Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(3).03
Huynh Van Cong
In n^+ (p^+)-p(n) [X(x)≡GaP_(1-x) Te_x]-alloy junction solar cells at T=300 K, 0≤x≤1, by basing on the same physical model and the same treatment method, as those used in our recent works [1, 2], we will also investigate the maximal efficiencies, η_(Imax.(IImax.)), obtained at the open circuit voltage V_oc (=V_(ocI(ocII))), according to highest hot reservoir temperatures, T_H (K), obtained from the Carnot efficiency theorem, which was demonstrated by the use of the entropy law. In the present work, some concluding remarks are given in the following.(1) In the heavily doped emitter region, the effective density of electrons (holes), N^*, given in parabolic conduction (valence) bands, expressed as functions of the total dense impurity density, N, donor (acceptor)-radius, r_(d(a)), and x-concentration, is defined in Eq. (9d), as: N^* 〖(N,r〗_(d(a)),x)〖≡N-N〗_CDn(NDp) 〖(r〗_(d(a)),x), where N_CDn(NDp) is the Mott critical density in the metal-insulator transition, determined in Eq. (9a). Then, we have showed that (i) the origin of such the Mott’s criterium, Eq. (9a), is exactly obtained from the reduced effective Wigner-Seitz radius r_(sn(sp)), characteristic of interactions, as given in Equations (9b, 9c), and further (ii) N_(CDn(CDp)) is just the density of electrons (holes) localized in the exponential conduction (valence)-band tail (EBT), as that demonstrated in [1].(2) In Table 3n, for the n^+-p GaP_(1-x) Te_x-alloy junction solar cell and for r_(Sn(Cd))-radius, one obtains with increasing x=(0, 0.5, 1): η_(Imax.) (↘)= 32.83 %, 32.82 %, 32.79 %, according to T_H (↘)=446.6 K,446.5 K,446.3 K, at V_ocI=1.06 V,1.06 V,1.06 V, respectively.(3) In Table 5p, for the p^+-n GaP_(1-x) Te_x-alloy junction solar cell and for r_(Cd(Sn))-radius, one obtains with increasing x=(0, 0.5, 1): η_(IImax.) (↘)= 32.41 %, 32.39 %, 32.37 %, according to T_H (↘)=443.8 K,443.7 K,443.6 K, at V_ocII (V)[>V_ocI (V)]=1.17 V,1.17 V,1.17 V, respectively, suggesting that such η_(Imax.(IImax.))-and-T_H variations depend on V_ocII (V)[>V_ocI (V)]-ones.
{"title":"Maximal Efficiencies in GaP_(1-x) 〖Te〗_x-Alloy Junction Solar Cells at 300 K, According to Highest Hot Reservoir Temperatures, Obtained from Carnot-Efficiency Theorem","authors":"Huynh Van Cong","doi":"10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(3).03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(3).03","url":null,"abstract":"In n^+ (p^+)-p(n) [X(x)≡GaP_(1-x) Te_x]-alloy junction solar cells at T=300 K, 0≤x≤1, by basing on the same physical model and the same treatment method, as those used in our recent works [1, 2], we will also investigate the maximal efficiencies, η_(Imax.(IImax.)), obtained at the open circuit voltage V_oc (=V_(ocI(ocII))), according to highest hot reservoir temperatures, T_H (K), obtained from the Carnot efficiency theorem, which was demonstrated by the use of the entropy law. In the present work, some concluding remarks are given in the following.(1) In the heavily doped emitter region, the effective density of electrons (holes), N^*, given in parabolic conduction (valence) bands, expressed as functions of the total dense impurity density, N, donor (acceptor)-radius, r_(d(a)), and x-concentration, is defined in Eq. (9d), as: N^* 〖(N,r〗_(d(a)),x)〖≡N-N〗_CDn(NDp) 〖(r〗_(d(a)),x), where N_CDn(NDp) is the Mott critical density in the metal-insulator transition, determined in Eq. (9a). Then, we have showed that (i) the origin of such the Mott’s criterium, Eq. (9a), is exactly obtained from the reduced effective Wigner-Seitz radius r_(sn(sp)), characteristic of interactions, as given in Equations (9b, 9c), and further (ii) N_(CDn(CDp)) is just the density of electrons (holes) localized in the exponential conduction (valence)-band tail (EBT), as that demonstrated in [1].