Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.51157/kmor.2023.25.2.139
Meng-xiao Wang
Recently, it has been frequently observed in the Korean language that a portion of a word actively participates in the process of word formation in a fixed form. However, there is a lack of clear discussions regarding the morphological status of this “fixed element” whether it has a morphological status, what kind of morphological status it possesses if it does, and how it is formed. Therefore, this study aims to argue that such “fixed elements” can have a morphological status. By focusing on the phenomenon where elements that were previously used as part of a word appear productively in the process of word formation and acquire new function, the study aims to typologize how they are formed and what they become based on morphological reanalysis. These results suggest that fixed elements that were not morphemes in the process of neologism formation become “combining form”.
{"title":"Morphological Reanalysis of Word-Formation Elements","authors":"Meng-xiao Wang","doi":"10.51157/kmor.2023.25.2.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51157/kmor.2023.25.2.139","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, it has been frequently observed in the Korean language that a portion of a word actively participates in the process of word formation in a fixed form. However, there is a lack of clear discussions regarding the morphological status of this “fixed element” whether it has a morphological status, what kind of morphological status it possesses if it does, and how it is formed. Therefore, this study aims to argue that such “fixed elements” can have a morphological status. By focusing on the phenomenon where elements that were previously used as part of a word appear productively in the process of word formation and acquire new function, the study aims to typologize how they are formed and what they become based on morphological reanalysis. These results suggest that fixed elements that were not morphemes in the process of neologism formation become “combining form”.","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":"134 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139205209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.51157/kmor.2023.25.2.167
Jonghyeok Lee
The purpose of this paper is to identify semantic characteristics of non-epistemic modality realized by ‘-l pephata’ and ‘-l manhata’. Modality can be divided into epistemic modality and root modality, which is non-epistemic modality. Epistemic modality expresses a speaker's judgment on the degree of factuality of the proposition, and root modality expresses the speaker's judgment on the likelihood of the state-of-affair. Some previous studies have seen that ‘-l pephata’ and ‘-l manhata’ express the judgment that it is possible for a situation to occur, which can be seen as pointing out that ‘-l pephata’ and ‘-l manhata’ represent the root modality. Root possibility meaning of ‘-l pephata’ and ‘-l manhata’ is analyzed by three criteria: ‘scope of the modal meaning’, ‘source of possibility’, and ‘potential barrier’. Root possibility expressed by ‘-l pephata’ corresponds to the [general situation possibility], which is wide-scope, has an external source, and has no potential barrier. In addition to the [general situation possibility], ‘-l manhata’ can express [Ability] which is narrow-scope, has an internal source. ‘-l pephata’ and ‘-l manhata’ which express [general situation possibility] differs in that ‘-l pephata’ expresses a judgement based on assimilated knowledge, whereas ‘-l manhata’ expresses a judgement based on unassimilated knowledge.
{"title":"A study on the non-epistemic modal meaning of ‘-l pephata’ and ‘-l manhata’","authors":"Jonghyeok Lee","doi":"10.51157/kmor.2023.25.2.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51157/kmor.2023.25.2.167","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to identify semantic characteristics of non-epistemic modality realized by ‘-l pephata’ and ‘-l manhata’. Modality can be divided into epistemic modality and root modality, which is non-epistemic modality. Epistemic modality expresses a speaker's judgment on the degree of factuality of the proposition, and root modality expresses the speaker's judgment on the likelihood of the state-of-affair. Some previous studies have seen that ‘-l pephata’ and ‘-l manhata’ express the judgment that it is possible for a situation to occur, which can be seen as pointing out that ‘-l pephata’ and ‘-l manhata’ represent the root modality. Root possibility meaning of ‘-l pephata’ and ‘-l manhata’ is analyzed by three criteria: ‘scope of the modal meaning’, ‘source of possibility’, and ‘potential barrier’. Root possibility expressed by ‘-l pephata’ corresponds to the [general situation possibility], which is wide-scope, has an external source, and has no potential barrier. In addition to the [general situation possibility], ‘-l manhata’ can express [Ability] which is narrow-scope, has an internal source. ‘-l pephata’ and ‘-l manhata’ which express [general situation possibility] differs in that ‘-l pephata’ expresses a judgement based on assimilated knowledge, whereas ‘-l manhata’ expresses a judgement based on unassimilated knowledge.","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":"17 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139198076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.51157/kmor.2023.25.2.117
Yu-seok Kwak
The purpose of this paper is to explain the semantic and formal characteristics of ‘taeng-i'. ‘taeng-i’ is widely used as a suffix in ‘pejoration’. However, aside from the meaning ‘pejoration’, it is also used in ‘emphasis’, even for ‘affection’ and ‘intimacy’, presenting positive connotations. Like so, the meaning of ‘taeng-i’ can include from ‘pejoration’ and ‘emphasis’ to ‘affection’ and ‘intimacy’ because of their commonality in which the speaker uses such words to evaluate a subject. On the other hand, the most reasonable explanation of how the term ‘taeng-i’ was created is that it derived from diminutive. This is to say, from a cross-linguistic perspective, diminutives also include meaning from ‘pejoration’ and ‘emphasis’ to ‘affection’ and ‘intimacy’. Moreover, there is an important factor to consider that ‘taeng-i’ shares the base with other similar suffixes in its form and meaning such as ‘ttaeng-i, pang-i, tung-i, ‘jab-i, jaeng-i, tae-gi, du-la-ji, dung-a-li, and dung-i’ to form synonyms.
