Annika Müller, U. Wernery, J. Kinne, Péter Nagy, J. Juhász, Andre Appelt, Thomas Wittek
Simple Summary The objectives of the present study were to describe specific anatomical structures of the dromedary udder. In this study, udders from 86 dromedaries were examined by taking morphological measurements and producing injection casts using resin, gelatin, and paraffin. We examined the different udder, teat, and teat tip shape. The results of this study increase the knowledge of the anatomical structures of the dromedary udder, which may be useful for breeding a selection of dairy dromedaries. Abstract The objectives of the present study were to describe specific anatomical structures of the dromedary udder. Eighty-six dromedary udders were examined, taking morphological measurements and producing injection casts using resin, gelatin, and paraffin. The udder of the dromedaries consists of four quarters. The shape of the udders and teats varies considerably between animals and is influenced by age, breeding, and lactation status. The most frequently found udder form was the globular udder (48.8%) and the most common teat form in this study was the funnel teat (44.2%). The most common teat tip shape was a smooth or a slightly rough ring teat (61.6%). Injection casts showed a complete separation of the teat canals. There is also no communication between tributary mammary complexes. Resin injections of the glandular tissue adjacent to the teat cistern showed an extensive branching into large, medium, and small milk ducts. Frozen sections of the udder revealed complete separation of the right and left mammary complex through the Sulcus intermammarius. The teat sections showed longitudinal folds from the tip of the teat to the base of the teat. A ring fold at the transition from the Ductus papillaris to the teat cistern was present. The results of this study increase the knowledge of the anatomical structures of the dromedary udder, which may be useful for breeding a selection of dairy dromedaries.
{"title":"Study on Anatomical Structures of the Dromedary Udder","authors":"Annika Müller, U. Wernery, J. Kinne, Péter Nagy, J. Juhász, Andre Appelt, Thomas Wittek","doi":"10.3390/ani14111674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111674","url":null,"abstract":"Simple Summary The objectives of the present study were to describe specific anatomical structures of the dromedary udder. In this study, udders from 86 dromedaries were examined by taking morphological measurements and producing injection casts using resin, gelatin, and paraffin. We examined the different udder, teat, and teat tip shape. The results of this study increase the knowledge of the anatomical structures of the dromedary udder, which may be useful for breeding a selection of dairy dromedaries. Abstract The objectives of the present study were to describe specific anatomical structures of the dromedary udder. Eighty-six dromedary udders were examined, taking morphological measurements and producing injection casts using resin, gelatin, and paraffin. The udder of the dromedaries consists of four quarters. The shape of the udders and teats varies considerably between animals and is influenced by age, breeding, and lactation status. The most frequently found udder form was the globular udder (48.8%) and the most common teat form in this study was the funnel teat (44.2%). The most common teat tip shape was a smooth or a slightly rough ring teat (61.6%). Injection casts showed a complete separation of the teat canals. There is also no communication between tributary mammary complexes. Resin injections of the glandular tissue adjacent to the teat cistern showed an extensive branching into large, medium, and small milk ducts. Frozen sections of the udder revealed complete separation of the right and left mammary complex through the Sulcus intermammarius. The teat sections showed longitudinal folds from the tip of the teat to the base of the teat. A ring fold at the transition from the Ductus papillaris to the teat cistern was present. The results of this study increase the knowledge of the anatomical structures of the dromedary udder, which may be useful for breeding a selection of dairy dromedaries.","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":"51 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141391438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giulia Maggi, E. Chiaradia, Alice Vullo, Matteo Seccaroni, Laura Valli, S. Busechian, D. Caivano, Francesco Porciello, Sabrina Caloiero, M. C. Marchesi
Simple Summary In humans and animals, the D-enantiomer of lactic acid (D-lactate) is normally produced from bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract. During gastroenteric diseases, D-lactate can be produced in large quantities and absorbed by the intestinal mucosa. The purpose of the present study was to measure the serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). For this reason, the serum D-lactate concentrations were measured in 10 healthy dogs and 18 dogs with IBD using a commercially available colorimetric assay kit. Our results showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the serum concentrations of D-lactate between dogs with various degrees of IBD and healthy dogs. Further studies are needed to understand potential factors able to influence the serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs affected by IBD. Abstract The D-enantiomer of lactic acid (D-lactate) is normally produced from bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract in mammals. In humans, increased D-lactate concentrations are related to gastrointestinal disease, including short bowel syndrome and malabsorptive syndrome. Similarly, increased D-lactate concentrations have been described in calves affected by diarrhea, in cats with gastrointestinal diseases, and in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. The purpose of the present study was to measure the serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We retrospectively reviewed data from the database of the VTH of Perugia University, and dogs affected by IBD with serum samples stored at −80 °C were considered eligible for inclusion. A total of 18 dogs with IBD and 10 healthy dogs were included in the study. The dogs with IBD were divided into three subcategories based on the severity of the disease. Serum D-lactate concentrations (μM) were determined using a commercially available colorimetric assay kit (D-Lactate Colorimetric Assay Kit; Catalog #K667-100, BioVision Inc., Milpitas, CA, USA). Our results showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the serum concentrations of D-lactate between dogs with various degrees of IBD and healthy dogs. However, the wide variability of the D-lactate concentrations in dogs with IBD and evidence of increased serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs with confirmed dysbiosis encourage further studies on this topic to understand potential factors influencing the serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs affected by IBD.
