Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2019.1605573
S. Hosseini
Among the praiseworthy features of Isfahan, European travellers who visited the city throughout the seventeenth century admired the Khājū and Allāhvirdīkhān Bridges, particularly the galleries that lined their main passage and offered passers-by opportunities to rest and enjoy the breeze and expansive views of the river. Similarly, the Nūrābād Bridge and Jaunpur’s Shāhī Bridge in Mughal India, with their chhatrīs located on either side, provided comparable experiences for those traversing their length. Focusing on these four bridges, built between 1568 and 1659, this paper examines the novel architectural layout of these public structures within the framework of manzar, and argues for understanding the secondary spaces of these bridges as a thematic extension of the renowned Safavid and Mughal waterfront pavilions that were purposefully designed to engage with the surrounding landscape. As elements that were previously limited to royal and elite establishments, these viewing platforms empowered a particular mode of visual and embodied engagement with the landscape, which favoured immersion in natural settings and considered nature as a reflection of God and a text to decode – practices with roots in Turco-nomadic sensibilities towards nature, and the growth and popularity of mystic knowledge and esoteric practices in the post-Mongol eastern Islamic lands.
{"title":"Safavid and Mughal Urban Bridges: Visual and Embodied Experience of Nature","authors":"S. Hosseini","doi":"10.1080/02666030.2019.1605573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2019.1605573","url":null,"abstract":"Among the praiseworthy features of Isfahan, European travellers who visited the city throughout the seventeenth century admired the Khājū and Allāhvirdīkhān Bridges, particularly the galleries that lined their main passage and offered passers-by opportunities to rest and enjoy the breeze and expansive views of the river. Similarly, the Nūrābād Bridge and Jaunpur’s Shāhī Bridge in Mughal India, with their chhatrīs located on either side, provided comparable experiences for those traversing their length. Focusing on these four bridges, built between 1568 and 1659, this paper examines the novel architectural layout of these public structures within the framework of manzar, and argues for understanding the secondary spaces of these bridges as a thematic extension of the renowned Safavid and Mughal waterfront pavilions that were purposefully designed to engage with the surrounding landscape. As elements that were previously limited to royal and elite establishments, these viewing platforms empowered a particular mode of visual and embodied engagement with the landscape, which favoured immersion in natural settings and considered nature as a reflection of God and a text to decode – practices with roots in Turco-nomadic sensibilities towards nature, and the growth and popularity of mystic knowledge and esoteric practices in the post-Mongol eastern Islamic lands.","PeriodicalId":52006,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":"107 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02666030.2019.1605573","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72502899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2019.1605564
F. Emami
This article examines the architectural form and potential functions of two royal buildings: the Sher Mandal and the Guldasta pavilion. An octagonal tower located in the Purana Qilʿa in Delhi, the Sher Mandal was in all likelihood the library (kitāb-khāna) built by the Mughal emperor Humayun (r. 1530–56). Erected during the reign of the Safavid ruler Shah ʿAbbas I (r. 1587–1629), the now-vanished Guldasta pavilion was located south of the palace complex in Isfahan and can be studied through drawings and photographs. A close examination of the formal structure of the two buildings reveals that they belong to a distinct type of polygonal pavilion that first emerged in the late fifteenth century in the works of architecture sponsored by the Timurid dynasty (c. 1370–1405). Moreover, this comparative study opens up new venues for investigating the physical setting of the royal kitāb-khāna in Mughal and Safavid contexts.