(2) In Table 3n, for the n^+-p GaP_(1-x) Te_x-alloy junction solar cell and for r_(Sn(Cd))-radius, one obtains with increasing x=(0, 0.5, 1): η_(Imax.) (↘)= 32.83 %, 32.82 %, 32.79 %, according to T_H (↘)=446.6 K,446.5 K,446.3 K, at V_ocI=1.06 V,1.06 V,1.06 V, respectively.(3) In Table 5p, for the p^+-n GaP_(1-x) Te_x-alloy junction solar cell and for r_(Cd(Sn))-radius, one obtains with increasing x=(0, 0.5, 1): η_(IImax.) (↘)= 32.41 %, 32.39 %, 32.37 %, according to T_H (↘)=443.8 K,443.7 K,443.6 K, at V_ocII (V)[>V_ocI (V)]=1.17 V,1.17 V,1.17 V, respectively, suggesting that such η_(Imax.(IImax.))-and-T_H variations depend on V_ocII (V)[>V_ocI (V)]-ones. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":517802,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141030936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study was conducted in Cobb 430 broilers in western India. One thousand birds were allocated to four different treatments: Control, Competitor 1, Competitor 2, and the one supplemented with Lactomax Gold. After the completion of the trial, growth parameters like average body weight, feed intake, FCR, mortality, and EEF were analysed, and Lactomax Gold showed significantly better performance when compared to all the other treatments.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Lactomax Gold on Growth Performance of Broilers","authors":"Bolla Krishna, Bommireddy Sravani, Velpuri Pavan Kumar","doi":"10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).07","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted in Cobb 430 broilers in western India. One thousand birds were allocated to four different treatments: Control, Competitor 1, Competitor 2, and the one supplemented with Lactomax Gold. After the completion of the trial, growth parameters like average body weight, feed intake, FCR, mortality, and EEF were analysed, and Lactomax Gold showed significantly better performance when compared to all the other treatments.","PeriodicalId":517802,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"176 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140405093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water and nutrients are the most constraining factors in sorghum production in semiarids of eastern Ethiopia. Combining soil moisture conservation and nutrient management practices may reduce these limitations. The study was carried out to explore the effects of combining soil moisture preservation and integrated nutrient management practices on soil water content and water-use efficiency (WUE) of grain sorghum. A split plot experiment was conducted at Babile and Erer districts amid the 2017 cropping season. Main plots were assigned to soil moisture conservation practices (flatbed and tied ridge) and the sub-plots were assigned to six nutrient combinations of 0N0P kg + t FYM; 46N10P kg + t FYM ha-1; 0N0P kg + 5 t FYM ha-1; 23N5P kg + 2.5 t FYM ha-1; 46N10P kg + 2.5 t FYM ha-1 and 23N5P kg + 5 t FYM ha-1. Treatments were randomized in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The sorghum variety 'Teshale' was used as a test crop. The results uncovered that both biomass and grain water-use efficiencies considerably improved with tied ridges coordinates with NP and FYM than other treatments. Tied ridges combined with 46N10P kg + 2.5 t FYM ha-1 and 23N5P kg + 5 t FYM ha-1 were way better than those of tied edges. The tied edges with 46N10P kg + 2.5 t FYM ha-1 (M5) as compared to unfertilized flatbeds, had brought about approximately 110 and 99% increment in biomass WUE and around 114 and 124% increment in grain WUE at Babile and Erer areas, respectively. Essentially, soil water content was higher for tied ridges amended with FYM and integrated NP and FYM as compared to other treatments. We, hence, concluded that combining moisture conservation impacts with the integrated nutrient amendment would improve soil water content and water-use efficiency of grain sorghum in eastern Ethiopia.
