Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/02646811.2023.2230732
Don C. Smith
The market for electric vehicles (EVs) appears to be ‘unstoppable’, according to a recent article in The Economist. Moreover, BloombergNEF is forecasting that sales of EVs may skyrocket to 40 per cent of all purchases in 2030 from today’s 10 per cent. To meet that audacious number will require tens of millions of batteries that will in turn require enormous quantities of critical minerals. However, a recent essay in Foreign Affairs identifies potentially troubling realities about the world’s rush towards a green energy future. One of the key realities involves the general absence of sufficient supply chains for critical minerals, particularly as they relate to the production of EVs. Consequently, it is imperative that policymakers begin to deal with this in a serious and considered manner now, since technologies involving clean energy may drive mineral demand for critical minerals up by 400 per cent by 2040. Two key critical minerals illustrate the challenge that lies ahead. In 2040, the demand for lithium, a key mineral for batteries, may be 13 times greater than in 2020. Similarly, Standard & Poor’s, a global market research firm, has predicted that between 2022 and 2035 the demand for copper will double. All EV types use ‘considerably more copper than traditional vehicles with internal combustion engines’. Not surprisingly, these minerals are rarely found exactly where they are needed for product production. Thus, the matter of energy security – often thought about in the context of oil and gas – arises again, but in a different scenario. Historically, energy security ‘has been defined as the availability of sufficient supplies at affordable prices. But that simple definition no longer captures reality;
{"title":"Geopolitical realities of the energy transition supply chain: energy security risks and opportunities","authors":"Don C. Smith","doi":"10.1080/02646811.2023.2230732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2023.2230732","url":null,"abstract":"The market for electric vehicles (EVs) appears to be ‘unstoppable’, according to a recent article in The Economist. Moreover, BloombergNEF is forecasting that sales of EVs may skyrocket to 40 per cent of all purchases in 2030 from today’s 10 per cent. To meet that audacious number will require tens of millions of batteries that will in turn require enormous quantities of critical minerals. However, a recent essay in Foreign Affairs identifies potentially troubling realities about the world’s rush towards a green energy future. One of the key realities involves the general absence of sufficient supply chains for critical minerals, particularly as they relate to the production of EVs. Consequently, it is imperative that policymakers begin to deal with this in a serious and considered manner now, since technologies involving clean energy may drive mineral demand for critical minerals up by 400 per cent by 2040. Two key critical minerals illustrate the challenge that lies ahead. In 2040, the demand for lithium, a key mineral for batteries, may be 13 times greater than in 2020. Similarly, Standard & Poor’s, a global market research firm, has predicted that between 2022 and 2035 the demand for copper will double. All EV types use ‘considerably more copper than traditional vehicles with internal combustion engines’. Not surprisingly, these minerals are rarely found exactly where they are needed for product production. Thus, the matter of energy security – often thought about in the context of oil and gas – arises again, but in a different scenario. Historically, energy security ‘has been defined as the availability of sufficient supplies at affordable prices. But that simple definition no longer captures reality;","PeriodicalId":51867,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law","volume":"12 1","pages":"233 - 239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78508167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/02646811.2023.2190688
R. Heffron
An international debate is needed on what energy law is required for society to achieve its energy and climate targets for 2030 and 2050. This editorial and the special issue that follows focus on Energy Law for the Next Generation, Towards 2030 to 2050. Legal scholarship to date has not evolved sufficiently to play its role in the energy transition and in ensuring the effects of climate change are mitigated. There remain too many gaps in the law, in particular around decommissioning of fossil fuel energy infrastructure and management of waste from fossil fuel activities, ie carbon taxes. The overall key challenges for energy law are to address climate change, environmental impacts and economic governance. New visions of what energy law must be reformed or newly formulated are needed. Currently, in education, in practice and in research, the status quo remains. The research perspectives in the articles for this special issue will hopefully inspire the next generation of energy law scholars to provide solutions. It is, after all, a key ‘justice’ issue to ensure that as an energy law community, we leave a foundation in place that can lead to a just transition to a low-carbon and sustainable world for future generations within the science-based critical deadlines such as 2030 and 2050.
