Bitcoin price shocks: when bad news is good news","authors":"José Luis Miralles‐Quirós, María del Mar Miralles-Quirós","doi":"10.1080/15140326.2022.2151253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2022.2151253","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since the formulation of the Efficient Market Hypothesis, countless studies have been developed that try to either prove or refute it. Event studies, analysing the impact of different events on asset prices, are one of the most important research fields but there is a lack of evidence on cryptocurrencies. For that reason, we analyse the existence of over- and under- reaction effects on Bitcoin after hourly price shocks defined by filter sizes. We also do this using three alternative approaches. Our results show clear evidence of overreaction after negative shocks. We also observe that these overreactions tend to be greater as more hours pass after the event, with those that occur between 6 and 24 hours after the event being especially important. These results have important economic implications because they show that investors would be able to develop a profitable trading strategy simply by focusing on investing after negative shocks.","PeriodicalId":51747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Economics","volume":"25 1","pages":"1294 - 1313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47243411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-16DOI: 10.1080/15140326.2022.2153545
Kai Wan, Xiaohui Yu
ABSTRACT Based on data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2008–2018, an investigation is carried out upon the impact of mixed ownership reforms and relative control transfers on corporate innovation before and after the occurrence of mixed ownership reforms, and relative control transfers in state-owned and private enterprises, as well as their mechanisms of action. A double-difference propensity score matching method is adopted. It has been found that mixed ownership reforms are more likely to promote innovation in SOEs, particularly in monopolistic industries. A further sub-sample test reveals that in state-owned enterprises in monopolistic industries, the acquisition of relative control by private shares can amplify the innovation effect of mixed ownership reforms. In private companies in competitive industries, state-owned shares can only fuel innovation if they gain relative control. Reducing agency costs and easing financing constraints are important channels for mixed ownership reform to promote corporate innovation.
{"title":"Impact of mixed ownership reforms on firm innovation–empirical evidence from China","authors":"Kai Wan, Xiaohui Yu","doi":"10.1080/15140326.2022.2153545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2022.2153545","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2008–2018, an investigation is carried out upon the impact of mixed ownership reforms and relative control transfers on corporate innovation before and after the occurrence of mixed ownership reforms, and relative control transfers in state-owned and private enterprises, as well as their mechanisms of action. A double-difference propensity score matching method is adopted. It has been found that mixed ownership reforms are more likely to promote innovation in SOEs, particularly in monopolistic industries. A further sub-sample test reveals that in state-owned enterprises in monopolistic industries, the acquisition of relative control by private shares can amplify the innovation effect of mixed ownership reforms. In private companies in competitive industries, state-owned shares can only fuel innovation if they gain relative control. Reducing agency costs and easing financing constraints are important channels for mixed ownership reform to promote corporate innovation.","PeriodicalId":51747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Economics","volume":"25 1","pages":"1339 - 1354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44404446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1080/15140326.2022.2144009
M. Mancino, T. Attia
ABSTRACT Psychopathy evidence is frequently used for court decisions involving young criminals, claiming that is it an important predictor of crime. We investigate the effect of psychopathy on crime using a unique panel dataset of young offenders, which allows to analyze several dimensions of psychopathy, controlling for a wide range of usually unobservable characteristics. We find that psychopathy is an important predictor of crime. We show that the effect is two times larger (and closer to usual estimates) when measures of cognitive and non-cognitive skills are not accounted for, highlighting the importance of having comprehensive data on individual heterogeneity to isolate the effect of psychopathy on crime from the effect of confounding factors. Our results are robust to alternative measures of psychopathy and criminal participation. The findings suggest that court decisions should focus both on psychopathic characteristics and skills when deciding about an adolescenc’s sentence.
