Annual Review of Criminology最新文献

英文中文

Models of Prosecutor-Led Diversion Programs in the United States and Beyond 美国及其他国家检察官主导的分流计划模式

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3601930

R. Wright, Kay L. Levine

Diversion programs allow criminal justice actors to send defendants out of the court system, compelling them instead to attend treatment programs, participate in educational opportunities, and/or perform community service. These programs exist for both adult and juvenile offenders. Although some diversion programs are administered within the court system, prosecutors design and operate a substantial number of these programs themselves. Because the prosecutor does not need to obtain input from judges or other actors in these programs, they carry higher risks of performance problems, such as net widening and unequal application of program criteria. Furthermore, because of the local focus of most prosecutors’ offices in the United States, their diversion programs differ from place to place. The published program evaluations are too often site-specific, offering few general insights about this category of programs. The fragmented literature about prosecutor-led diversion programs should expand the metrics of success for these programs and monitor the effects of the prosecutor-dominated governance structure.

分流计划允许刑事司法行为者将被告送出法庭系统，迫使他们参加治疗计划、参加教育机会和/或提供社区服务。这些方案既适用于成年罪犯，也适用于未成年罪犯。尽管一些分流计划是在法院系统内管理的，但检察官自己设计并实施了大量此类计划。由于检察官在这些项目中不需要获得法官或其他行为者的意见，他们面临着更高的绩效问题风险，例如网络扩大和项目标准应用不平等。此外，由于美国大多数检察官办公室都以当地为重点，他们的分流计划因地而异。公布的项目评估往往是针对特定地点的，很少提供关于这类项目的一般见解。关于检察官主导的分流计划的零散文献应该扩大这些计划的成功指标，并监测检察官主导治理结构的影响。

引用次数: 3

Human Mobility and Crime: Theoretical Approaches and Novel Data Collection Strategies. 人的流动性和犯罪:理论方法和新的数据收集策略。

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-061020-021551

Christopher R Browning, Nicolo P Pinchak, Catherine A Calder

This review outlines approaches to explanations of crime that incorporate the concept of human mobility-or the patterns of movement throughout space of individuals or populations in the context of everyday routines-with a focus on novel strategies for the collection of geographically referenced data on mobility patterns. We identify three approaches to understanding mobility-crime linkages: (a) Place and neighborhood approaches characterize local spatial units of analysis of varying size with respect to the intersection in space and time of potential offenders, victims, and guardians; (b) person-centered approaches emphasize the spatial trajectories of individuals and person-place interactions that influence crime risk; and (c) ecological network approaches consider links between persons or collectivities based on shared activity locations, capturing influences of broader systems of interconnection on spatial- and individual-level variation in crime. We review data collection strategies for the measurement of mobility across these approaches, considering both the challenges and promise of mobility-based research for criminology.

这篇综述概述了结合人类流动概念的犯罪解释方法，或者个人或群体在日常生活背景下的整个空间的运动模式，重点是收集关于流动模式的地理参考数据的新策略。我们确定了三种方法来理解流动性与犯罪之间的联系:(a)地点和社区方法表征了相对于潜在罪犯、受害者和监护人在空间和时间上的交集，不同大小的本地空间分析单元;(b)以人为本的方法强调影响犯罪风险的个人空间轨迹和人地相互作用;(c)生态网络方法考虑基于共享活动地点的个人或集体之间的联系，捕捉更广泛的互联系统对空间和个人层面犯罪变化的影响。我们回顾了这些方法中测量流动性的数据收集策略，同时考虑了犯罪学中基于流动性的研究的挑战和前景。

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引用次数: 22

The Intended and Unintended Consequences of Ban the Box 禁用盒子的预期和意外后果

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-09-15 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CRIMINOL-061020-022137