{"title":"Suffixal taeng-i derivatives denoting pejoration in Korean","authors":"Yu-seok Kwak","doi":"10.51157/kmor.2023.25.2.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51157/kmor.2023.25.2.117","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to explain the semantic and formal characteristics of ‘taeng-i'. ‘taeng-i’ is widely used as a suffix in ‘pejoration’. However, aside from the meaning ‘pejoration’, it is also used in ‘emphasis’, even for ‘affection’ and ‘intimacy’, presenting positive connotations. Like so, the meaning of ‘taeng-i’ can include from ‘pejoration’ and ‘emphasis’ to ‘affection’ and ‘intimacy’ because of their commonality in which the speaker uses such words to evaluate a subject. On the other hand, the most reasonable explanation of how the term ‘taeng-i’ was created is that it derived from diminutive. This is to say, from a cross-linguistic perspective, diminutives also include meaning from ‘pejoration’ and ‘emphasis’ to ‘affection’ and ‘intimacy’. Moreover, there is an important factor to consider that ‘taeng-i’ shares the base with other similar suffixes in its form and meaning such as ‘ttaeng-i, pang-i, tung-i, ‘jab-i, jaeng-i, tae-gi, du-la-ji, dung-a-li, and dung-i’ to form synonyms.","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":"93 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139205536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.1007/s11525-023-09418-3
Zuzanna Fuchs
Abstract This paper presents a psycholinguistic study of the processing of grammatical gender agreement morphemes in Polish, which has three gender categories (masculine, feminine, neuter), as well as what language-internal factors impact this processing. Results from an eye-tracking study using the Visual World Paradigm show that, during real-time language comprehension, adult monolingual speakers of Polish use cues from gender agreement on a prenominal adjective to anticipate the upcoming noun. An exploration of language-internal factors affecting this anticipatory processing finds this effect in all three genders, suggesting that encountering the relevant nominative-case agreement morpheme during language comprehension leads to automatic activation of a gender node in the mental lexicon, consistent with the literature on other languages with grammatical gender. These results hold true for the neuter agreement morpheme, despite the fact that this morpheme also instantiates default gender agreement in the language and is syncretic with the nominative plural agreement morpheme in all three genders. Further investigation finds that, while agreement morphemes for each gender prompt anticipatory processing, the reliability of a masculine agreement morpheme as a cue to gender is reduced in the presence of a neuter distractor, and vice versa. This raises questions regarding phonological proximity between the realized suffix and the suffix that would cue the distractor, with implications for the acquisition and processing of gender agreement morphology in Polish.
{"title":"Processing of grammatical gender agreement morphemes in Polish: evidence from the Visual World Paradigm","authors":"Zuzanna Fuchs","doi":"10.1007/s11525-023-09418-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-023-09418-3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a psycholinguistic study of the processing of grammatical gender agreement morphemes in Polish, which has three gender categories (masculine, feminine, neuter), as well as what language-internal factors impact this processing. Results from an eye-tracking study using the Visual World Paradigm show that, during real-time language comprehension, adult monolingual speakers of Polish use cues from gender agreement on a prenominal adjective to anticipate the upcoming noun. An exploration of language-internal factors affecting this anticipatory processing finds this effect in all three genders, suggesting that encountering the relevant nominative-case agreement morpheme during language comprehension leads to automatic activation of a gender node in the mental lexicon, consistent with the literature on other languages with grammatical gender. These results hold true for the neuter agreement morpheme, despite the fact that this morpheme also instantiates default gender agreement in the language and is syncretic with the nominative plural agreement morpheme in all three genders. Further investigation finds that, while agreement morphemes for each gender prompt anticipatory processing, the reliability of a masculine agreement morpheme as a cue to gender is reduced in the presence of a neuter distractor, and vice versa. This raises questions regarding phonological proximity between the realized suffix and the suffix that would cue the distractor, with implications for the acquisition and processing of gender agreement morphology in Polish.","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135855402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-09DOI: 10.1007/s11525-023-09417-4
Kristian Berg, Stefan Hartmann, Daniel Claeser
Abstract The relation between morphology and spelling is an important source of evidence for theories of linguistic processing. In particular, spelling errors can help us assess the role of morphological structure in language users’ mental representations of words in authentic texts. Previous research suggests that some morphological units are more prone to spelling errors than others, partly depending on the degree to which they are perceived as separate units. In this paper, we want to test this hypothesis by exploring graphemic variation in a collection of 1,667 German school-exit exams. Specifically, we code the spelling errors for their morphological structure. We can show that inflectional suffixes show a much higher probability of final letter omissions compared to final stems or derivational suffixes. We also find tentative evidence that case markers are more often affected by omissions than number markers.
{"title":"Are some morphological units more prone to spelling variation than others? A case study using spontaneous handwritten data","authors":"Kristian Berg, Stefan Hartmann, Daniel Claeser","doi":"10.1007/s11525-023-09417-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-023-09417-4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The relation between morphology and spelling is an important source of evidence for theories of linguistic processing. In particular, spelling errors can help us assess the role of morphological structure in language users’ mental representations of words in authentic texts. Previous research suggests that some morphological units are more prone to spelling errors than others, partly depending on the degree to which they are perceived as separate units. In this paper, we want to test this hypothesis by exploring graphemic variation in a collection of 1,667 German school-exit exams. Specifically, we code the spelling errors for their morphological structure. We can show that inflectional suffixes show a much higher probability of final letter omissions compared to final stems or derivational suffixes. We also find tentative evidence that case markers are more often affected by omissions than number markers.","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135044418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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