水和养分是埃塞俄比亚东部半干旱地区高粱生产的最大制约因素。将土壤保墒和养分管理措施结合起来，可以减少这些限制因素。本研究旨在探讨土壤水分保持与综合养分管理措施相结合对土壤含水量和谷物高粱水分利用效率（WUE）的影响。在 2017 年种植季节，研究人员在 Babile 和 Erer 地区进行了分小区试验。主小区被分配到土壤水分保持措施（平板和扎脊），子小区被分配到六种养分组合：0N0P kg + t FYM；46N10P kg + t FYM ha-1；0N0P kg + 5 t FYM ha-1；23N5P kg + 2.5 t FYM ha-1；46N10P kg + 2.5 t FYM ha-1和23N5P kg + 5 t FYM ha-1。处理采用随机完全区组设计，三次重复。试验作物为高粱品种 "Teshale"。研究结果表明，与其他处理相比，绑埂处理与氮磷钾和冻土配合使用可显著提高生物量和谷物水分利用率。与 46N10P kg + 2.5t FYM ha-1 和 23N5P kg + 5t FYM ha-1 相结合的扎埂处理比扎边处理的效果要好得多。在 Babile 和 Erer 地区，与未施肥的平地相比，使用 46N10P kg + 2.5 t FYM ha-1（M5）的绑边分别提高了生物量 WUE 约 110% 和 99%，提高了谷物 WUE 约 114% 和 124%。从根本上说，与其他处理相比，使用堆肥和综合氮磷钾与堆肥处理的绑埂土壤含水量更高。因此，我们得出结论，将保墒效果与综合养分改良相结合，将提高埃塞俄比亚东部地区谷物高粱的土壤含水量和水分利用效率。
{"title":"Effects of Soil Moisture Conservation and Nutrient Management on Soil Water Content and WUE of Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in Eastern Ethiopia","authors":"Teshome Wondimu, Tana Tamado, Dechassa Nigussie, Tarak Singh","doi":"10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).06","url":null,"abstract":"Water and nutrients are the most constraining factors in sorghum production in semiarids of eastern Ethiopia. Combining soil moisture conservation and nutrient management practices may reduce these limitations. The study was carried out to explore the effects of combining soil moisture preservation and integrated nutrient management practices on soil water content and water-use efficiency (WUE) of grain sorghum. A split plot experiment was conducted at Babile and Erer districts amid the 2017 cropping season. Main plots were assigned to soil moisture conservation practices (flatbed and tied ridge) and the sub-plots were assigned to six nutrient combinations of 0N0P kg + t FYM; 46N10P kg + t FYM ha-1; 0N0P kg + 5 t FYM ha-1; 23N5P kg + 2.5 t FYM ha-1; 46N10P kg + 2.5 t FYM ha-1 and 23N5P kg + 5 t FYM ha-1. Treatments were randomized in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The sorghum variety 'Teshale' was used as a test crop. The results uncovered that both biomass and grain water-use efficiencies considerably improved with tied ridges coordinates with NP and FYM than other treatments. Tied ridges combined with 46N10P kg + 2.5 t FYM ha-1 and 23N5P kg + 5 t FYM ha-1 were way better than those of tied edges. The tied edges with 46N10P kg + 2.5 t FYM ha-1 (M5) as compared to unfertilized flatbeds, had brought about approximately 110 and 99% increment in biomass WUE and around 114 and 124% increment in grain WUE at Babile and Erer areas, respectively. Essentially, soil water content was higher for tied ridges amended with FYM and integrated NP and FYM as compared to other treatments. We, hence, concluded that combining moisture conservation impacts with the integrated nutrient amendment would improve soil water content and water-use efficiency of grain sorghum in eastern Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":517802,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"64 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140286717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).04
Chibuzo G. Amaefula, Onyinemi O. Oputa
In financial time series and econometrics, some macroeconomic variables exhibit long memory features that may not be best described using short memory models like ARIMA. This paper, however, is structured to compare different fractional integration in AFRIMA forecast performance for the Naira-Yuan exchange rate. The empirical monthly data set used covered the period from January 1981 to December 2022. Fractional integration test are based on the ADF unit root test and the auxiliary autoregressive order three (AAR(3)) order of integration test. Model estimation is support by the Marquart algorithm for calculating least squares estimates and performance comparison is based on the Amaefula forecast criterion (AFC). The result specified that AFRIMA (1, d, 1) where I(d = 0.07891) is more appropriate and has the best forecast performance compared to others. The result also reveals that AFRIMA model yield better and more precise forecasts when fractional integration is closer to zero that is, I(d→0) than when I(d→½). Therefore, AFRIMA models can be useful in studying exchange rate dynamics for risk-averse and risk incline in times of investment and profitability in the long-run.
