Annual Review of Criminology最新文献

英文中文

Gentrification, Land Use, and Crime 中产阶级化、土地使用和犯罪

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041505

J. Macdonald, R. Stokes

Over the past twenty years, many US cities have seen urban revitalization and population changes associated with an increased desire for urban living among the affluent. As inner-city neighborhoods become gentrified, they are more likely to witness the construction of new buildings and homes, the conversion of industrial spaces to mixed-used developments, expanded access to mass transit, and the arrival of coffee shops and other urban amenities. In this review, we take stock of what is known about the impact of gentrification and land-use changes on neighborhood crime. We summarize research conducted since the period of urban revitalization that started in the 1990s as well as studies that have a quasi-experimental design. We find that gentrification and associated changes to land use tend to reduce crime in neighborhoods. Our findings are tempered by the need for greater conceptual clarity on how to measure when a neighborhood has gentrified and a clearer examination of the spatial displacement of crime. We conclude with a discussion on the need for criminologists to partner with urban planners to study how changes in the land use of cities can be made to generate crime reductions that benefit all places and, finally, detail some promising directions for future research.

在过去的二十年里，许多美国城市都经历了城市复兴和人口变化，这与富人对城市生活的渴望增加有关。随着市中心社区的中产阶级化，他们更有可能见证新建筑和住宅的建设，工业空间向混合用途开发的转变，公共交通的扩大，咖啡馆和其他城市设施的到来。在这篇综述中，我们盘点了关于中产阶级化和土地使用变化对社区犯罪的影响。我们总结了自20世纪90年代开始的城市振兴时期以来进行的研究，以及具有准实验设计的研究。我们发现，高档化和相关的土地使用变化往往会减少社区的犯罪。对于如何衡量一个社区何时已经中产阶级化，以及对犯罪的空间迁移进行更清晰的检查，我们需要更清晰的概念，从而缓和了我们的发现。最后，我们讨论了犯罪学家与城市规划者合作的必要性，以研究城市土地利用的变化如何产生有利于所有地方的犯罪减少，最后，详细介绍了未来研究的一些有希望的方向。

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引用次数: 21

Broken Windows, Informal Social Control, and Crime: Assessing Causality in Empirical Studies. 破窗效应、非正式社会控制与犯罪：实证研究中的因果关系评估》。

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2019-10-07 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041541

Charles C Lanfear, Ross L Matsueda, Lindsey R Beach

An important criminological controversy concerns the proper causal relationships between disorder, informal social control, and crime. The broken windows thesis posits that neighborhood disorder increases crime directly and indirectly by undermining neighborhood informal social control. Theories of collective efficacy argue that the association between neighborhood disorder and crime is spurious because of the confounding variable informal social control. We review the recent empirical research on this question, which uses disparate methods, including field experiments and different models for observational data. To evaluate the causal claims made in these studies, we use a potential outcomes framework of causality. We conclude that, although there is some evidence for both broken windows and informal control theories, there is little consensus in the present research literature. Furthermore, at present, most studies do not establish causality in a strong way.

犯罪学的一个重要争议涉及混乱、非正式社会控制和犯罪之间的适当因果关系。破窗理论认为，邻里失序直接或间接地破坏了邻里的非正式社会控制，从而增加了犯罪。集体效能理论则认为，由于非正式社会控制这一混杂变量的存在，邻里混乱与犯罪之间的关联是虚假的。我们回顾了近期有关这一问题的实证研究，这些研究采用了不同的方法，包括实地实验和不同的观察数据模型。为了评估这些研究的因果关系，我们使用了潜在结果的因果关系框架。我们得出的结论是，尽管破窗理论和非正式控制理论都有一些证据，但目前的研究文献几乎没有达成共识。此外，目前大多数研究都没有强有力地确定因果关系。

引用次数: 0

Self-Control and Crime: Beyond Gottfredson and Hirschi's Theory. 自控与犯罪：超越戈特弗雷德森和赫希的理论》（Self-Control and Crime: Beyond Gottfredson and Hirschi's Theory）。

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2019-10-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041344

Callie H Burt

Over the past several decades, Gottfredson & Hirschi's (1990) SCT has dominated research on self-control and crime. In this review, I assess the current state of self-control knowledge and encourage the field to move beyond SCT, as its peculiar conceptualization of self-control and causal model presents challenges for integrative scholarship. Drawing heavily on scholarship outside criminology, I clarify the definition of self-control; describe the malleable nature of trait self-control; highlight its situational variability as state self-control; and consider the multiplicity of contextual, situational, and individual factors that affect its operation in relation to crime. This specification of contingencies and the interplay between impulse strength and control efforts in the process of self-control is intended as a springboard for research moving beyond SCT and its key premise that self-control ability is sufficient for explanation. Finally, I address what I see as important areas for further study in light of current knowledge.

