Annual Review of Criminology最新文献

英文中文

Perspectives on Policing: Cynthia Lum 警务视角：Cynthia Lum

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-093020-023221

C. Lum

The Editorial Committee of the Annual Review of Criminology has launched a new section within the journal in which we invite one or more authors to write a more personal and yet scholarly article that puts forth their perspective on an important and timely topic. For Volume 4, we asked Dr. Cynthia Lum and Dr. Phillip Atiba Goff to provide their perspectives on policing. We hope our readers enjoy this new and exciting series of “Perspectives.”

《犯罪学年度评论》编辑委员会在该杂志中开设了一个新栏目，我们邀请一位或多位作者撰写一篇更具个人色彩但更具学术性的文章，阐述他们对一个重要而及时的主题的看法。在第4卷中，我们请Cynthia Lum博士和Phillip Atiba Goff博士提供他们对警务的看法。我们希望我们的读者喜欢这个新的和令人兴奋的“透视”系列

引用次数: 14

Opioids and the Criminal Justice System: New Challenges Posed by the Modern Opioid Epidemic 阿片类药物与刑事司法系统：现代阿片类疾病流行带来的新挑战

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CRIMINOL-061020-125715

J. Caulkins, A. Gould, Bryce Pardo, P. Reuter, B. Stein

The traditional US heroin market has transformed into a broader illegal opioid market, dominated first by prescription opioids (PO) and now also by fentanyl and other synthetic opioids (FOSO). Understanding of opioid-use disorder (OUD) has also transformed from being seen as a driver of crime to a medical condition whose sufferers deserve treatment. This creates new challenges and opportunities for the criminal justice system (CJS). Addressing inmates’ OUD is a core responsibility, including preventing overdose after release. Treatment can be supported by diversion programs (e.g., drug courts, among others) and by providing medication-assisted treatment in prison, not only as a crime-control strategy but also because of ethical and legal responsibilities to provide appropriate healthcare. The CJS also has opportunities to alter supply that were not relevant in the past, including deterring pill-mill doctors and disrupting web sites used to distribute FOSO.

传统的美国海洛因市场已经转变为更广泛的非法阿片类药物市场，首先由处方阿片类物质（PO）主导，现在也由芬太尼和其他合成阿片类化合物（FOSO）主导。对阿片类药物使用障碍（OUD）的理解也从被视为犯罪的驱动因素转变为患者值得治疗的疾病。这给刑事司法系统带来了新的挑战和机遇。解决囚犯的OUD是一项核心责任，包括防止释放后服用过量药物。治疗可以通过分流计划（例如，毒品法庭等）和在监狱中提供药物辅助治疗来支持，这不仅是一种犯罪控制策略，也是因为提供适当医疗保健的道德和法律责任。CJS还有机会改变过去不相关的供应，包括阻止制药厂医生和破坏用于分发FOSO的网站。

引用次数: 17

Artificial Intelligence, Predictive Policing, and Risk Assessment for Law Enforcement 人工智能、预测性警务和执法风险评估

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-051520-012342

R. Berk

There are widespread concerns about the use of artificial intelligence in law enforcement. Predictive policing and risk assessment are salient examples. Worries include the accuracy of forecasts that guide both activities, the prospect of bias, and an apparent lack of operational transparency. Nearly breathless media coverage of artificial intelligence helps shape the narrative. In this review, we address these issues by first unpacking depictions of artificial intelligence. Its use in predictive policing to forecast crimes in time and space is largely an exercise in spatial statistics that in principle can make policing more effective and more surgical. Its use in criminal justice risk assessment to forecast who will commit crimes is largely an exercise in adaptive, nonparametric regression. It can in principle allow law enforcement agencies to better provide for public safety with the least restrictive means necessary, which can mean far less use of incarceration. None of this is mysterious. Nevertheless, concerns about accuracy, fairness, and transparency are real, and there are tradeoffs between them for which there can be no technical fix. You can't have it all. Solutions will be found through political and legislative processes achieving an acceptable balance between competing priorities.