Steven Raphael

I review the growing body of research that either directly assesses the effect of Ban the Box (BTB) on the employment prospects of those with criminal histories, tests for spillover effects operating through statistical discrimination, or assesses the labor-market impacts of related screening practices. I begin with a theoretical discussion that works through how widespread reluctance to hire those with criminal histories is likely to generate market-level employment and earnings penalties for various groups of workers, and how the size and distribution of these penalties likely depend on the information available to employers. I then turn to a review of research over the past 15 years or so that either directly assesses the impact of BTB or addresses highly related and relevant research questions. The weight of the empirical evidence suggests that BTB does not improve the employment prospects of those with criminal histories at private-sector employers, although there is some evidence of an improvement in employment prospects in the public sector. Regarding spillover effects operating through statistical discrimination, several studies indicate that BTB harms the employment prospects of African-American men. Furthermore, research on the effects of credit checks, occupational licensing, and drug testing appears to indicate that more information available to the employer improves the employment prospects of African Americans. Collectively, these findings imply that in the absence of objective information, employers place weight on stereotypes about the characteristics of black workers that are generally negative and inaccurate.

我回顾了越来越多的研究，这些研究要么直接评估禁止盒子（BTB）对有犯罪史的人的就业前景的影响，要么通过统计歧视测试溢出效应，要么评估相关筛查做法对劳动力市场的影响。我首先进行了一场理论讨论，探讨了普遍不愿雇佣有犯罪史的人可能会对不同群体的工人产生市场层面的就业和收入惩罚，以及这些惩罚的规模和分布可能取决于雇主可获得的信息。然后，我回顾了过去15年左右的研究，这些研究要么直接评估BTB的影响，要么解决高度相关的研究问题。实证证据的分量表明，BTB并没有改善那些有犯罪史的人在私营部门雇主的就业前景，尽管有一些证据表明公共部门的就业前景有所改善。关于通过统计歧视产生的溢出效应，几项研究表明，BTB损害了非裔美国男性的就业前景。此外，关于信用检查、职业许可和药物测试影响的研究似乎表明，雇主可以获得更多信息，可以改善非裔美国人的就业前景。总的来说，这些发现意味着，在缺乏客观信息的情况下，雇主重视对黑人工人特征的刻板印象，这些刻板印象通常是负面和不准确的。

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引用次数: 15

The Rise, Fall, and Afterlife of the Death Penalty in the United States 美国死刑的兴起、衰落和后世

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024721

C. Steiker, Jordan M. Steiker

This review addresses four key issues in the modern (post-1976) era of capital punishment in the United States. First, why has the United States retained the death penalty when all its peer countries (all other developed Western democracies) have abolished it? Second, how should we understand the role of race in shaping the distinctive path of capital punishment in the United States, given our country's history of race-based slavery and slavery's intractable legacy of discrimination? Third, what is the significance of the sudden and profound withering of the practice of capital punishment in the past two decades? And, finally, what would abolition of the death penalty in the United States (should it ever occur) mean for the larger criminal justice system?

本文回顾了现代(1976年后)美国死刑时代的四个关键问题。首先，为什么美国保留死刑，而所有其他发达的西方民主国家都废除了死刑?其次，考虑到我国以种族为基础的奴隶制的历史以及奴隶制遗留下来的难以解决的歧视问题，我们应该如何理解种族在塑造美国独特的死刑道路方面所起的作用?第三，近二十年来死刑制度的突然而深刻的消亡有何意义?最后，在美国废除死刑(如果真的废除死刑)对整个刑事司法系统意味着什么?

引用次数: 4

Parole Release and Supervision: Critical Drivers of American Prison Policy 假释与监管:美国监狱政策的关键驱动因素

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041416

K. Reitz, Edward E. Rhine

Decisions tied to parole release, supervision, and revocation are major determinants of the ebb and flow of prison populations across two-thirds of US states. We argue that parole release, as an institution, has been an underacknowledged force in American incarceration and reincarceration policy and an important contributor to the nation's buildup to mass incarceration. In paroling states, no court or state agency holds greater power than parole boards over time actually served by the majority of offenders sent to prison. We examine the leverage exercised by parole boards through their discretionary release decisions and their powers to sanction violators of parole conditions. We note the state-by-state diversity and complexity associated with parole-release decisions and the absence of successful state systems that might serve as a model for other jurisdictions. We highlight the procedural shortfalls universally associated with parole decision-making. We discuss the long reach of parole supervision and the pains it imposes on those subject to its jurisdiction, including the substantial financial burdens levied on parolees. We then turn to the prospects for parole reform and outline a comprehensive blueprint for improving parole release in America.