{"title":"Serum D-Lactate Concentrations in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","authors":"Giulia Maggi, E. Chiaradia, Alice Vullo, Matteo Seccaroni, Laura Valli, S. Busechian, D. Caivano, Francesco Porciello, Sabrina Caloiero, M. C. Marchesi","doi":"10.3390/ani14111704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111704","url":null,"abstract":"Simple Summary In humans and animals, the D-enantiomer of lactic acid (D-lactate) is normally produced from bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract. During gastroenteric diseases, D-lactate can be produced in large quantities and absorbed by the intestinal mucosa. The purpose of the present study was to measure the serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). For this reason, the serum D-lactate concentrations were measured in 10 healthy dogs and 18 dogs with IBD using a commercially available colorimetric assay kit. Our results showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the serum concentrations of D-lactate between dogs with various degrees of IBD and healthy dogs. Further studies are needed to understand potential factors able to influence the serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs affected by IBD. Abstract The D-enantiomer of lactic acid (D-lactate) is normally produced from bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract in mammals. In humans, increased D-lactate concentrations are related to gastrointestinal disease, including short bowel syndrome and malabsorptive syndrome. Similarly, increased D-lactate concentrations have been described in calves affected by diarrhea, in cats with gastrointestinal diseases, and in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. The purpose of the present study was to measure the serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We retrospectively reviewed data from the database of the VTH of Perugia University, and dogs affected by IBD with serum samples stored at −80 °C were considered eligible for inclusion. A total of 18 dogs with IBD and 10 healthy dogs were included in the study. The dogs with IBD were divided into three subcategories based on the severity of the disease. Serum D-lactate concentrations (μM) were determined using a commercially available colorimetric assay kit (D-Lactate Colorimetric Assay Kit; Catalog #K667-100, BioVision Inc., Milpitas, CA, USA). Our results showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the serum concentrations of D-lactate between dogs with various degrees of IBD and healthy dogs. However, the wide variability of the D-lactate concentrations in dogs with IBD and evidence of increased serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs with confirmed dysbiosis encourage further studies on this topic to understand potential factors influencing the serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs affected by IBD.","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":"28 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141409696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jong-Pil Yoon, Haebum Lee, Y. Jeon, Daehyun Kim, Seong-Mok Jeong, Jaemin Jeong
Simple Summary Chronic triceps brachii tendon disruptions in dogs can lead to significant lameness and discomfort, often requiring surgical intervention for effective treatment. This case report details the surgical reconstruction of bilateral chronic triceps brachii tendon disruptions in a 2-year-old female Pomeranian using a novel suture-mediated anatomic footprint repair technique. The technique, adapted from human medicine, involves creating a precise attachment of the tendon to the olecranon through specialized suturing and bone tunneling, which aims to restore normal anatomy and function. Following the surgery, the dog experienced significant improvement in forelimb function and was able to maintain a normal gait over a three-year follow-up period. This report demonstrates the successful application of a human surgical technique in veterinary medicine, providing a promising option for managing this rare but challenging condition in dogs. The technique’s success suggests its potential utility in similar cases, offering insights that could benefit surgical practices in veterinary orthopedics. Abstract A 2-year-old, intact female Pomeranian presented with bilateral forelimb lameness, characterized by the olecranon making contact with the ground. The patient experienced two separate incidents of falling, occurring four and three weeks before admission, respectively. Following each episode, non-weight-bearing lameness was initially observed in the left forelimb, followed by the development of crouch gait. Based on the physical examination, radiographic, and ultrasonographic findings, bilateral triceps brachii tendon disruption was diagnosed. Intraoperatively, excessive granulation tissue at the distal end of the tendon was excised. The footprint region of each triceps brachii tendon was decorticated with a high-speed burr until bleeding was observed. The triceps brachii tendon was reattached to completely cover its footprint on the olecranon using the Krackow suture technique. This method involves anchoring the suture through bone tunnels in the ulna. Trans-articular external skeletal fixation was applied to both forelimbs to immobile and stabilize the elbow joints for nine weeks. Subsequently, the dog gradually increased its walking activities while on a leash over a six-week period. At the three-year follow-up, the patient exhibited improved forelimb function and maintained a normal gait without signs of lameness. Suture-mediated anatomic footprint repair proved useful in this single case and may be an effective surgical alternative for the management of chronic triceps brachii tendon disruption in dogs.