人们普遍担心在执法中使用人工智能。预测性警务和风险评估就是突出的例子。令人担忧的问题包括指导这两项活动的预测的准确性、偏见的可能性以及明显缺乏运营透明度。媒体对人工智能近乎令人窒息的报道有助于塑造叙事。在这篇综述中，我们通过首先打开人工智能的描述来解决这些问题。它在预测性警务中用于预测时间和空间上的犯罪，在很大程度上是空间统计的一种练习，原则上可以使警务更有效，更具手术性。它在刑事司法风险评估中用于预测谁将犯罪，在很大程度上是一种自适应非参数回归。原则上，它可以让执法机构以最少的必要限制手段更好地提供公共安全，这意味着监禁的使用要少得多。这些都不神秘。尽管如此，对准确性、公平性和透明度的担忧是真实存在的，它们之间存在着无法通过技术解决的权衡。你不可能拥有所有。将通过政治和立法进程找到解决办法，在相互竞争的优先事项之间实现可接受的平衡。

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引用次数: 28

Models of Prosecutor-Led Diversion Programs in the United States and Beyond 美国及其他国家检察官主导的分流计划模式

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3601930

R. Wright, Kay L. Levine

Diversion programs allow criminal justice actors to send defendants out of the court system, compelling them instead to attend treatment programs, participate in educational opportunities, and/or perform community service. These programs exist for both adult and juvenile offenders. Although some diversion programs are administered within the court system, prosecutors design and operate a substantial number of these programs themselves. Because the prosecutor does not need to obtain input from judges or other actors in these programs, they carry higher risks of performance problems, such as net widening and unequal application of program criteria. Furthermore, because of the local focus of most prosecutors’ offices in the United States, their diversion programs differ from place to place. The published program evaluations are too often site-specific, offering few general insights about this category of programs. The fragmented literature about prosecutor-led diversion programs should expand the metrics of success for these programs and monitor the effects of the prosecutor-dominated governance structure.

分流计划允许刑事司法行为者将被告送出法庭系统，迫使他们参加治疗计划、参加教育机会和/或提供社区服务。这些方案既适用于成年罪犯，也适用于未成年罪犯。尽管一些分流计划是在法院系统内管理的，但检察官自己设计并实施了大量此类计划。由于检察官在这些项目中不需要获得法官或其他行为者的意见，他们面临着更高的绩效问题风险，例如网络扩大和项目标准应用不平等。此外，由于美国大多数检察官办公室都以当地为重点，他们的分流计划因地而异。公布的项目评估往往是针对特定地点的，很少提供关于这类项目的一般见解。关于检察官主导的分流计划的零散文献应该扩大这些计划的成功指标，并监测检察官主导治理结构的影响。

引用次数: 3

Human Mobility and Crime: Theoretical Approaches and Novel Data Collection Strategies. 人的流动性和犯罪:理论方法和新的数据收集策略。

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-061020-021551

Christopher R Browning, Nicolo P Pinchak, Catherine A Calder

This review outlines approaches to explanations of crime that incorporate the concept of human mobility-or the patterns of movement throughout space of individuals or populations in the context of everyday routines-with a focus on novel strategies for the collection of geographically referenced data on mobility patterns. We identify three approaches to understanding mobility-crime linkages: (a) Place and neighborhood approaches characterize local spatial units of analysis of varying size with respect to the intersection in space and time of potential offenders, victims, and guardians; (b) person-centered approaches emphasize the spatial trajectories of individuals and person-place interactions that influence crime risk; and (c) ecological network approaches consider links between persons or collectivities based on shared activity locations, capturing influences of broader systems of interconnection on spatial- and individual-level variation in crime. We review data collection strategies for the measurement of mobility across these approaches, considering both the challenges and promise of mobility-based research for criminology.