{"title":"AFRIMA Model Forecast Performance: An Empirical Study using Naira-Yuan Exchange Rate","authors":"Chibuzo G. Amaefula, Onyinemi O. Oputa","doi":"10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).04","url":null,"abstract":"In financial time series and econometrics, some macroeconomic variables exhibit long memory features that may not be best described using short memory models like ARIMA. This paper, however, is structured to compare different fractional integration in AFRIMA forecast performance for the Naira-Yuan exchange rate. The empirical monthly data set used covered the period from January 1981 to December 2022. Fractional integration test are based on the ADF unit root test and the auxiliary autoregressive order three (AAR(3)) order of integration test. Model estimation is support by the Marquart algorithm for calculating least squares estimates and performance comparison is based on the Amaefula forecast criterion (AFC). The result specified that AFRIMA (1, d, 1) where I(d = 0.07891) is more appropriate and has the best forecast performance compared to others. The result also reveals that AFRIMA model yield better and more precise forecasts when fractional integration is closer to zero that is, I(d→0) than when I(d→½). Therefore, AFRIMA models can be useful in studying exchange rate dynamics for risk-averse and risk incline in times of investment and profitability in the long-run.","PeriodicalId":517802,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"14 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140400158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).05
B. Oluwadare, S. Adeleye, Oluwafemi Ayodele Ogundaisi
Most industrial gas turbines operate with various gaseous and liquid fuels. For effective and sustainable performance, it is essential to determine the best fuel suitable for the operation of the gas power system. The heating value, Joule Thompson coefficient, dew point, Wobbe index, and other physical characteristics of the suggested fuel must be ascertained. This research explains a means of providing consistent treatment to determine the listed physical properties. It also reviews the impact that specific fuel characteristics have on the combustion process, as well as the overall operation of a gas turbine and its components.
{"title":"Impact of Fuel Quality on Gas Turbine Components","authors":"B. Oluwadare, S. Adeleye, Oluwafemi Ayodele Ogundaisi","doi":"10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).05","url":null,"abstract":"Most industrial gas turbines operate with various gaseous and liquid fuels. For effective and sustainable performance, it is essential to determine the best fuel suitable for the operation of the gas power system. The heating value, Joule Thompson coefficient, dew point, Wobbe index, and other physical characteristics of the suggested fuel must be ascertained. This research explains a means of providing consistent treatment to determine the listed physical properties. It also reviews the impact that specific fuel characteristics have on the combustion process, as well as the overall operation of a gas turbine and its components.","PeriodicalId":517802,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"224 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140402985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).01
A. F. Ofoedum, Njideka Clara Uyanwa, Emmanuel Chukwuagoziem Chikelu, Lilian N. Iroagba, J. N. Ugwoezuonu, E. J. Anaeke, T.A. Odeyemi, F.P. Okezie, Mirian Ugochi Nwuka
The description, sources, kinds, uses, and/or functions of primary and secondary metabolites as byproducts of microbial metabolisms from diverse sources, such as plants, microorganisms, including bacteria, actinobacteria, and fungi, as well as their production and classification in a variety of fields, were all examined in this study. However, as climatic changes create conditions that favour recurrent outbreaks of these events, these metabolites serve as a critical requirement for a new pharmaceutical and chemical agents to combat cancers, heart diseases, pest, cytotoxic, mosquito, infectious disease, autoimmune disorder, etc. of both animal and plant. They are also used in the manufacturing of a variety of goods, including alcohols, antioxidants, phytochemicals, bioactive compounds, and food-grade acids (acetic, lactic, fumaric, etc.), as well as several value added goods used in both industrial and human applications. This review has described the useful applications of microbial metabolites in foods, chemical and pharmaceutical industries as well as other allied industries which are used for solving the nutritional and health needs of man.