在过去的几十年里，戈特弗里德森和赫奇（1990 年）的 SCT 主导了有关自我控制和犯罪的研究。在这篇综述中，我对自我控制知识的现状进行了评估，并鼓励该领域超越 SCT，因为其独特的自我控制概念化和因果模型给综合性学术研究带来了挑战。在大量借鉴犯罪学以外的学术成果的基础上，我澄清了自我控制的定义；描述了特质自我控制的可塑性；强调了其作为状态自我控制的情境变异性；并考虑了影响其与犯罪相关的运作的背景、情境和个体因素的多重性。这种对突发事件以及自我控制过程中冲动强度和控制努力之间相互作用的描述，旨在为超越 SCT 及其关键前提（即自我控制能力足以进行解释）的研究提供一个跳板。最后，我将根据现有的知识谈谈我认为需要进一步研究的重要领域。

引用次数: 0

Taking the “Girl” Out of Gender-Responsive Programming in the Juvenile Justice System 将“女孩”从青少年司法系统的性别敏感项目中剔除

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CRIMINOL-032317-091922

Angela Irvine-Baker, Nikki Jones, A. Canfield

Since the early 2000s, state and local policy makers, practitioners, and advocates accelerated existing federal efforts to reform the youth justice system and dramatically reduce the number of youth detained in the juvenile justice system. States across the country achieved these drops through policy changes that created fiscal disincentives and legal roadblocks to state custody. Yet recent research shows that youth of color and LGBQ-GNCT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, questioning, gender-nonconforming, and transgender) youth continue to be overrepresented in many juvenile justice systems throughout the country. In this review, we interrogate these disparities more deeply in an effort to ( a) advocate for continued and increased efforts to reduce racial disparities in the juvenile justice system; ( b) break the silence around the experiences of LGBQ-GNCT youth in the system, which are overwhelmingly youth of color; and ( c) encourage a deeper appreciation of sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression and how they intersect with race when it comes to serving youth in the justice system.

自21世纪初以来，州和地方的政策制定者、从业人员和倡导者加快了现有的联邦改革青年司法系统的努力，并大幅减少了在少年司法系统中被拘留的青少年人数。全国各州通过政策变化实现了这些下降，这些政策变化造成了财政上的阻碍和对国家监管的法律障碍。然而，最近的研究表明，在全国许多少年司法系统中，有色人种和LGBQ-GNCT(女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋、质疑者、性别不符合者和跨性别者)青少年的比例仍然过高。在这篇综述中，我们更深入地探讨了这些差异，以努力(a)倡导继续并加大努力，减少青少年司法系统中的种族差异;(b)打破对系统中LGBQ-GNCT青年的经历的沉默，这些年轻人绝大多数是有色人种;(c)鼓励更深入地了解性取向、性别认同和性别表达，以及在司法系统中为青少年服务时，它们与种族的关系。

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引用次数: 12

Neuroscience and the Criminal Justice System 神经科学与刑事司法系统

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CRIMINOL-011518-024433

H. Greely, Nita A. Farahany

The criminal justice system acts directly on bodies, but fundamentally it cares about minds. As neuroscience progresses, it will increasingly be able to probe the objective, physical organ of the brain and reveal secrets from the subjective mind. This is already beginning to affect the criminal justice system, a trend that will only increase. This review article cannot begin even to sketch the full scope of the new field of law and neuroscience. The first workshop on the subject was held in 2003 ( Garland 2004 ), but the field already has its own casebook ( Jones et al. 2014 ) and the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Law and Neuroscience (2018) shows more than 1,700 publications in the area between 1984 and 2017. Greely (2009) divided the implications of law into five different categories: prediction, mind-reading, responsibility, treatment, and enhancement. This article examines only three points: the current use of neuroscience to understand and explain criminal behavior, the possibilities of relevant neuroscience-based prediction, and plausible future applications of neuroscience to the treatment of criminals. But first, we discuss the human brain and how it works.