这篇综述概述了结合人类流动概念的犯罪解释方法，或者个人或群体在日常生活背景下的整个空间的运动模式，重点是收集关于流动模式的地理参考数据的新策略。我们确定了三种方法来理解流动性与犯罪之间的联系:(a)地点和社区方法表征了相对于潜在罪犯、受害者和监护人在空间和时间上的交集，不同大小的本地空间分析单元;(b)以人为本的方法强调影响犯罪风险的个人空间轨迹和人地相互作用;(c)生态网络方法考虑基于共享活动地点的个人或集体之间的联系，捕捉更广泛的互联系统对空间和个人层面犯罪变化的影响。我们回顾了这些方法中测量流动性的数据收集策略，同时考虑了犯罪学中基于流动性的研究的挑战和前景。

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引用次数: 22

The Intended and Unintended Consequences of Ban the Box 禁用盒子的预期和意外后果

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-09-15 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CRIMINOL-061020-022137

Steven Raphael

I review the growing body of research that either directly assesses the effect of Ban the Box (BTB) on the employment prospects of those with criminal histories, tests for spillover effects operating through statistical discrimination, or assesses the labor-market impacts of related screening practices. I begin with a theoretical discussion that works through how widespread reluctance to hire those with criminal histories is likely to generate market-level employment and earnings penalties for various groups of workers, and how the size and distribution of these penalties likely depend on the information available to employers. I then turn to a review of research over the past 15 years or so that either directly assesses the impact of BTB or addresses highly related and relevant research questions. The weight of the empirical evidence suggests that BTB does not improve the employment prospects of those with criminal histories at private-sector employers, although there is some evidence of an improvement in employment prospects in the public sector. Regarding spillover effects operating through statistical discrimination, several studies indicate that BTB harms the employment prospects of African-American men. Furthermore, research on the effects of credit checks, occupational licensing, and drug testing appears to indicate that more information available to the employer improves the employment prospects of African Americans. Collectively, these findings imply that in the absence of objective information, employers place weight on stereotypes about the characteristics of black workers that are generally negative and inaccurate.

我回顾了越来越多的研究，这些研究要么直接评估禁止盒子（BTB）对有犯罪史的人的就业前景的影响，要么通过统计歧视测试溢出效应，要么评估相关筛查做法对劳动力市场的影响。我首先进行了一场理论讨论，探讨了普遍不愿雇佣有犯罪史的人可能会对不同群体的工人产生市场层面的就业和收入惩罚，以及这些惩罚的规模和分布可能取决于雇主可获得的信息。然后，我回顾了过去15年左右的研究，这些研究要么直接评估BTB的影响，要么解决高度相关的研究问题。实证证据的分量表明，BTB并没有改善那些有犯罪史的人在私营部门雇主的就业前景，尽管有一些证据表明公共部门的就业前景有所改善。关于通过统计歧视产生的溢出效应，几项研究表明，BTB损害了非裔美国男性的就业前景。此外，关于信用检查、职业许可和药物测试影响的研究似乎表明，雇主可以获得更多信息，可以改善非裔美国人的就业前景。总的来说，这些发现意味着，在缺乏客观信息的情况下，雇主重视对黑人工人特征的刻板印象，这些刻板印象通常是负面和不准确的。

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引用次数: 15

The Rise, Fall, and Afterlife of the Death Penalty in the United States 美国死刑的兴起、衰落和后世

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024721

C. Steiker, Jordan M. Steiker

This review addresses four key issues in the modern (post-1976) era of capital punishment in the United States. First, why has the United States retained the death penalty when all its peer countries (all other developed Western democracies) have abolished it? Second, how should we understand the role of race in shaping the distinctive path of capital punishment in the United States, given our country's history of race-based slavery and slavery's intractable legacy of discrimination? Third, what is the significance of the sudden and profound withering of the practice of capital punishment in the past two decades? And, finally, what would abolition of the death penalty in the United States (should it ever occur) mean for the larger criminal justice system?

本文回顾了现代(1976年后)美国死刑时代的四个关键问题。首先，为什么美国保留死刑，而所有其他发达的西方民主国家都废除了死刑?其次，考虑到我国以种族为基础的奴隶制的历史以及奴隶制遗留下来的难以解决的歧视问题，我们应该如何理解种族在塑造美国独特的死刑道路方面所起的作用?第三，近二十年来死刑制度的突然而深刻的消亡有何意义?最后，在美国废除死刑(如果真的废除死刑)对整个刑事司法系统意味着什么?