{"title":"Reconstruction of Bilateral Chronic Triceps Brachii Tendon Disruption Using a Suture-Mediated Anatomic Footprint Repair in a Dog","authors":"Jong-Pil Yoon, Haebum Lee, Y. Jeon, Daehyun Kim, Seong-Mok Jeong, Jaemin Jeong","doi":"10.3390/ani14111687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111687","url":null,"abstract":"Simple Summary Chronic triceps brachii tendon disruptions in dogs can lead to significant lameness and discomfort, often requiring surgical intervention for effective treatment. This case report details the surgical reconstruction of bilateral chronic triceps brachii tendon disruptions in a 2-year-old female Pomeranian using a novel suture-mediated anatomic footprint repair technique. The technique, adapted from human medicine, involves creating a precise attachment of the tendon to the olecranon through specialized suturing and bone tunneling, which aims to restore normal anatomy and function. Following the surgery, the dog experienced significant improvement in forelimb function and was able to maintain a normal gait over a three-year follow-up period. This report demonstrates the successful application of a human surgical technique in veterinary medicine, providing a promising option for managing this rare but challenging condition in dogs. The technique’s success suggests its potential utility in similar cases, offering insights that could benefit surgical practices in veterinary orthopedics. Abstract A 2-year-old, intact female Pomeranian presented with bilateral forelimb lameness, characterized by the olecranon making contact with the ground. The patient experienced two separate incidents of falling, occurring four and three weeks before admission, respectively. Following each episode, non-weight-bearing lameness was initially observed in the left forelimb, followed by the development of crouch gait. Based on the physical examination, radiographic, and ultrasonographic findings, bilateral triceps brachii tendon disruption was diagnosed. Intraoperatively, excessive granulation tissue at the distal end of the tendon was excised. The footprint region of each triceps brachii tendon was decorticated with a high-speed burr until bleeding was observed. The triceps brachii tendon was reattached to completely cover its footprint on the olecranon using the Krackow suture technique. This method involves anchoring the suture through bone tunnels in the ulna. Trans-articular external skeletal fixation was applied to both forelimbs to immobile and stabilize the elbow joints for nine weeks. Subsequently, the dog gradually increased its walking activities while on a leash over a six-week period. At the three-year follow-up, the patient exhibited improved forelimb function and maintained a normal gait without signs of lameness. Suture-mediated anatomic footprint repair proved useful in this single case and may be an effective surgical alternative for the management of chronic triceps brachii tendon disruption in dogs.","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":"198 1‐2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141402134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simple Summary Simple Summary: Supplementation with rumen-protected choline (RPC) can reduce dietary metabolizable energy (ME) while maintaining optimum performance, thus contributing to reducing production costs by saving grain which is the primary source of energy in the diet. Previous papers have reported on the interaction effects of ME level and RPC supplementation on production outcomes in dairy cattle and growing goats. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of ME level and RPC supplementation on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, serum energy, lipid, and protein profiles of Karayaka lambs. In conclusion, the supplementation of RPC at 0 and 5 g/kg did not affect lamb growth performance and carcass characteristics. Given the lack of significant improvements in performance metrics, RPC supplementation would not result in net cost savings. However, it may play a role in modulating nitrogen metabolism under different dietary energy conditions, as indicated by the significant reduction in serum urea-N levels. The results of the current study indicate that there is no benefit to be gained from the supplementation of RPC in the low-energy diet of fattening lambs. Abstract This study aimed to examine the effects of metabolizable energy (ME) level and rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, serum energy, lipid, and protein profiles of Karayaka lambs. Twenty-eight Karayaka lambs, with an initial body weight (BW) of 26.85 ± 0.26 kg, were randomly assigned (2 × 2 factorial design) to one of four dietary treatments with two levels of ME (optimum: 2750 or low: 2500 kcal ME/kg dry matter) and two levels of RPC (0 or 4 g/d/lamb). Lambs of each group were housed in individual pens. The experiment lasted 66 d, with the first 10 d consisting of acclimation and the next 56 d of the formal experimental period. The data on BW, dietary matter intake (DMI), and serum glucose concentrations confirm that our model successfully induced low energy using 250 kcal/kg less energy than the optimum level. RPC supplementation did not significantly affect average daily DMI, total average daily gain (ADG), or feed conversion ratio (FCR) at any energy level. Additionally, there was no substantial effect on carcass characteristics, meat quality, serum lipids, energy metabolism indicators, and liver function parameters. There was also no interaction effect of RPC × ME on the parameters tested. However, at 56 d into the experiment, the interaction effect of RPC × ME on serum urea-N was highly significant, and RPC supplementation led to lower serum urea-N levels (p = 0.001). These results suggest that while RPC supplementation did not enhance overall performance and carcass characteristics in Karayaka lambs, it may play a role in modulating nitrogen metabolism, as indicated by the significant reduction in serum urea-N levels.