刑事司法系统直接作用于身体，但从根本上讲，它关心的是思想。随着神经科学的发展，它将越来越能够探测大脑的客观物理器官，并揭示主观心理的秘密。这已经开始影响刑事司法系统，这种趋势只会增加。这篇综述文章甚至无法开始描绘法律和神经科学这一新领域的全部范围。关于这一主题的第一次研讨会于2003年举行（Garland 2004），但该领域已经有了自己的案例书（Jones等人，2014），麦克阿瑟基金会法律和神经科学研究网络（2018）显示了1984年至2017年间该领域的1700多篇出版物。Greely（2009）将法律的含义分为五类：预测、读心术、责任、治疗和增强。这篇文章只考察了三点：目前使用神经科学来理解和解释犯罪行为，基于神经科学的相关预测的可能性，以及神经科学在未来治疗罪犯方面的合理应用。但首先，我们讨论人脑及其工作原理。

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引用次数: 52

Indigenous Peoples, Criminology, and Criminal Justice 土著人民、犯罪学和刑事司法

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CRIMINOL-011518-024630

C. Cunneen, Juan Tauri

This review provides a critical overview of Indigenous peoples’ interactions with criminal justice systems. It focuses on the experiences of Indigenous peoples residing in the four major Anglo-settler-colonial jurisdictions of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. The review is built around a number of key arguments, including that centuries of colonization have left Indigenous peoples across all four jurisdictions in a position of profound social, economic, and political marginalization; that the colonial project, especially the socioeconomic marginalization resulting from it, plays a significant role in the contemporary over-representation of Indigenous peoples in settler-colonial criminal justice systems; and that a key failure of both governments and the academy has been to disregard Indigenous peoples responses to social harm and to rely too heavily on Western theorizing, policy, and practice to solve the problem of Indigenous over-representation. Finally, we argue that little will change to reduce the negative nature of Indigenous–criminal justice interactions until the settler-colonial state and the discipline of criminology show a willingness to support Indigenous peoples’ desire for self-determination and for leadership in the response to the social harms that impact their communities.

本次审查对土著人民与刑事司法系统的互动进行了批判性的概述。它侧重于居住在澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大和美国这四个主要的英国定居者殖民管辖区的土著人民的经历。该审查围绕着一些关键论点展开，包括几个世纪的殖民化使所有四个司法管辖区的土著人民处于严重的社会、经济和政治边缘化地位；殖民项目，特别是由此产生的社会经济边缘化，在当代定居者殖民刑事司法系统中土著人民代表性过高的问题上发挥了重要作用；政府和学院的一个主要失败是忽视了土著人民对社会伤害的反应，过于依赖西方的理论、政策和实践来解决土著人代表性过高的问题。最后，我们认为，在定居者殖民国家和犯罪学学科表现出支持土著人民自决和领导能力的愿望，以应对影响其社区的社会危害之前，几乎不会改变土著-刑事司法互动的负面性质。

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引用次数: 54

Looking Through Broken Windows: The Impact of Neighborhood Disorder on Aggression and Fear of Crime Is an Artifact of Research Design 透过破窗看:邻里混乱对攻击和犯罪恐惧的影响是研究设计的产物

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CRIMINOL-011518-024638

D. O’Brien, Chelsea Farrell, Brandon C. Welsh

Broken windows theory (BWT) has heavily influenced social science and policy over the past 30 years. It posits that disorder in neighborhoods leads to elevated crime by inviting additional criminal activity and by discouraging the positive social behavior that prevents crime. Scholars have debated the veracity of BWT, and here we conduct a meta-analysis of 96 studies to examine the effects of disorder on residents’ ( a) general proclivities for aggressive behavior and ( b) perceptions of and attitudes toward their neighborhood (e.g., fear of crime), with particular attention to aspects of research design that might confound causal inference. We found no consistent evidence that disorder induces greater aggression or more negative attitudes toward the neighborhood. Studies that found such effects disproportionately utilized weaker research designs that omit key correlates or confound perceptions of disorder with other neighborhood attitudes. We explore implications for theory, research, and policy.

在过去的30年里，破窗理论对社会科学和政策产生了重大影响。它认为，社区的混乱会引发更多的犯罪活动，并阻碍预防犯罪的积极社会行为，从而导致犯罪率上升。学者们对BWT的准确性进行了争论，在这里，我们对96项研究进行了荟萃分析，以检验混乱对居民(a)攻击行为的一般倾向和(b)对邻里的看法和态度(例如，对犯罪的恐惧)的影响，并特别注意研究设计中可能混淆因果推理的方面。我们没有发现一致的证据表明，混乱会导致更大的攻击性或对邻里更消极的态度。发现这种影响的研究不成比例地使用了较弱的研究设计，忽略了关键的相关性，或者将对混乱的看法与其他社区态度混淆起来。我们探讨理论、研究和政策的影响。

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引用次数: 42

The Rise and Restraint of the Preventive State 预防性国家的兴起与制约

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CRIMINOL-011518-024526

Lucia Zedner, A. Ashworth

Security has always been a core function of the modern state. Yet the rise of the Preventive State captures an intensification of that role as threats to security and demands for public protection increase, prompting states to prioritize new practices of preventive criminalization, policing, and punishment. The rise of the Preventive State may promise greater security, but the costs of ever more coercive preventive laws and measures are burdensome and pose a threat to civil liberties. This review considers the drivers, multiple manifestations, and direct and collateral consequences of preventive endeavors that assess and manage risk, target hazards, and restrain or detain those deemed dangerous. It also explores their ramifications for criminology and criminal justice. It concludes by considering the potential of criminology to join cross-disciplinary efforts to articulate a new jurisprudence of security and to elaborate principles of preventive justice with which to restrain the excesses of the Preventive State.

