Abstract In the wake of the discussions in the European Union about how to cope with Greek indebtedness, Greece has insisted on German repayment of the ‘Forced Loan’ (Zwangsanleihe) transacted during the Second World War. As yet, the legal and economic status of this financial transaction has not been clearly determined. Clarification in this regard would represent an important prerequisite for assessing the lawfulness of Greek claims. Instead, the lack of definition of the ‘Forced Loan’ has led to fierce arguments in the media; even in academic discourse, interpretation of the historical documents has been characterised by emotional opinions and rhetorical attacks. The author contributes to the discussion by offering in-depth insights into the historical context by considering sources that until now have received little to no attention.
{"title":"The Greek ‘Forced Loan’ during the Second World War. Demand for Reparations or Restitution?","authors":"J. Kilian","doi":"10.1515/soeu-2016-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2016-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the wake of the discussions in the European Union about how to cope with Greek indebtedness, Greece has insisted on German repayment of the ‘Forced Loan’ (Zwangsanleihe) transacted during the Second World War. As yet, the legal and economic status of this financial transaction has not been clearly determined. Clarification in this regard would represent an important prerequisite for assessing the lawfulness of Greek claims. Instead, the lack of definition of the ‘Forced Loan’ has led to fierce arguments in the media; even in academic discourse, interpretation of the historical documents has been characterised by emotional opinions and rhetorical attacks. The author contributes to the discussion by offering in-depth insights into the historical context by considering sources that until now have received little to no attention.","PeriodicalId":51954,"journal":{"name":"Sudosteuropa","volume":"64 1","pages":"108 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/soeu-2016-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67294947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper analyses the memories of Belgrade residents of the 1999 NATO bombing of Serbia (then part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). By focusing on the memories of this event, yet placing them in a broader context of the conflicts of the 1990s—the breakup of Yugoslavia and the post-Yugoslav wars—this essay explores what international intervention has meant to respondents in Belgrade by documenting memories of international intervention among older and younger generations, as well as among active members of antiwar NGOs in Serbia and citizens who were not engaged in activism during the 1990s. The paper aims to expand the scope of the discussions on dealing with the past and on transitional justice in the Western Balkans and to place them in the context of social memory studies and the study of post-conflict transformation processes. Furthermore, by presenting the case study of Serbia, this text contributes to the analysis of local mnemonic batt les as part of the creation of collective memories of the 1990s in post-Milošević Serbia, and it sheds light on the memories of the bombing as related to the war in Kosovo and the subsequent effects on shaping postwar Serbia–Kosovo relations.
{"title":"Memories of the 1999 NATO Bombing in Belgrade, Serbia","authors":"Orli Fridman","doi":"10.1515/soeu-2016-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2016-0041","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper analyses the memories of Belgrade residents of the 1999 NATO bombing of Serbia (then part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). By focusing on the memories of this event, yet placing them in a broader context of the conflicts of the 1990s—the breakup of Yugoslavia and the post-Yugoslav wars—this essay explores what international intervention has meant to respondents in Belgrade by documenting memories of international intervention among older and younger generations, as well as among active members of antiwar NGOs in Serbia and citizens who were not engaged in activism during the 1990s. The paper aims to expand the scope of the discussions on dealing with the past and on transitional justice in the Western Balkans and to place them in the context of social memory studies and the study of post-conflict transformation processes. Furthermore, by presenting the case study of Serbia, this text contributes to the analysis of local mnemonic batt les as part of the creation of collective memories of the 1990s in post-Milošević Serbia, and it sheds light on the memories of the bombing as related to the war in Kosovo and the subsequent effects on shaping postwar Serbia–Kosovo relations.","PeriodicalId":51954,"journal":{"name":"Sudosteuropa","volume":"64 1","pages":"438 - 459"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/soeu-2016-0041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67295912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article analyses how NATO’s bombing of Serbia has been officially commemorated in that country. Initially, it provides an overview of the commemorations performed between 2000 and 2013, covering both the commemorative practices and policies of leading Serbian politicians and alternative voices. The focus then turns to the fifteenth anniversary of the bombing in 2014. Just as in previous commemorations, there was no central ceremony, but, rather, a series of commemorative events held all over the country. The controversies that these aroused are then discussed, in particular those surrounding the commemoration of Radio Television Serbia’s employees and the spontaneous commemorative acts that took place in Serbian schools.
{"title":"Official Commemoration of the NATO Bombing of Serbia. A Case Study of the Fifteenth Anniversary","authors":"M. Mandić","doi":"10.1515/soeu-2016-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2016-0042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article analyses how NATO’s bombing of Serbia has been officially commemorated in that country. Initially, it provides an overview of the commemorations performed between 2000 and 2013, covering both the commemorative practices and policies of leading Serbian politicians and alternative voices. The focus then turns to the fifteenth anniversary of the bombing in 2014. Just as in previous commemorations, there was no central ceremony, but, rather, a series of commemorative events held all over the country. The controversies that these aroused are then discussed, in particular those surrounding the commemoration of Radio Television Serbia’s employees and the spontaneous commemorative acts that took place in Serbian schools.","PeriodicalId":51954,"journal":{"name":"Sudosteuropa","volume":"49 1","pages":"460 - 481"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/soeu-2016-0042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67296271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Large scale war-displacement during the 1990s in Bosnia and Herzegovina greatly altered the demography of that country and caused severe damage to its social fabric. However, until now few studies have addressed the nexus of social capital and reintegration there in areas with high rates of return. This study is focused on relational practices relevant to the social environment and people in Prijedor, Zvornik, and Novo Goražde, three well-known returnee municipalities. This author’s findings suggest that reintegration is critically linked to mobilisation of various forms of social capital during all phases of the return process, and point to overlooked grass-roots activism which goes on despite the unfavourable political and socio-economic situation in the country. Positive development takes place when there is little political interference at local community level in a strong civil society. It requires strong leaders and social initiative takers among formal and informal returnee associations as well as resourceful individual returnees, all of which working together shape and lead reintegration activities.