{"title":"Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Lambs Fed Diets Containing Different Energy Levels Supplemented with Rumen-Protected Choline","authors":"S. Çelik, H. Muruz","doi":"10.3390/ani14111682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111682","url":null,"abstract":"Simple Summary Simple Summary: Supplementation with rumen-protected choline (RPC) can reduce dietary metabolizable energy (ME) while maintaining optimum performance, thus contributing to reducing production costs by saving grain which is the primary source of energy in the diet. Previous papers have reported on the interaction effects of ME level and RPC supplementation on production outcomes in dairy cattle and growing goats. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of ME level and RPC supplementation on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, serum energy, lipid, and protein profiles of Karayaka lambs. In conclusion, the supplementation of RPC at 0 and 5 g/kg did not affect lamb growth performance and carcass characteristics. Given the lack of significant improvements in performance metrics, RPC supplementation would not result in net cost savings. However, it may play a role in modulating nitrogen metabolism under different dietary energy conditions, as indicated by the significant reduction in serum urea-N levels. The results of the current study indicate that there is no benefit to be gained from the supplementation of RPC in the low-energy diet of fattening lambs. Abstract This study aimed to examine the effects of metabolizable energy (ME) level and rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, serum energy, lipid, and protein profiles of Karayaka lambs. Twenty-eight Karayaka lambs, with an initial body weight (BW) of 26.85 ± 0.26 kg, were randomly assigned (2 × 2 factorial design) to one of four dietary treatments with two levels of ME (optimum: 2750 or low: 2500 kcal ME/kg dry matter) and two levels of RPC (0 or 4 g/d/lamb). Lambs of each group were housed in individual pens. The experiment lasted 66 d, with the first 10 d consisting of acclimation and the next 56 d of the formal experimental period. The data on BW, dietary matter intake (DMI), and serum glucose concentrations confirm that our model successfully induced low energy using 250 kcal/kg less energy than the optimum level. RPC supplementation did not significantly affect average daily DMI, total average daily gain (ADG), or feed conversion ratio (FCR) at any energy level. Additionally, there was no substantial effect on carcass characteristics, meat quality, serum lipids, energy metabolism indicators, and liver function parameters. There was also no interaction effect of RPC × ME on the parameters tested. However, at 56 d into the experiment, the interaction effect of RPC × ME on serum urea-N was highly significant, and RPC supplementation led to lower serum urea-N levels (p = 0.001). These results suggest that while RPC supplementation did not enhance overall performance and carcass characteristics in Karayaka lambs, it may play a role in modulating nitrogen metabolism, as indicated by the significant reduction in serum urea-N levels.","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":"116 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141414300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Rodríguez-Rodríguez, M. Sánchez-Muros, María del Carmen Vargas-García, Ágnes Timea Varga, D. Fabrikov, F. Barroso
Simple Summary Insects, because of their protein content and environmental advantages, have been considered a promising alternative to other traditional protein sources. The black soldier fly (BSFL) is one of the most studied insects given its use as an alternative feed for farmed animals (mammals, poultry, and fish). This study investigated the effect of the method of slaughter (freezing, blanching, Melacide® + freezing, and liquid nitrogen slaughter) and drying temperature (50, 70, and 90 °C) on the protein digestibility, proximal composition, and organic matter digestibility of BSFL meal. The results show that the best slaughter methods were slaughtering with liquid nitrogen and blanching, and 70 °C was the drying temperature that showed the best digestibility results while maintaining good hygienic–sanitary conditions. Abstract In recent years, the potential of insects as a sustainable protein alternative to feed the growing world population has been explored. Differences in the ways insects are processed can affect their proximate composition and digestibility. This work studied the effects of the combination of different types of slaughter methods and drying temperatures on the proximate composition, organic matter digestibility (OMd), hydrolysis degree (DH/NH2 and DH/100 g DM), total hydrolysis (TH), and hygienic and sanitary characteristics of BSFL (black soldier fly larvae) meal. Four types of slaughter methods were used including freezing (F), blanching + freezing (B), Melacide® + freezing (M), and liquid nitrogen slaughter (N). Each of these was used with three drying temperatures (50, 70, and 90 °C). A negative correlation between the acid detergent fiber (ADF) and protein digestibility parameters was obtained. The most suitable drying temperature was 70 °C, as it produced higher values of protein digestibility (DH and TH), resulting in hygienic and sanitary conditions suitable for food use. Slaughtering with liquid nitrogen and blanching was more conducive to achieving high protein digestibility results than traditional freezing or the use of Melacide®.
{"title":"The Effects of Slaughter Methods and Drying Temperatures on the Protein Hydrolysis of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal","authors":"María Rodríguez-Rodríguez, M. Sánchez-Muros, María del Carmen Vargas-García, Ágnes Timea Varga, D. Fabrikov, F. Barroso","doi":"10.3390/ani14111709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111709","url":null,"abstract":"Simple Summary Insects, because of their protein content and environmental advantages, have been considered a promising alternative to other traditional protein sources. The black soldier fly (BSFL) is one of the most studied insects given its use as an alternative feed for farmed animals (mammals, poultry, and fish). This study investigated the effect of the method of slaughter (freezing, blanching, Melacide® + freezing, and liquid nitrogen slaughter) and drying temperature (50, 70, and 90 °C) on the protein digestibility, proximal composition, and organic matter digestibility of BSFL meal. The results show that the best slaughter methods were slaughtering with liquid nitrogen and blanching, and 70 °C was the drying temperature that showed the best digestibility results while maintaining good hygienic–sanitary conditions. Abstract In recent years, the potential of insects as a sustainable protein alternative to feed the growing world population has been explored. Differences in the ways insects are processed can affect their proximate composition and digestibility. This work studied the effects of the combination of different types of slaughter methods and drying temperatures on the proximate composition, organic matter digestibility (OMd), hydrolysis degree (DH/NH2 and DH/100 g DM), total hydrolysis (TH), and hygienic and sanitary characteristics of BSFL (black soldier fly larvae) meal. Four types of slaughter methods were used including freezing (F), blanching + freezing (B), Melacide® + freezing (M), and liquid nitrogen slaughter (N). Each of these was used with three drying temperatures (50, 70, and 90 °C). A negative correlation between the acid detergent fiber (ADF) and protein digestibility parameters was obtained. The most suitable drying temperature was 70 °C, as it produced higher values of protein digestibility (DH and TH), resulting in hygienic and sanitary conditions suitable for food use. Slaughtering with liquid nitrogen and blanching was more conducive to achieving high protein digestibility results than traditional freezing or the use of Melacide®.","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":"60 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141404215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simple Summary The welfare of farmed fish is crucial in aquaculture, requiring demanding attention to ensure their health and safety throughout the farming process. Stress and pain experienced by fish have profound implications for their overall well-being, highlighting the importance of mitigating these factors. Enhancing fish welfare promotes the sustainability of aquaculture and fortifies fish resilience against stressors. Despite significant advancements in production and species diversity in Korean aquaculture, the welfare of farmed fish remains largely neglected. To address potential welfare issues in the farming process, we conducted an analysis focusing on olive flounder, a staple species in Korean aquaculture. We identified welfare concerns relevant to olive flounder farming, laying the foundation for the development of robust welfare standards and the promotion of ethical and responsible practices in Korean aquaculture. Abstract Korean aquaculture has expanded considerably in recent decades; however, this growth has often prioritized quantity over fish welfare. Therefore, we analyzed the aquaculture practices of olive flounder, the predominant species in Korean consumption and production, within the framework of fish welfare. We conducted extensive interviews and surveys across olive flounder farms in Jeju-do and Wando to examine prevalent issues impacting fish welfare in aquaculture. These issues include stressors, mass mortality events, and disease outbreaks, all of which strain the welfare of farmed fish. Moreover, our survey revealed farmers’ varying perceptions of fish welfare, highlighting the necessity for a cohesive approach. Accordingly, we propose recommendations to enhance fish welfare and establish a more sustainable aquaculture model in Korea. Ensuring fish welfare in aquaculture operations requires a comprehensive approach that considers the physiological and behavioral needs of fish throughout the farming lifecycle. By prioritizing fish welfare, Korean aquaculture can strengthen its growth while maintaining ethical standards and ensuring the well-being of farmed fish. This welfare-centric approach is crucial for the long-term sustainability and resilience of the Korean aquaculture industry. By addressing welfare concerns and promoting responsible practices, Korean aquaculture can foster an ethically sound and sustainable future.
{"title":"Fish Welfare-Related Issues and Their Relevance in Land-Based Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Farms in Korea","authors":"Seoyeon Oh, Seunghyung Lee","doi":"10.3390/ani14111693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111693","url":null,"abstract":"Simple Summary The welfare of farmed fish is crucial in aquaculture, requiring demanding attention to ensure their health and safety throughout the farming process. Stress and pain experienced by fish have profound implications for their overall well-being, highlighting the importance of mitigating these factors. Enhancing fish welfare promotes the sustainability of aquaculture and fortifies fish resilience against stressors. Despite significant advancements in production and species diversity in Korean aquaculture, the welfare of farmed fish remains largely neglected. To address potential welfare issues in the farming process, we conducted an analysis focusing on olive flounder, a staple species in Korean aquaculture. We identified welfare concerns relevant to olive flounder farming, laying the foundation for the development of robust welfare standards and the promotion of ethical and responsible practices in Korean aquaculture. Abstract Korean aquaculture has expanded considerably in recent decades; however, this growth has often prioritized quantity over fish welfare. Therefore, we analyzed the aquaculture practices of olive flounder, the predominant species in Korean consumption and production, within the framework of fish welfare. We conducted extensive interviews and surveys across olive flounder farms in Jeju-do and Wando to examine prevalent issues impacting fish welfare in aquaculture. These issues include stressors, mass mortality events, and disease outbreaks, all of which strain the welfare of farmed fish. Moreover, our survey revealed farmers’ varying perceptions of fish welfare, highlighting the necessity for a cohesive approach. Accordingly, we propose recommendations to enhance fish welfare and establish a more sustainable aquaculture model in Korea. Ensuring fish welfare in aquaculture operations requires a comprehensive approach that considers the physiological and behavioral needs of fish throughout the farming lifecycle. By prioritizing fish welfare, Korean aquaculture can strengthen its growth while maintaining ethical standards and ensuring the well-being of farmed fish. This welfare-centric approach is crucial for the long-term sustainability and resilience of the Korean aquaculture industry. By addressing welfare concerns and promoting responsible practices, Korean aquaculture can foster an ethically sound and sustainable future.","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":"32 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141410535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Prims, C. Van Ginneken, X. Van Ostade, Christophe Casteleyn
Simple Summary Piglets raised at a farm for meat production experience stress that affects their welfare. Recently, it has been demonstrated that several salivary proteins are up- or down-regulated in stressful situations. These could, therefore, be used as biomarkers for stress. This review revisits the definition of stress and defines the protein composition of porcine saliva to finally propose a panel of six salivary stress biomarkers. Abstract Identifying the potential presence of stress at the pig farm is fundamental since it affects pig welfare. As a result, a reliable and straightforward tool to monitor stress could record the welfare status of the animals. Although numerous methods to assess the welfare of pigs have been developed in the past, no gold standard has been established yet. Recently, the value of saliva as a tool to identify chronic stress in piglets was explored, as it can be collected fast and non-invasively. Since the protein composition, i.e., the proteome of porcine saliva, responds to stress, the affected proteins could be used as salivary stress biomarkers. The present review first defines stress and its relationship with welfare. Next, the porcine gland-specific salivary proteome is characterized. Finally, six potential salivary biomarkers for stress are proposed, i.e., odorant-binding protein, vomeromodulin-like protein, chitinase, lipocalin-1, long palate lung and nasal epithelium protein, and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein.