引用次数: 4

Parole Release and Supervision: Critical Drivers of American Prison Policy 假释与监管:美国监狱政策的关键驱动因素

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041416

K. Reitz, Edward E. Rhine

Decisions tied to parole release, supervision, and revocation are major determinants of the ebb and flow of prison populations across two-thirds of US states. We argue that parole release, as an institution, has been an underacknowledged force in American incarceration and reincarceration policy and an important contributor to the nation's buildup to mass incarceration. In paroling states, no court or state agency holds greater power than parole boards over time actually served by the majority of offenders sent to prison. We examine the leverage exercised by parole boards through their discretionary release decisions and their powers to sanction violators of parole conditions. We note the state-by-state diversity and complexity associated with parole-release decisions and the absence of successful state systems that might serve as a model for other jurisdictions. We highlight the procedural shortfalls universally associated with parole decision-making. We discuss the long reach of parole supervision and the pains it imposes on those subject to its jurisdiction, including the substantial financial burdens levied on parolees. We then turn to the prospects for parole reform and outline a comprehensive blueprint for improving parole release in America.

与假释、监管和撤销有关的决定是美国三分之二州监狱人口潮起潮落的主要决定因素。我们认为，假释作为一种制度，在美国的监禁和再监禁政策中一直是一股未被充分认识的力量，也是美国大规模监禁的重要因素。在假释州，在大多数被送进监狱的罪犯实际服刑的时间里，没有哪个法院或州机构比假释委员会拥有更大的权力。我们研究了假释委员会通过自由裁量释放决定行使的杠杆作用，以及他们制裁违反假释条件者的权力。我们注意到各州假释决定的多样性和复杂性，以及缺乏可作为其他司法管辖区典范的成功州制度。我们强调了假释决策普遍存在的程序缺陷。我们讨论了假释监督的长期性，以及它给受其管辖的人带来的痛苦，包括对假释犯带来的巨大经济负担。然后，我们转向假释改革的前景，并概述了改善美国假释的全面蓝图。

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引用次数: 22

In Memoriam Joan R. Petersilia (1951–2019) 纪念琼·R·彼得西利亚（1951–2019）

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cr-03-111319-100001

T. Meares, R. Sampson, D. Garland, C. Kruttschnitt, J. Laub, D. Nagin, W. Pridemore, M. Tonry

引用次数: 0

Social Control Theory: The Legacy of Travis Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency 社会控制理论:特拉维斯·赫希的犯罪成因的遗产

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041527

Barbara J. Costello, J. Laub

The publication of Travis Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency in 1969 was a watershed moment in criminology. There are many reasons for the work's lasting influence. Hirschi carefully examined the underlying assumptions of extant theories of crime in light of what was known about the individual-level correlates of offending. He then developed critical tests of hypotheses derived from social control theory and competing perspectives and empirically assessed them using original self-report delinquency data. Many of his key findings, such as the negative correlation between attachment to parents and delinquency, are now established facts that any explanation of crime must consider. Causes of Delinquency is still cited hundreds of times per year, and it continues to spark new research and theoretical development in the field. Perhaps the most lasting legacy is the volume of criticism it has attracted and fended off, leading to its enduring contribution to the study of crime and delinquency.

特拉维斯·赫斯基1969年出版的《犯罪的原因》是犯罪学的一个分水岭。这部作品产生持久影响的原因有很多。Hirschi仔细检查了现有犯罪理论的基本假设，根据已知的个人层面的犯罪关联。然后，他对来自社会控制理论和竞争观点的假设进行了批判性测试，并利用原始的自我报告犯罪数据对这些假设进行了实证评估。他的许多重要发现，如依恋父母与犯罪之间的负相关关系，现在已成为任何对犯罪的解释都必须考虑的事实。《犯罪的原因》一书每年仍被引用数百次，并不断激发该领域的新研究和理论发展。也许最持久的遗产是它吸引和抵制了大量的批评，这导致了它对犯罪和犯罪研究的持久贡献。

引用次数: 42

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