与假释、监管和撤销有关的决定是美国三分之二州监狱人口潮起潮落的主要决定因素。我们认为，假释作为一种制度，在美国的监禁和再监禁政策中一直是一股未被充分认识的力量，也是美国大规模监禁的重要因素。在假释州，在大多数被送进监狱的罪犯实际服刑的时间里，没有哪个法院或州机构比假释委员会拥有更大的权力。我们研究了假释委员会通过自由裁量释放决定行使的杠杆作用，以及他们制裁违反假释条件者的权力。我们注意到各州假释决定的多样性和复杂性，以及缺乏可作为其他司法管辖区典范的成功州制度。我们强调了假释决策普遍存在的程序缺陷。我们讨论了假释监督的长期性，以及它给受其管辖的人带来的痛苦，包括对假释犯带来的巨大经济负担。然后，我们转向假释改革的前景，并概述了改善美国假释的全面蓝图。

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引用次数: 22

In Memoriam Joan R. Petersilia (1951–2019) 纪念琼·R·彼得西利亚（1951–2019）

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cr-03-111319-100001

T. Meares, R. Sampson, D. Garland, C. Kruttschnitt, J. Laub, D. Nagin, W. Pridemore, M. Tonry

引用次数: 0

Advances in Spatial Criminology: The Spatial Scale of Crime 空间犯罪学进展:犯罪的空间尺度

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041423

John R. Hipp, S. Williams

This review takes stock of recent advances, as well as enduring and emerging challenges, in the area of spatial criminology. Although the notions of place and space are fundamentally intertwined, spatial criminology is distinct in its attempt to measure and theorize explicitly spatial processes and relationships. This review highlights three key themes. First, the use of increasingly smaller geographic units in recent research creates an even greater need to account for spatial behavior of persons when studying the location of crime. Second, although the explosion of spatially precise data in recent years presents exciting possibilities, we argue that theory is falling behind in guiding us in analyzing these new forms of data, and explicitly inductive approaches should be considered to complement existing deductive strategies. Third, an important direction for spatial criminology in the next decade is considering the extent to which micro- and mesolevel processes operate invariantly across different macro contexts.

本综述总结了空间犯罪学领域的最新进展，以及持续存在的和新出现的挑战。虽然地点和空间的概念从根本上是交织在一起的，但空间犯罪学在其明确测量和理论化空间过程和关系的尝试中是不同的。本次审查突出了三个关键主题。首先，在最近的研究中使用越来越小的地理单位，使得在研究犯罪地点时更需要考虑人的空间行为。其次，尽管近年来空间精确数据的爆炸式增长呈现出令人兴奋的可能性，但我们认为理论在指导我们分析这些新形式的数据方面落后了，应该考虑明确的归纳方法来补充现有的演绎策略。第三，未来十年空间犯罪学的一个重要方向是考虑微观和中观过程在不同宏观背景下的不变运作程度。

引用次数: 29

Social Control Theory: The Legacy of Travis Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency 社会控制理论:特拉维斯·赫希的犯罪成因的遗产

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041527

Barbara J. Costello, J. Laub

The publication of Travis Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency in 1969 was a watershed moment in criminology. There are many reasons for the work's lasting influence. Hirschi carefully examined the underlying assumptions of extant theories of crime in light of what was known about the individual-level correlates of offending. He then developed critical tests of hypotheses derived from social control theory and competing perspectives and empirically assessed them using original self-report delinquency data. Many of his key findings, such as the negative correlation between attachment to parents and delinquency, are now established facts that any explanation of crime must consider. Causes of Delinquency is still cited hundreds of times per year, and it continues to spark new research and theoretical development in the field. Perhaps the most lasting legacy is the volume of criticism it has attracted and fended off, leading to its enduring contribution to the study of crime and delinquency.