{"title":"Bosnian ‘Returnee Voices’ Communicating Experiences of Successful Reintegration. The Social Capital and Sustainable Return Nexus in Bosnia and Herzegovina","authors":"S. Porobič","doi":"10.1515/soeu-2016-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2016-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Large scale war-displacement during the 1990s in Bosnia and Herzegovina greatly altered the demography of that country and caused severe damage to its social fabric. However, until now few studies have addressed the nexus of social capital and reintegration there in areas with high rates of return. This study is focused on relational practices relevant to the social environment and people in Prijedor, Zvornik, and Novo Goražde, three well-known returnee municipalities. This author’s findings suggest that reintegration is critically linked to mobilisation of various forms of social capital during all phases of the return process, and point to overlooked grass-roots activism which goes on despite the unfavourable political and socio-economic situation in the country. Positive development takes place when there is little political interference at local community level in a strong civil society. It requires strong leaders and social initiative takers among formal and informal returnee associations as well as resourceful individual returnees, all of which working together shape and lead reintegration activities.","PeriodicalId":51954,"journal":{"name":"Sudosteuropa","volume":"64 1","pages":"26 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/soeu-2016-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67294425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article is based on a study of migrant professionals from Macedonia who are now in Germany. It aims to assess how migrants who practise professions relate to their identities as experts who can sustain (or at least have the opportunity to sustain) relationships linking their places and societies of origin and the places where they have settled, and who can use these links to assist their careers. The results show a particular pattern: simultaneously, these migrant professionals promote their expertise as ‘transnational’, but aim to have careers that are rooted in one place.
{"title":"Transnational Experts, Rooted Careers. Migrant Professionals from Macedonia in Germany","authors":"Ana Aceska","doi":"10.1515/SOEU-2016-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/SOEU-2016-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article is based on a study of migrant professionals from Macedonia who are now in Germany. It aims to assess how migrants who practise professions relate to their identities as experts who can sustain (or at least have the opportunity to sustain) relationships linking their places and societies of origin and the places where they have settled, and who can use these links to assist their careers. The results show a particular pattern: simultaneously, these migrant professionals promote their expertise as ‘transnational’, but aim to have careers that are rooted in one place.","PeriodicalId":51954,"journal":{"name":"Sudosteuropa","volume":"64 1","pages":"79 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/SOEU-2016-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67294691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Verfassungskonflikte zwischen Politik und Recht in Südosteuropa","authors":"Andreas Raffeiner","doi":"10.1515/soeu-2016-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2016-0019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51954,"journal":{"name":"Sudosteuropa","volume":"64 1","pages":"261 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/soeu-2016-0019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67295078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Despot, Hannes Grandits, Wolfgang Höpken, D. Reljić, Gabriella Schubert, Sevasti Trubeta
Abstract On the initiative of the Balkanologenverband e. V. (Association of Balkanologists), on 22 June 2016, the day before the ‘Brexit’ referendum, various experts on southeast European history and politics at Humboldt University in Berlin discussed the effects of the current crises on Europe’s southeastern periphery. In response to the dramatic events of the refugee crisis of 2015 the region oscillated between alienation from and rapprochement towards the European Union, and it has become evident that European integration has become an ever more questionable attraction for the states in the region. The participants in the discussion describe the situation after the closure of the so-called ‘Balkan route’ in March 2016 as hovering between a fragile stability and stagnation.
{"title":"Beyond the ‘Balkan route’, or Why Southeastern Europe Remains a Core Issue for Europe","authors":"Andrea Despot, Hannes Grandits, Wolfgang Höpken, D. Reljić, Gabriella Schubert, Sevasti Trubeta","doi":"10.1515/SOEU-2016-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/SOEU-2016-0032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract On the initiative of the Balkanologenverband e. V. (Association of Balkanologists), on 22 June 2016, the day before the ‘Brexit’ referendum, various experts on southeast European history and politics at Humboldt University in Berlin discussed the effects of the current crises on Europe’s southeastern periphery. In response to the dramatic events of the refugee crisis of 2015 the region oscillated between alienation from and rapprochement towards the European Union, and it has become evident that European integration has become an ever more questionable attraction for the states in the region. The participants in the discussion describe the situation after the closure of the so-called ‘Balkan route’ in March 2016 as hovering between a fragile stability and stagnation.","PeriodicalId":51954,"journal":{"name":"Sudosteuropa","volume":"64 1","pages":"381 - 395"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/SOEU-2016-0032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67295114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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