{"title":"Primary and Secondary Metabolites as Products of Microbial Metabolism: Uses and Application in Foods, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries. A Review","authors":"A. F. Ofoedum, Njideka Clara Uyanwa, Emmanuel Chukwuagoziem Chikelu, Lilian N. Iroagba, J. N. Ugwoezuonu, E. J. Anaeke, T.A. Odeyemi, F.P. Okezie, Mirian Ugochi Nwuka","doi":"10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).01","url":null,"abstract":"The description, sources, kinds, uses, and/or functions of primary and secondary metabolites as byproducts of microbial metabolisms from diverse sources, such as plants, microorganisms, including bacteria, actinobacteria, and fungi, as well as their production and classification in a variety of fields, were all examined in this study. However, as climatic changes create conditions that favour recurrent outbreaks of these events, these metabolites serve as a critical requirement for a new pharmaceutical and chemical agents to combat cancers, heart diseases, pest, cytotoxic, mosquito, infectious disease, autoimmune disorder, etc. of both animal and plant. They are also used in the manufacturing of a variety of goods, including alcohols, antioxidants, phytochemicals, bioactive compounds, and food-grade acids (acetic, lactic, fumaric, etc.), as well as several value added goods used in both industrial and human applications. This review has described the useful applications of microbial metabolites in foods, chemical and pharmaceutical industries as well as other allied industries which are used for solving the nutritional and health needs of man.","PeriodicalId":517802,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140406688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).03
Dwiaji Agung Laksono, G. Lukmandaru
Jenitri trees are widely distributed in community forests on Java Island and their wood is utilized for various products. The objective of the study was to assess the basic properties and quality of pulp and paper from jenitri wood. The tree was felled at the age of 5, and the base part was taken. Chips were processed using three different pulping methods in soda (17% NaOH), kraft (17% NaOH and 25% sulfidity), and neutral sulfite semi-chemical (NSSC) (12% Na2SO3 and 3% Na2CO3) processes. The fibers of jenitri had good derived values (slenderness, Runkel, and flexibility ratios) as well as chemical properties. The screened yields from the soda, kraft, and NSSC processes were 35.60 ± 4.75%, 35.05 ± 3.83%, and 46.29 ± 2.59%, respectively. The kappa numbers from the soda, kraft, and NSSC processes were 28.02 ± 7.35, 21.15 ± 1.61, and 71.28 ± 6.86, respectively. The handsheets had a burst index value of 0.65–2.94 kPa.m2/g, a tear index value of 5.23–5.47 mN.m2/g, a tensile index value of 15.13–30.49 Nm/g, a brightness value of 24.39–45.25%, and an opacity value of 98.83–99.68%. The soda pulp and the kraft pulp had slight differences in all parameters except for the Kappa number. The NSSC pulp showed slight differences in the selectivity of delignification ratio, tear index, and opacity, but produced a higher brightness level compared to chemical pulpings. The values of burst and tear indices for kraft pulp paper met the Indonesian National Standard for leaf bleached kraft pulp.
{"title":"Pulp and Paper Properties of Jenitri Wood (Elaeocarpus ganitrus)","authors":"Dwiaji Agung Laksono, G. Lukmandaru","doi":"10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).03","url":null,"abstract":"Jenitri trees are widely distributed in community forests on Java Island and their wood is utilized for various products. The objective of the study was to assess the basic properties and quality of pulp and paper from jenitri wood. The tree was felled at the age of 5, and the base part was taken. Chips were processed using three different pulping methods in soda (17% NaOH), kraft (17% NaOH and 25% sulfidity), and neutral sulfite semi-chemical (NSSC) (12% Na2SO3 and 3% Na2CO3) processes. The fibers of jenitri had good derived values (slenderness, Runkel, and flexibility ratios) as well as chemical properties. The screened yields from the soda, kraft, and NSSC processes were 35.60 ± 4.75%, 35.05 ± 3.83%, and 46.29 ± 2.59%, respectively. The kappa numbers from the soda, kraft, and NSSC processes were 28.02 ± 7.35, 21.15 ± 1.61, and 71.28 ± 6.86, respectively. The handsheets had a burst index value of 0.65–2.94 kPa.m2/g, a tear index value of 5.23–5.47 mN.m2/g, a tensile index value of 15.13–30.49 Nm/g, a brightness value of 24.39–45.25%, and an opacity value of 98.83–99.68%. The soda pulp and the kraft pulp had slight differences in all parameters except for the Kappa number. The NSSC pulp showed slight differences in the selectivity of delignification ratio, tear index, and opacity, but produced a higher brightness level compared to chemical pulpings. The values of burst and tear indices for kraft pulp paper met the Indonesian National Standard for leaf bleached kraft pulp.","PeriodicalId":517802,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"110 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140286210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).02
G. M. Guazzo
This preliminary study shows an abstract model of the learning process; it will be identified as creating a dissipative structure and forming a self-organization process.The dissipative structure will provoke a correlation within the whole system using the associated symmetry-breaking process.