{"title":"Energy law for the next generation, towards 2030 to 2050","authors":"R. Heffron","doi":"10.1080/02646811.2023.2190688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2023.2190688","url":null,"abstract":"An international debate is needed on what energy law is required for society to achieve its energy and climate targets for 2030 and 2050. This editorial and the special issue that follows focus on Energy Law for the Next Generation, Towards 2030 to 2050. Legal scholarship to date has not evolved sufficiently to play its role in the energy transition and in ensuring the effects of climate change are mitigated. There remain too many gaps in the law, in particular around decommissioning of fossil fuel energy infrastructure and management of waste from fossil fuel activities, ie carbon taxes. The overall key challenges for energy law are to address climate change, environmental impacts and economic governance. New visions of what energy law must be reformed or newly formulated are needed. Currently, in education, in practice and in research, the status quo remains. The research perspectives in the articles for this special issue will hopefully inspire the next generation of energy law scholars to provide solutions. It is, after all, a key ‘justice’ issue to ensure that as an energy law community, we leave a foundation in place that can lead to a just transition to a low-carbon and sustainable world for future generations within the science-based critical deadlines such as 2030 and 2050.","PeriodicalId":51867,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law","volume":"37 1","pages":"131 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79037524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/02646811.2023.2187550
Ridoan Karim
Recently, there has been a discussion of ‘energy justice’ in academic and conceptual settings, with a focus on analysing the term from a policy perspective. Recent studies have investigated how energy justice principles can be incorporated into new energy business models and emphasised the need to implement them into policy decision-making processes. However, there has been no comprehensive study from a justice viewpoint on the mobilisation of capital, including state, commercial or public financing. Islamic finance is emerging as an alternative means of financing that could significantly advance sustainable growth in the international financial markets, including the energy industry. However, there are challenges to incorporating Islamic finance into the energy industry, and further empirical and theoretical analyses are necessary to determine its sustainability. This research aims to theoretically explore how Islamic financial instruments could play a role in the energy transition and unlock the challenges of Islamic finance in the energy industry from an energy justice perspective. It also offers valuable insights into the legal framework for a fair and eco-friendly energy transition, conceptualising the nexus between the principles of energy justice and the applications of Islamic finance structures in different stages of the energy system.
{"title":"Prospects and challenges of Islamic finance instruments for low-carbon energy transitions: a legal analysis from an energy justice perspective","authors":"Ridoan Karim","doi":"10.1080/02646811.2023.2187550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2023.2187550","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, there has been a discussion of ‘energy justice’ in academic and conceptual settings, with a focus on analysing the term from a policy perspective. Recent studies have investigated how energy justice principles can be incorporated into new energy business models and emphasised the need to implement them into policy decision-making processes. However, there has been no comprehensive study from a justice viewpoint on the mobilisation of capital, including state, commercial or public financing. Islamic finance is emerging as an alternative means of financing that could significantly advance sustainable growth in the international financial markets, including the energy industry. However, there are challenges to incorporating Islamic finance into the energy industry, and further empirical and theoretical analyses are necessary to determine its sustainability. This research aims to theoretically explore how Islamic financial instruments could play a role in the energy transition and unlock the challenges of Islamic finance in the energy industry from an energy justice perspective. It also offers valuable insights into the legal framework for a fair and eco-friendly energy transition, conceptualising the nexus between the principles of energy justice and the applications of Islamic finance structures in different stages of the energy system.","PeriodicalId":51867,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law","volume":"36 1","pages":"195 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86901602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/02646811.2023.2190691
Maciej M. Sokolowski, M. Taylor
Public administration and energy regulators provide policy and economic support to achieve climate neutrality; however, the role of key stakeholders in energy transition, such as energy companies, is critical to a just energy transition. Corporate voluntary incentives to guide, support and pressure companies to disclose their climate-related risks are becoming commonplace internationally. Yet, formal legal frameworks to engage energy companies in reaching net zero emissions have largely been confined to financial risk disclosure and voluntary regulation. In this context, the article offers a normative solution that enables the effective implementation of obligations imposed on energy companies related to the 2050 energy transformation, addressing the concept of ‘energy-just companies’. It also proposes the management of this process by illustrating a different, proactive approach to the role of effective obligations in the transformation process based on a novel understanding of energy law principles. These legal solutions consist of ‘corporate energy transformation plans’ based on energy justice applied by energy companies.