特拉维斯·赫斯基1969年出版的《犯罪的原因》是犯罪学的一个分水岭。这部作品产生持久影响的原因有很多。Hirschi仔细检查了现有犯罪理论的基本假设，根据已知的个人层面的犯罪关联。然后，他对来自社会控制理论和竞争观点的假设进行了批判性测试，并利用原始的自我报告犯罪数据对这些假设进行了实证评估。他的许多重要发现，如依恋父母与犯罪之间的负相关关系，现在已成为任何对犯罪的解释都必须考虑的事实。《犯罪的原因》一书每年仍被引用数百次，并不断激发该领域的新研究和理论发展。也许最持久的遗产是它吸引和抵制了大量的批评，这导致了它对犯罪和犯罪研究的持久贡献。

引用次数: 42

Prison Culture, Management, and In-Prison Violence 监狱文化、管理与监狱暴力

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041359

J. Wooldredge

Academic attention to violence and other forms of in-prison misconduct is on the rise, although most research continues to be framed within now stale perspectives. A broader framework is needed that builds on the more contemporary aspects of these perspectives and incorporates other elements of prison culture and management that potentially influence violent offending and victimization in prison. This article begins with an overview of cumulative knowledge on prison culture to highlight relevant ideas on inmate adaptation to confinement and how violence might manifest from (mal)adaptation. How prison management shapes and reflects culture is also discussed with an emphasis on how prison officers affect inmate safety. A bi-level framework is presented that brings together the piecemeal contributions of research to date to provide a more comprehensive understanding of offending and victimization that should facilitate crime prevention in prison while improving the humanity of the prison experience.

学术界对监狱内暴力和其他形式的不当行为的关注正在上升，尽管大多数研究仍然局限于现在陈旧的观点。需要一个更广泛的框架，以这些观点的更现代的方面为基础，并纳入监狱文化和管理中可能影响监狱暴力犯罪和受害的其他因素。本文首先概述了监狱文化的累积知识，以突出囚犯对监禁的适应以及暴力如何从(不良)适应中表现出来的相关思想。还讨论了监狱管理如何塑造和反映文化，重点是监狱官员如何影响囚犯安全。本文提出了一个双层框架，汇集了迄今为止零星的研究成果，以提供对犯罪和受害的更全面的理解，从而促进监狱中的犯罪预防，同时提高监狱体验的人性化。

引用次数: 47

The Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Justice Contact 刑事司法交往的代际传递

IF 6.9 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Annual Review of Criminology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041519

Christopher Wildeman

This article provides a critical overview in five stages of roughly 50 years of research on the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact. In the first stage, I document that research on the intergenerational transmission of crime and criminal justice contact focused primarily on crime until the mid-1990s, at which point research rapidly shifted in the direction of criminal justice contact (specifically, incarceration). In the second stage, I document that research on the intergenerational transmission of crime and the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact tended to use the same measures—i.e., self-reported and administrative indicators of criminal justice contact with minimal information on criminal activity—but discussed them in different ways. In the third stage, I review research on the broader effects of incarceration to highlight mechanisms through which parental criminal justice contact may independently influence children's criminal activity. In the fourth stage, I review research on the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact. In the final stage, I conclude by calling for new data collection efforts that provide high-quality measures of both crime and criminal justice contact of both parents and children.

本文对大约50年来刑事司法接触代际传递研究的五个阶段进行了批判性概述。在第一阶段，我记录了关于犯罪代际传递和刑事司法接触的研究主要集中在犯罪上，直到20世纪90年代中期，当时研究迅速转向刑事司法接触（特别是监禁）的方向。在第二阶段，我记录了关于犯罪代际传递和刑事司法接触代际传递的研究倾向于使用相同的衡量标准，即关于犯罪活动的信息最少的刑事司法接触的自我报告和行政指标，但以不同的方式进行了讨论。在第三阶段，我回顾了关于监禁更广泛影响的研究，以强调父母刑事司法接触可能独立影响儿童犯罪活动的机制。在第四阶段，我回顾了刑事司法接触代际传递的研究。在最后阶段，我呼吁开展新的数据收集工作，为父母和儿童的犯罪和刑事司法联系提供高质量的衡量标准。

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