{"title":"Welfare Assessment in Pigs Using the Salivary Proteome","authors":"S. Prims, C. Van Ginneken, X. Van Ostade, Christophe Casteleyn","doi":"10.3390/ani14111703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111703","url":null,"abstract":"Simple Summary Piglets raised at a farm for meat production experience stress that affects their welfare. Recently, it has been demonstrated that several salivary proteins are up- or down-regulated in stressful situations. These could, therefore, be used as biomarkers for stress. This review revisits the definition of stress and defines the protein composition of porcine saliva to finally propose a panel of six salivary stress biomarkers. Abstract Identifying the potential presence of stress at the pig farm is fundamental since it affects pig welfare. As a result, a reliable and straightforward tool to monitor stress could record the welfare status of the animals. Although numerous methods to assess the welfare of pigs have been developed in the past, no gold standard has been established yet. Recently, the value of saliva as a tool to identify chronic stress in piglets was explored, as it can be collected fast and non-invasively. Since the protein composition, i.e., the proteome of porcine saliva, responds to stress, the affected proteins could be used as salivary stress biomarkers. The present review first defines stress and its relationship with welfare. Next, the porcine gland-specific salivary proteome is characterized. Finally, six potential salivary biomarkers for stress are proposed, i.e., odorant-binding protein, vomeromodulin-like protein, chitinase, lipocalin-1, long palate lung and nasal epithelium protein, and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein.","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":"85 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141411784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mezzasalma, G. Odierna, R. Macirella, Elvira Brunelli
Simple Summary Chromosome changes represent important events in evolution. They may trigger processes of speciation or be the result of phylogenetic diversification. In both cases they can represent discrete evolutionary markers of taxonomic significance. In this contribution, we performed a comparative cytogenetic analysis on several representatives of the Malagasy ground geckos of the genus Paroedura. Our results show that chromosome variability in this genus involves chromosome number, morphology, and the independent differentiation of sex chromosome systems in distinct evolutionary lineages. We also highlight that the taxonomic, genetic and chromosome diversity in Paroedura is still underestimated. Abstract We present a comparative chromosome study of several taxa of the Malagasy ground geckos of the Paroedura bastardi and P. picta species groups. We employed a preliminary molecular analysis using a trait of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (of about 570 bp) to assess the taxonomic status of the samples studied and a cytogenetic analysis with standard karyotyping (5% Giemsa solution), silver staining (Ag–NOR staining) and sequential C-banding (C-banding + Giemsa and + fluorochromes). Our results show that all the taxa studied of the P. bastardi group (P. ibityensis, P. rennerae and P. cf. guibeae) have a similar karyotype composed of 2n = 34 chromosomes, with two metacentric pairs (1 and 3) and all other pairs being acrocentric. Chromosome diversification in the P. bastardi group was mainly linked to the diversification of heteromorphic sex chromosome systems (ZZ/ZW) in P. ibityensis and P. rennerae, while no heteromorphic sex chromosome pair was found in P. cf. guibeae. The two taxa investigated of the P. picta species group (here named P. picta and P. cf. picta based on molecular data) showed the same chromosome number of 2n = 36, mostly acrocentric elements, but differed in the number of metacentric elements, probably as a result of an inversion at chromosome pair 2. We highlight that the genus Paroedura is characterized by the independent diversification of heterogametic sex chromosomes in different evolutionary lineages and, similarly to other phylogenetically related gecko genera, by a progressive formation of a biarmed element by means of tandem fusions and inversions of distinct pairs.