{"title":"Just energy business needed! How to achieve a just energy transition by engaging energy companies in reaching climate neutrality: (re)conceptualising energy law for energy corporations","authors":"Maciej M. Sokolowski, M. Taylor","doi":"10.1080/02646811.2023.2190691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2023.2190691","url":null,"abstract":"Public administration and energy regulators provide policy and economic support to achieve climate neutrality; however, the role of key stakeholders in energy transition, such as energy companies, is critical to a just energy transition. Corporate voluntary incentives to guide, support and pressure companies to disclose their climate-related risks are becoming commonplace internationally. Yet, formal legal frameworks to engage energy companies in reaching net zero emissions have largely been confined to financial risk disclosure and voluntary regulation. In this context, the article offers a normative solution that enables the effective implementation of obligations imposed on energy companies related to the 2050 energy transformation, addressing the concept of ‘energy-just companies’. It also proposes the management of this process by illustrating a different, proactive approach to the role of effective obligations in the transformation process based on a novel understanding of energy law principles. These legal solutions consist of ‘corporate energy transformation plans’ based on energy justice applied by energy companies.","PeriodicalId":51867,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law","volume":"74 1","pages":"157 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73235445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/02646811.2023.2190689
R. Heffron, Louis De Fontenelle, Chioma Basil, Iñigo del Guayo Castiella, Sufyan Droubi, M. Hazrati, Halima I Hussein, Diane Kraal, D. McCauley, A. Phillips, Emmanuelle Santoire, Xavier Arnauld de Sartre
The energy sector is increasingly out of date and in need of a new direction. There continues to be a myriad of issues emanating from the sector, most notably with climate change, environmental impacts and economic governance. Climate change continues at pace and with the United Nations having already declared there to be a climate emergency. Yet the response of energy sector stakeholders with the power to make the necessary changes in society remains slow. Too much investment continues in the old traditional energy sources. This research accepts these positions and that therefore the relationship between the stakeholders of the energy sector is imbalanced. In order to change this relationship so that it is fair, equitable and inclusive it is necessary to place (energy) justice at the core of a new social contract between the stakeholders of the energy sector (which includes policymakers, private and public energy companies, and citizens). This research advances 10 key pathways for scholarship on energy justice and the social contract. These topics need to be addressed from local to national and international levels. In resolving these research problems society can address the fundamental imbalances that exist between energy stakeholders and ensure a just and brave new world established through this new energy-just social contract.
{"title":"Pathways of scholarship for energy justice and the social contract","authors":"R. Heffron, Louis De Fontenelle, Chioma Basil, Iñigo del Guayo Castiella, Sufyan Droubi, M. Hazrati, Halima I Hussein, Diane Kraal, D. McCauley, A. Phillips, Emmanuelle Santoire, Xavier Arnauld de Sartre","doi":"10.1080/02646811.2023.2190689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2023.2190689","url":null,"abstract":"The energy sector is increasingly out of date and in need of a new direction. There continues to be a myriad of issues emanating from the sector, most notably with climate change, environmental impacts and economic governance. Climate change continues at pace and with the United Nations having already declared there to be a climate emergency. Yet the response of energy sector stakeholders with the power to make the necessary changes in society remains slow. Too much investment continues in the old traditional energy sources. This research accepts these positions and that therefore the relationship between the stakeholders of the energy sector is imbalanced. In order to change this relationship so that it is fair, equitable and inclusive it is necessary to place (energy) justice at the core of a new social contract between the stakeholders of the energy sector (which includes policymakers, private and public energy companies, and citizens). This research advances 10 key pathways for scholarship on energy justice and the social contract. These topics need to be addressed from local to national and international levels. In resolving these research problems society can address the fundamental imbalances that exist between energy stakeholders and ensure a just and brave new world established through this new energy-just social contract.","PeriodicalId":51867,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law","volume":"95 1","pages":"211 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73336780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/02646811.2023.2186626
R. Heffron, Louis De Fontenelle
The relationship between the energy sector and society is one that remains mired in controversy. There are multiple problems such as climate change, environmental impacts, economic and governance issues. With these problems continuing to exist, the energy sector has lacked any fully successful solutions. This conceptual paper calls for implementing the key theoretical perspective of energy justice as a solution. If energy justice is implemented through a new social contract with society, then transformative change could happen. This new societal social contract is a vital development needed throughout the world where there is already a climate emergency, as declared by the United Nations. A social contract between different stakeholders in society has always been an issue in society. It was a brought to the fore in France through the work of philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the 18th century. One of Rousseau’s major theories was that a civil society should ensure its citizens’ rights and well-being. The energy sector is the key reason that this is not happening today. Therefore, such a new social contract could implement energy justice and achieve transformative societal change, protecting rights and ensuring well-being for all, and hence delivering a just transition to a low-carbon economy.