安全一直是现代国家的核心职能。然而，随着对安全的威胁和对公共保护的需求增加，预防性国家的崛起体现了这种作用的强化，促使各州优先考虑预防性刑事定罪、治安和惩罚的新做法。预防性国家的崛起可能会带来更大的安全，但越来越强制性的预防性法律和措施的代价是沉重的，并对公民自由构成威胁。本审查考虑了评估和管理风险、针对危险以及约束或拘留被视为危险的人的预防措施的驱动因素、多种表现以及直接和间接后果。它还探讨了它们对犯罪学和刑事司法的影响。最后，它考虑到犯罪学有可能加入跨学科的努力，阐明新的安全判例，并制定预防性司法原则，以遏制预防性国家的过度行为。

引用次数: 19

Keeping Score: Predictive Analytics in Policing 保持分数：警务中的预测分析

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CRIMINOL-011518-024534

Dylan J. Fitzpatrick, W. Gorr, Daniel B. Neill

Predictive analytics in policing is a data-driven approach to ( a) characterizing crime patterns across time and space and ( b) leveraging this knowledge for the prevention of crime and disorder. This article outlines the current state of the field, providing a review of forecasting tools that have been successfully applied by police to the task of crime prediction. We then discuss options for structured design and evaluation of a predictive policing program so that the benefits of proactive intervention efforts are maximized given fixed resource constraints. We highlight examples of predictive policing programs that have been implemented and evaluated by police agencies in the field. Finally, we discuss ethical issues related to predictive analytics in policing and suggest approaches for minimizing potential harm to vulnerable communities while providing an equitable distribution of the benefits of crime prevention across populations within police jurisdiction.

警务预测分析是一种数据驱动的方法，可以(a)描述跨时间和空间的犯罪模式，(b)利用这些知识预防犯罪和混乱。本文概述了该领域的现状，提供了预测工具的审查，这些工具已成功地应用于警察的犯罪预测任务。然后，我们讨论了预测警务计划的结构化设计和评估选项，以便在给定固定资源约束的情况下，将主动干预努力的好处最大化。我们重点介绍了在现场由警察机构实施和评估的预测性警务计划的例子。最后，我们讨论了与警务预测分析相关的道德问题，并提出了减少对弱势社区潜在危害的方法，同时在警察管辖范围内公平分配预防犯罪的好处。

引用次数: 19

Public Opinion and Criminal Justice Policy: Theory and Research 舆论与刑事司法政策:理论与研究

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CRIMINOL-011518-024826

Justin T. Pickett

This article reviews evidence for the effects of public opinion on court decision-making, capital punishment policy and use, correctional expenditures, and incarceration rates. It also assesses evidence about the factors explaining changes over time in public support for punitive crime policies. Most of this evidence originates from outside of our discipline. I identify two reasons that criminologists have not made more progress toward understanding the opinion-policy relationship. One is an unfamiliarity with important theoretical and empirical developments in political science pertaining to public policy mood, parallel opinion change, majoritarian congruence, and dynamic representation. Another is our overreliance on cross-sectional studies and preoccupation with comparing support levels elicited with different questions (global versus specific) and under different conditions (uninformed versus informed). I show how the resultant findings have contributed to misunderstandings about the nature of public opinion and created a false summit in our analysis of the opinion-policy relationship.

本文回顾了公众舆论对法院决策、死刑政策和使用、惩教支出和监禁率影响的证据。它还评估了有关解释公众对惩罚性犯罪政策的支持随时间变化的因素的证据。这些证据大多来自我们学科之外。我指出了犯罪学家在理解舆论与政策关系方面没有取得更多进展的两个原因。一个是不熟悉政治科学中与公共政策情绪、平行意见变化、多数一致和动态代表有关的重要理论和经验发展。另一个原因是我们过度依赖横断面研究，专注于比较不同问题(全局与具体)和不同条件下(不知情与知情)得出的支持水平。我展示了由此产生的研究结果如何导致了对民意本质的误解，并在我们对民意-政策关系的分析中制造了一个错误的顶峰。

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引用次数: 105

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