简单摘要 染色体变化是进化过程中的重要事件。它们可能引发物种的分化过程，也可能是系统发育多样化的结果。在这两种情况下，它们都可能代表具有分类学意义的离散进化标记。在本文中，我们对马达加斯加地壁虎属 Paroedura 的几个代表物种进行了细胞遗传学比较分析。我们的研究结果表明，该属的染色体变异涉及染色体数目、形态以及性染色体系统在不同进化系中的独立分化。我们还强调，Paroedura 的分类、遗传和染色体多样性仍被低估。摘要 我们对马达加斯加地壁虎 Paroedura bastardi 和 P. picta 物种群的几个类群进行了染色体比较研究。我们利用线粒体 16S rRNA 基因（约 570 bp）的性状进行了初步分子分析，以评估所研究样本的分类地位，并利用标准核型（5% Giemsa 溶液）、银染色（Ag-NOR 染色）和连续 C 带（C 带 + Giemsa 和 + 荧光）进行了细胞遗传学分析。我们的研究结果表明，所研究的 P. bastardi 群的所有类群（P. ibityensis、P. rennerae 和 P. cf. guibeae）都具有相似的核型，由 2n = 34 条染色体组成，其中有两对元中心染色体（1 号和 3 号），其他所有对都是渐中心染色体。P. bastardi 组的染色体多样化主要与 P. ibityensis 和 P. rennerae 中异形性染色体系统（ZZ/ZW）的多样化有关，而在 P. cf. guibeae 中没有发现异形性染色体对。picta 和 P. cf. picta）的染色体数目相同，均为 2n = 36，多数为尖心型元素，但偏心型元素的数目不同，这可能是第 2 对染色体倒位的结果。我们强调，Paroedura 属的特点是在不同进化系中异源性染色体的独立多样化，而且与其他系统发育相关的壁虎属类似，通过不同对的串联融合和倒位，逐步形成了双臂元素。
{"title":"Comparative Cytogenetics of the Malagasy Ground Geckos of the Paroedura bastardi and Paroedura picta Species Groups","authors":"M. Mezzasalma, G. Odierna, R. Macirella, Elvira Brunelli","doi":"10.3390/ani14111708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111708","url":null,"abstract":"Simple Summary Chromosome changes represent important events in evolution. They may trigger processes of speciation or be the result of phylogenetic diversification. In both cases they can represent discrete evolutionary markers of taxonomic significance. In this contribution, we performed a comparative cytogenetic analysis on several representatives of the Malagasy ground geckos of the genus Paroedura. Our results show that chromosome variability in this genus involves chromosome number, morphology, and the independent differentiation of sex chromosome systems in distinct evolutionary lineages. We also highlight that the taxonomic, genetic and chromosome diversity in Paroedura is still underestimated. Abstract We present a comparative chromosome study of several taxa of the Malagasy ground geckos of the Paroedura bastardi and P. picta species groups. We employed a preliminary molecular analysis using a trait of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (of about 570 bp) to assess the taxonomic status of the samples studied and a cytogenetic analysis with standard karyotyping (5% Giemsa solution), silver staining (Ag–NOR staining) and sequential C-banding (C-banding + Giemsa and + fluorochromes). Our results show that all the taxa studied of the P. bastardi group (P. ibityensis, P. rennerae and P. cf. guibeae) have a similar karyotype composed of 2n = 34 chromosomes, with two metacentric pairs (1 and 3) and all other pairs being acrocentric. Chromosome diversification in the P. bastardi group was mainly linked to the diversification of heteromorphic sex chromosome systems (ZZ/ZW) in P. ibityensis and P. rennerae, while no heteromorphic sex chromosome pair was found in P. cf. guibeae. The two taxa investigated of the P. picta species group (here named P. picta and P. cf. picta based on molecular data) showed the same chromosome number of 2n = 36, mostly acrocentric elements, but differed in the number of metacentric elements, probably as a result of an inversion at chromosome pair 2. We highlight that the genus Paroedura is characterized by the independent diversification of heterogametic sex chromosomes in different evolutionary lineages and, similarly to other phylogenetically related gecko genera, by a progressive formation of a biarmed element by means of tandem fusions and inversions of distinct pairs.","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":"13 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141394914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diana J. Kennedy, Helena M. T. Ferreira, M. Dobromylskyj, Stefan Hobi, A. Almendros, P. Bęczkowski
Simple Summary Myelolipoma of the spleen is a benign tumour rarely described in cats. These masses typically do not spread to other organs, but their growth can push or displace surrounding tissues and lead to pain or discomfort. In this report we describe a cat that presented to the veterinarian with a history of poor appetite and weight loss. Following thorough diagnostic investigations, presenting complaints were attributed to the intra-abdominal growth of a splenic mass. The mass was removed surgically, but the patient died in the recovery period. This case report highlights the need for careful assessment of a risk–benefit ratio when approaching this rare form of neoplasm in cats. Abstract Myelolipoma is a benign, typically inert neoplasm of uncertain aetiology that is rarely reported in cats. Although commonly asymptomatic, in some cases, myelolipomas can cause abdominal discomfort or present with rupture and haemorrhage. Here, we describe a rare case of a splenic myelolipoma in a Domestic Long Hair cat in which, after extensive diagnostic investigations, clinical signs of hyporexia and weight loss were attributable to the presence of an intra-abdominal mass. The patient was treated by splenectomy and unexpectedly died during the post-operative period. Although splenectomy appears to be a sensible intervention in symptomatic patients, the optimal management of splenic myelolipomas in cats remains unknown. The risk–benefit ratio of surgical management needs to be carefully considered, and therapeutic intervention should be tailored individually to each patient.