{"title":"Implementing energy justice through a new social contract","authors":"R. Heffron, Louis De Fontenelle","doi":"10.1080/02646811.2023.2186626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2023.2186626","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between the energy sector and society is one that remains mired in controversy. There are multiple problems such as climate change, environmental impacts, economic and governance issues. With these problems continuing to exist, the energy sector has lacked any fully successful solutions. This conceptual paper calls for implementing the key theoretical perspective of energy justice as a solution. If energy justice is implemented through a new social contract with society, then transformative change could happen. This new societal social contract is a vital development needed throughout the world where there is already a climate emergency, as declared by the United Nations. A social contract between different stakeholders in society has always been an issue in society. It was a brought to the fore in France through the work of philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the 18th century. One of Rousseau’s major theories was that a civil society should ensure its citizens’ rights and well-being. The energy sector is the key reason that this is not happening today. Therefore, such a new social contract could implement energy justice and achieve transformative societal change, protecting rights and ensuring well-being for all, and hence delivering a just transition to a low-carbon economy.","PeriodicalId":51867,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law","volume":"11 1","pages":"141 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85488155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/02646811.2023.2187549
R. Mauger
Research shows that relying on a green growth strategy to limit climate change is, at best, a gamble. Degrowth represents a much safer way, relying on a steep reduction in energy and materials consumption, starting with developed countries. Consequently, the concept of degrowth should be implemented within European Union (EU) energy law to reach its net zero target by 2050. This academic article is the first to use the theoretical framework of degrowth to analyse EU energy law. To do so, it focuses on various core energy laws: the 2019 Electricity Market Directive, the 2018 Renewable Energy Sources Directive and the 2012 Energy Efficiency Directive (slightly amended in 2018) as well as the recast proposals for the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency directives tabled in the 2021 Fit for 55 package and 2022 REPowerEU plan. This research shows that various degrowth-compatible provisions already exist in EU energy law and can be harnessed in the short term, without waiting for a legal overhaul. This article also formulates recommendations, such as interpreting in a degrowth-favourable way the aforementioned provisions and challenging the current as well as forthcoming framework, for instance by amending the proposed ‘energy efficiency first’ principle to include energy sufficiency. Finally, opportunities for future research are outlined.
研究表明，依靠绿色增长战略来限制气候变化充其量只是一场赌博。去增长是一种更安全的方式，依赖于能源和材料消耗的大幅减少，从发达国家开始。因此，应该在欧盟能源法中实施去增长的概念，以便到2050年实现其净零目标。这篇学术文章首次使用去增长的理论框架来分析欧盟能源法。为此，它侧重于各种核心能源法律:2019年电力市场指令，2018年可再生能源指令和2012年能源效率指令(2018年略有修订)，以及2021年Fit for 55一揽子计划和2022年REPowerEU计划中提出的可再生能源和能源效率指令的重塑建议。这项研究表明，欧盟能源法中已经存在各种与经济增长相适应的条款，可以在短期内加以利用，而无需等待法律改革。本文还提出了建议，例如以有利于经济增长的方式解释上述规定，并对当前和即将出台的框架提出挑战，例如修改拟议的“能效第一”原则，将能源充足纳入其中。最后，概述了未来研究的机会。
{"title":"Finding a needle in a haystack? Identifying degrowth-compatible provisions in EU energy law for a just transition to net-zero by 2050","authors":"R. Mauger","doi":"10.1080/02646811.2023.2187549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2023.2187549","url":null,"abstract":"Research shows that relying on a green growth strategy to limit climate change is, at best, a gamble. Degrowth represents a much safer way, relying on a steep reduction in energy and materials consumption, starting with developed countries. Consequently, the concept of degrowth should be implemented within European Union (EU) energy law to reach its net zero target by 2050. This academic article is the first to use the theoretical framework of degrowth to analyse EU energy law. To do so, it focuses on various core energy laws: the 2019 Electricity Market Directive, the 2018 Renewable Energy Sources Directive and the 2012 Energy Efficiency Directive (slightly amended in 2018) as well as the recast proposals for the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency directives tabled in the 2021 Fit for 55 package and 2022 REPowerEU plan. This research shows that various degrowth-compatible provisions already exist in EU energy law and can be harnessed in the short term, without waiting for a legal overhaul. This article also formulates recommendations, such as interpreting in a degrowth-favourable way the aforementioned provisions and challenging the current as well as forthcoming framework, for instance by amending the proposed ‘energy efficiency first’ principle to include energy sufficiency. Finally, opportunities for future research are outlined.","PeriodicalId":51867,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law","volume":"1 1","pages":"175 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72665770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1080/02646811.2023.2177409
Javier Arribas Cámara, V. Jiménez
The European Union has suffered an energy crisis since June 2021 due to cyclical and structural factors, such as the climate crisis, the war in Ukraine and dependence on fossil fuels. EU leaders agreed on a new energy strategy to tackle the crisis and lay the foundations for a sustainable and decarbonised economy. The article aims to analyse energy prices and supply and the measures Europe took in 2022 to tackle the crisis. This European strategy includes promoting energy efficiency, diversifying energy sources, and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. EU legislative measures have also been proposed, such as a safety cap for gas prices and a temporary dynamic price corridor. However, some actions take time to implement quickly and effectively, and there may be costs and impacts on specific economic sectors. It is also difficult to predict the long-term effect of structural changes.