{"title":"Do psychopathic traits predict criminal activity?","authors":"M. Mancino, T. Attia","doi":"10.1080/15140326.2022.2144009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2022.2144009","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Psychopathy evidence is frequently used for court decisions involving young criminals, claiming that is it an important predictor of crime. We investigate the effect of psychopathy on crime using a unique panel dataset of young offenders, which allows to analyze several dimensions of psychopathy, controlling for a wide range of usually unobservable characteristics. We find that psychopathy is an important predictor of crime. We show that the effect is two times larger (and closer to usual estimates) when measures of cognitive and non-cognitive skills are not accounted for, highlighting the importance of having comprehensive data on individual heterogeneity to isolate the effect of psychopathy on crime from the effect of confounding factors. Our results are robust to alternative measures of psychopathy and criminal participation. The findings suggest that court decisions should focus both on psychopathic characteristics and skills when deciding about an adolescenc’s sentence.","PeriodicalId":51747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Economics","volume":"25 1","pages":"1260 - 1293"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49485327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.1080/15140326.2022.2104553
Naseem Faraz, Ghulam Samad
ABSTRACT Privatization of public-sector enterprises (PSEs) has generated billions of dollars to support fiscal and macroeconomic imbalances in several developing countries. A limited literature evaluates the recent privatization program impacts on the PSEs. This study empirically investigated the privatization impact on the performance and efficiency of the firms in post-privatization period in Pakistan. Firm-level data are used to evaluate the privatization effects on performance and efficiency of the privatized PSEs. We use difference-in-difference approach that exploits within-firm variation in the outcome variables over time. The regression results show that the performance of only few firms improved while it remains negative or insignificant largely. The efficiency of the firms is also not improved significantly in post-privatization period.
{"title":"Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs) in Post-Privatization: Evidence from Pakistan","authors":"Naseem Faraz, Ghulam Samad","doi":"10.1080/15140326.2022.2104553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2022.2104553","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Privatization of public-sector enterprises (PSEs) has generated billions of dollars to support fiscal and macroeconomic imbalances in several developing countries. A limited literature evaluates the recent privatization program impacts on the PSEs. This study empirically investigated the privatization impact on the performance and efficiency of the firms in post-privatization period in Pakistan. Firm-level data are used to evaluate the privatization effects on performance and efficiency of the privatized PSEs. We use difference-in-difference approach that exploits within-firm variation in the outcome variables over time. The regression results show that the performance of only few firms improved while it remains negative or insignificant largely. The efficiency of the firms is also not improved significantly in post-privatization period.","PeriodicalId":51747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Economics","volume":"25 1","pages":"1239 - 1259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44445869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1080/15140326.2022.2129145
Sajad Ebrahimi
ABSTRACT This paper examines whether financial constraints of firms influence their pricing behavior. To do so, a product-level dataset is used from Iranian-listed manufacturing companies. This study employs the imposition of international sanctions against Iran in 2012 as an exogenous shock to identify the effect of financial constraints. According to the results financially restricted firms keep their prices lower than their counterparts to increase their internal financial resources. The results show the difference between output prices of constrained and unconstrained firms rising after the imposition of sanctions. In addition, this relationship is affected by the degree of export-orientation of firms, and only exporter firms that experienced the negative demand shock after the sanctions, set their price lower to reduce the financial pressures. Also, the degree of dependency on imported input does not play a significant role in the relationship and ownership structure of firms has a significant impact on the relationship.
{"title":"Financial constraint and output pricing: the case of international sanctions against Iran","authors":"Sajad Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1080/15140326.2022.2129145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2022.2129145","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines whether financial constraints of firms influence their pricing behavior. To do so, a product-level dataset is used from Iranian-listed manufacturing companies. This study employs the imposition of international sanctions against Iran in 2012 as an exogenous shock to identify the effect of financial constraints. According to the results financially restricted firms keep their prices lower than their counterparts to increase their internal financial resources. The results show the difference between output prices of constrained and unconstrained firms rising after the imposition of sanctions. In addition, this relationship is affected by the degree of export-orientation of firms, and only exporter firms that experienced the negative demand shock after the sanctions, set their price lower to reduce the financial pressures. Also, the degree of dependency on imported input does not play a significant role in the relationship and ownership structure of firms has a significant impact on the relationship.","PeriodicalId":51747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Economics","volume":"25 1","pages":"1219 - 1238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46402674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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