{"title":"Splenic Myelolipomas in the Domestic Cat—To Operate or Not to Operate?","authors":"Diana J. Kennedy, Helena M. T. Ferreira, M. Dobromylskyj, Stefan Hobi, A. Almendros, P. Bęczkowski","doi":"10.3390/ani14111700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111700","url":null,"abstract":"Simple Summary Myelolipoma of the spleen is a benign tumour rarely described in cats. These masses typically do not spread to other organs, but their growth can push or displace surrounding tissues and lead to pain or discomfort. In this report we describe a cat that presented to the veterinarian with a history of poor appetite and weight loss. Following thorough diagnostic investigations, presenting complaints were attributed to the intra-abdominal growth of a splenic mass. The mass was removed surgically, but the patient died in the recovery period. This case report highlights the need for careful assessment of a risk–benefit ratio when approaching this rare form of neoplasm in cats. Abstract Myelolipoma is a benign, typically inert neoplasm of uncertain aetiology that is rarely reported in cats. Although commonly asymptomatic, in some cases, myelolipomas can cause abdominal discomfort or present with rupture and haemorrhage. Here, we describe a rare case of a splenic myelolipoma in a Domestic Long Hair cat in which, after extensive diagnostic investigations, clinical signs of hyporexia and weight loss were attributable to the presence of an intra-abdominal mass. The patient was treated by splenectomy and unexpectedly died during the post-operative period. Although splenectomy appears to be a sensible intervention in symptomatic patients, the optimal management of splenic myelolipomas in cats remains unknown. The risk–benefit ratio of surgical management needs to be carefully considered, and therapeutic intervention should be tailored individually to each patient.","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":"205 S629","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141413471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Leite, Lia Vasconcelos, Sandra Rodrigues, E. Pereira, Rubén Domínguez-Valencia, J. Lorenzo, A. Teixeira
Simple Summary The use of olive cake in animal feed can be utilized for purposes that go beyond nutritional needs, in the sense of a circular economy. This study has shown that the use of olive cake does not negatively affect the physico-chemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of the final product (shoulder), which allows us to utilize this highly environmentally harmful by-product. This study also looked at the effect of curing times (fresh, 6 and 12 months curing) and, as expected, curing time was highly significant. The effect of three different shoulder muscles was also studied, and there were different behaviours due to the more external or internal location of the muscles. Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the following effects: (1) the inclusion of olive in the animal’s diet on the dry-cured shoulder; (2) the effect of curing on three different muscles (infraspinatus, supraspinatus, and subscapular); (3) the effect of different curing times (fresh shoulder, 6 months curing, and 12 months curing). For this purpose, forty shoulders were used, followed by a cold nitrite-free curing process with controlled humidity and temperature, according to the flowchart of a company that implements highly stringent standards in terms of food safety and quality. Samples were evaluated for their physicochemical composition and lipid profile. All the physicochemical composition parameters were significantly different (p < 0.001) in the three muscles studied. As might be expected, the curing times from the fresh product to the final product were also significantly different for all the parameters studied in this work. Regarding the inclusion of olive cake, it was found that treatment with a base diet + 10% exhausted olive cake (T4) showed higher levels for the parameters NaCl, collagen, and total fat. As for the fatty acid profile, in general, the olive did not influence the final product. On the other hand, we found that the type of muscle and the curing time of the cured shoulder had a significant influence on the fatty acid profile. We should also point out that there are significant differences in the interaction between curing time and muscle, particularly in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as well as the lipid quality indices. Canonical discriminant analysis is viable for evaluating the evolution of the curing process, discriminating and classifying curing times, and evaluating the muscles of the Bísaro pork shoulder. Also, the introduction of olive cake into the animal diet does not affect the final product obtained.
{"title":"Effect of Olive Cake in Bísaro Pig Feed on Physicochemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Three Different Muscles of Dry-Cured Shoulder","authors":"A. Leite, Lia Vasconcelos, Sandra Rodrigues, E. Pereira, Rubén Domínguez-Valencia, J. Lorenzo, A. Teixeira","doi":"10.3390/ani14111697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111697","url":null,"abstract":"Simple Summary The use of olive cake in animal feed can be utilized for purposes that go beyond nutritional needs, in the sense of a circular economy. This study has shown that the use of olive cake does not negatively affect the physico-chemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of the final product (shoulder), which allows us to utilize this highly environmentally harmful by-product. This study also looked at the effect of curing times (fresh, 6 and 12 months curing) and, as expected, curing time was highly significant. The effect of three different shoulder muscles was also studied, and there were different behaviours due to the more external or internal location of the muscles. Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the following effects: (1) the inclusion of olive in the animal’s diet on the dry-cured shoulder; (2) the effect of curing on three different muscles (infraspinatus, supraspinatus, and subscapular); (3) the effect of different curing times (fresh shoulder, 6 months curing, and 12 months curing). For this purpose, forty shoulders were used, followed by a cold nitrite-free curing process with controlled humidity and temperature, according to the flowchart of a company that implements highly stringent standards in terms of food safety and quality. Samples were evaluated for their physicochemical composition and lipid profile. All the physicochemical composition parameters were significantly different (p < 0.001) in the three muscles studied. As might be expected, the curing times from the fresh product to the final product were also significantly different for all the parameters studied in this work. Regarding the inclusion of olive cake, it was found that treatment with a base diet + 10% exhausted olive cake (T4) showed higher levels for the parameters NaCl, collagen, and total fat. As for the fatty acid profile, in general, the olive did not influence the final product. On the other hand, we found that the type of muscle and the curing time of the cured shoulder had a significant influence on the fatty acid profile. We should also point out that there are significant differences in the interaction between curing time and muscle, particularly in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as well as the lipid quality indices. Canonical discriminant analysis is viable for evaluating the evolution of the curing process, discriminating and classifying curing times, and evaluating the muscles of the Bísaro pork shoulder. Also, the introduction of olive cake into the animal diet does not affect the final product obtained.","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":"3 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141392061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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