{"title":"The European Union facing the abyss: legislative review in the face of the energy crisis, 2022","authors":"Javier Arribas Cámara, V. Jiménez","doi":"10.1080/02646811.2023.2177409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2023.2177409","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union has suffered an energy crisis since June 2021 due to cyclical and structural factors, such as the climate crisis, the war in Ukraine and dependence on fossil fuels. EU leaders agreed on a new energy strategy to tackle the crisis and lay the foundations for a sustainable and decarbonised economy. The article aims to analyse energy prices and supply and the measures Europe took in 2022 to tackle the crisis. This European strategy includes promoting energy efficiency, diversifying energy sources, and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. EU legislative measures have also been proposed, such as a safety cap for gas prices and a temporary dynamic price corridor. However, some actions take time to implement quickly and effectively, and there may be costs and impacts on specific economic sectors. It is also difficult to predict the long-term effect of structural changes.","PeriodicalId":51867,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law","volume":"57 1","pages":"335 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80434637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02646811.2023.2165787
Don C. Smith
When the end finally comes in the war that Russia launched a year ago against its neighbour Ukraine (and surely it will end, won’t it?), independent but aggressive international investigators must carefully address the matter of whether Russia committed war crimes in the form of its relentless attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure, particularly those related to electricity generation and water. In the wake of the attacks, Western journalists have lauded the determination and grit of the Ukranian people. For example, The Economist reported ‘When there is no tap water at home, they melt snow. When there is no electricity, they find heat and light in cafes with diesel generators, or sleep in the offices where they work... . The horrors Mr Putin keeps inflicting on them do not seem to have dented their morale’. However, despite the determination of the Ukranian people, the devastation has been very real. In a 2022 end-of-year report on the war, The New York Times described the situation as ‘Moscow’s debilitating attacks on [Ukranian] energy infrastructure that have caused widespread power outages as the country faces freezing winter temperatures’. In mid-2022, I wrote an editorial titled ‘Playing with fire: military attacks against a civilian nuclear power station’ and assumed at that time that perhaps the war would be over not later than the end of 2022. Not only was I wrong about the end of the war, I harboured no clue in mid-2022 that the Russian onslaught would involve wholesale efforts to destroy Ukrainian infrastructure to terrorise the local population. But that is exactly what has happened. Without identifying infrastructure attacks in particular, the Associated Press reported at the end of 2022 that ‘Ten months into Russia’s latest invasion of Ukraine, overwhelming evidence shows the Kremlin’s troops have waged total war, with disregard for international laws governing treatment of civilians and conduct on the battlefield’.
{"title":"Playing with fire: part II","authors":"Don C. Smith","doi":"10.1080/02646811.2023.2165787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2023.2165787","url":null,"abstract":"When the end finally comes in the war that Russia launched a year ago against its neighbour Ukraine (and surely it will end, won’t it?), independent but aggressive international investigators must carefully address the matter of whether Russia committed war crimes in the form of its relentless attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure, particularly those related to electricity generation and water. In the wake of the attacks, Western journalists have lauded the determination and grit of the Ukranian people. For example, The Economist reported ‘When there is no tap water at home, they melt snow. When there is no electricity, they find heat and light in cafes with diesel generators, or sleep in the offices where they work... . The horrors Mr Putin keeps inflicting on them do not seem to have dented their morale’. However, despite the determination of the Ukranian people, the devastation has been very real. In a 2022 end-of-year report on the war, The New York Times described the situation as ‘Moscow’s debilitating attacks on [Ukranian] energy infrastructure that have caused widespread power outages as the country faces freezing winter temperatures’. In mid-2022, I wrote an editorial titled ‘Playing with fire: military attacks against a civilian nuclear power station’ and assumed at that time that perhaps the war would be over not later than the end of 2022. Not only was I wrong about the end of the war, I harboured no clue in mid-2022 that the Russian onslaught would involve wholesale efforts to destroy Ukrainian infrastructure to terrorise the local population. But that is exactly what has happened. Without identifying infrastructure attacks in particular, the Associated Press reported at the end of 2022 that ‘Ten months into Russia’s latest invasion of Ukraine, overwhelming evidence shows the Kremlin’s troops have waged total war, with disregard for international laws governing treatment of civilians and conduct on the battlefield’.","PeriodicalId":51867,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91184222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02646811.2022.2085861
Judith A. Preston
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