这项初步研究展示了学习过程的一个抽象模型；它将被确定为创建一个耗散结构并形成一个自组织过程。
{"title":"Dissipative Structures and Self-Organization Process in an Abstract Model of Neural Network","authors":"G. M. Guazzo","doi":"10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).02","url":null,"abstract":"This preliminary study shows an abstract model of the learning process; it will be identified as creating a dissipative structure and forming a self-organization process.The dissipative structure will provoke a correlation within the whole system using the associated symmetry-breaking process.","PeriodicalId":517802,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"58 S9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140401760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(1).03
R. Sivaraman, J. López-Bonilla, D. Morales-Cruz, S. Vidal-Beltrán
An arithmetic function q is specially multiplicative if it is the Dirichlet product of two completely multiplicative functions, thus for a fixed prime number p, we know that the sequence {
如果算术函数 q 是两个完全乘法函数的 Dirichlet 积，那么它就是特殊的乘法函数。
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Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.59324/ejaset.2023.1(1).05
Zubairu Zulyadain, J. M. Yelwa, Shuaibu Abdullahi, Ibrahim Umar Gwangwazo, Omolade Ojo
This study aimed to investigate the properties of benzoyl chloride modified and unmodified poly lactic acid and sugarcane bagasse fibre composites (PLA/SCBF), as well as the impact of chemical treatment on the mechanical and biodegradation properties of these composites. In this study, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy was employed to examine the benzoyl chloride modified and unmodified fibre samples. Additionally, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) techniques were utilised to investigate the morphology and thermal behaviour of the Poly lactic/SCBF composites. The results indicate that the use of benzoyl chloride treatment resulted in an increase in the tensile, flexural characteristics, impact strength, and hardness strength. The treatment with benzoyl chloride resulted in a reduction in both water absorption and biodegradability. The research also elucidated the impact of increasing the quantity of sugar cane bagasse on the aforementioned qualities. The addition of SCBF at higher loading resulted in a decrease in the tensile strength, biodegradability, flexural strength, and impact strength. The water absorption and hardness exhibited a positive correlation with the increase in fibre loading. The observed improvement in mechanical characteristics indicates that the treatment effectively enhanced the interfacial adhesion between SCBF and the PLA matrix. The enhancement of the interfacial adhesive forces was observed by the examination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the treated solvent-cast bamboo fibre (SCBF) exhibited the presence of a benzoyl group attached to the fibre, indicating successful benzoyl chloride treatment. Additionally, a modest reduction in hemicellulose content was seen following the treatment. The thermal characteristics of the modified PLA/SCBF composites were found to be enhanced based on the results obtained from the TGA-DTA analysis.
{"title":"Effect of Benzoyl Chloride and Fiber Loading on Mechanical Properties and Biodegradation of Poly Lactic Acid/Sugarcane Bagasse Fibre Composites","authors":"Zubairu Zulyadain, J. M. Yelwa, Shuaibu Abdullahi, Ibrahim Umar Gwangwazo, Omolade Ojo","doi":"10.59324/ejaset.2023.1(1).05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2023.1(1).05","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the properties of benzoyl chloride modified and unmodified poly lactic acid and sugarcane bagasse fibre composites (PLA/SCBF), as well as the impact of chemical treatment on the mechanical and biodegradation properties of these composites. In this study, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy was employed to examine the benzoyl chloride modified and unmodified fibre samples. Additionally, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) techniques were utilised to investigate the morphology and thermal behaviour of the Poly lactic/SCBF composites. The results indicate that the use of benzoyl chloride treatment resulted in an increase in the tensile, flexural characteristics, impact strength, and hardness strength. The treatment with benzoyl chloride resulted in a reduction in both water absorption and biodegradability. The research also elucidated the impact of increasing the quantity of sugar cane bagasse on the aforementioned qualities. The addition of SCBF at higher loading resulted in a decrease in the tensile strength, biodegradability, flexural strength, and impact strength. The water absorption and hardness exhibited a positive correlation with the increase in fibre loading. The observed improvement in mechanical characteristics indicates that the treatment effectively enhanced the interfacial adhesion between SCBF and the PLA matrix. The enhancement of the interfacial adhesive forces was observed by the examination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the treated solvent-cast bamboo fibre (SCBF) exhibited the presence of a benzoyl group attached to the fibre, indicating successful benzoyl chloride treatment. Additionally, a modest reduction in hemicellulose content was seen following the treatment. The thermal characteristics of the modified PLA/SCBF composites were found to be enhanced based on the results obtained from the TGA-DTA analysis.","PeriodicalId":517802,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140525003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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