{"title":"Royal Assemblies and Imperial Libraries: Polygonal Pavilions and Their Functions in Mughal and Safavid Architecture","authors":"F. Emami","doi":"10.1080/02666030.2019.1605564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2019.1605564","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the architectural form and potential functions of two royal buildings: the Sher Mandal and the Guldasta pavilion. An octagonal tower located in the Purana Qilʿa in Delhi, the Sher Mandal was in all likelihood the library (kitāb-khāna) built by the Mughal emperor Humayun (r. 1530–56). Erected during the reign of the Safavid ruler Shah ʿAbbas I (r. 1587–1629), the now-vanished Guldasta pavilion was located south of the palace complex in Isfahan and can be studied through drawings and photographs. A close examination of the formal structure of the two buildings reveals that they belong to a distinct type of polygonal pavilion that first emerged in the late fifteenth century in the works of architecture sponsored by the Timurid dynasty (c. 1370–1405). Moreover, this comparative study opens up new venues for investigating the physical setting of the royal kitāb-khāna in Mughal and Safavid contexts.","PeriodicalId":52006,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Studies","volume":"395 1","pages":"63 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79818027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2019.1626589
Mehreen Chida-Razvi
Undertaking a comparative examination of a particular decorative form in the architecture of the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Persianate world, this paper briefly introduces the appearance of Chini-khana in the Timurid era before examining its subsequent use in Safavid and Mughal structures. Originally created by Timurid patrons as a specific building or room to display precious Chinese porcelains, how the Chini-khana underwent parallel evolutions in Safavid and Mughal architecture is examined. While the same, or similar, architectural forms and decorative devices were at times used in different areas of the Persianate World, their evolution of form and function sometimes altered; this was the case for chini-khana. While both the Safavids and Mughals derived their awareness of it from the first Timurid Chini-khanas, each then adopted and/or adapted the original idea for their own purposes. In the architecture of both is present the continuation of an architectural device from a shared cultural history, but with differences in form, function and aesthetic desires.
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Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2019.1628690
Mehreen Chida-Razvi
This Editorial Essay introduces the importance and need for the research collected in this Special Issue. Beginning with a definition of ‘Persianate’, the space that the Mughals occupied within this geo-cultural sphere is discussed. As an integral part of not only the existing early modern-era Persianate world, but as inheritors of its cultural memory, the Mughals had an invested stake in projecting this aspect of their heritage. Architecture was one of the means through which they did this. Moving away from the normative classification of the Mughals as being a ‘South Asian’ entity, the exploration of new avenues of research in Mughal-Persianate architectural connections in Resituating Mughal Architecture in the Persianate World: New Investigations and Analyses is introduced. It is seen that the studies in this volume include research on relationships between Persian philosophy and Mughal built spaces; between the architecture and architectural decoration of the Mughals and the Safavids; and on the role poetry can play in evoking cultural memory through architectural representations. Focusing on specific topics that exemplify the shared cultural heritage of the Mughals within the Persianate world, this volume highlights that avenues for studying this topic are ongoing, still necessary and extremely viable.
{"title":"Resituating Mughal Architecture in the Persianate World: New Investigations and Analyses","authors":"Mehreen Chida-Razvi","doi":"10.1080/02666030.2019.1628690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2019.1628690","url":null,"abstract":"This Editorial Essay introduces the importance and need for the research collected in this Special Issue. Beginning with a definition of ‘Persianate’, the space that the Mughals occupied within this geo-cultural sphere is discussed. As an integral part of not only the existing early modern-era Persianate world, but as inheritors of its cultural memory, the Mughals had an invested stake in projecting this aspect of their heritage. Architecture was one of the means through which they did this. Moving away from the normative classification of the Mughals as being a ‘South Asian’ entity, the exploration of new avenues of research in Mughal-Persianate architectural connections in Resituating Mughal Architecture in the Persianate World: New Investigations and Analyses is introduced. It is seen that the studies in this volume include research on relationships between Persian philosophy and Mughal built spaces; between the architecture and architectural decoration of the Mughals and the Safavids; and on the role poetry can play in evoking cultural memory through architectural representations. Focusing on specific topics that exemplify the shared cultural heritage of the Mughals within the Persianate world, this volume highlights that avenues for studying this topic are ongoing, still necessary and extremely viable.","PeriodicalId":52006,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Studies","volume":"47 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73022132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2019.1605575
Saleema Waraich
After the devastation of Delhi in the eighteenth century, a new genre of Urdu poetry (shahrashob, ‘the disturbed city’) emerged, lamenting the fallen city and simultaneously marking the displacement of Persian as the language of court poetry. This paper considers two visual laments from this period, focusing on artistic representations that merge structures modelled after the Qila-i Mualla (the Red Fort of Delhi) with narratives of suffering and longing drawn from classical Persian poetry. These responses to Delhi’s endangered existence also register the symbolic importance of a history of sovereign Mughal power associated with the Qila and the now imperiled Persianate cosmopolitan culture from which it developed.
{"title":"A City Besieged and a Love Lamented: Representations of Delhi’s Qila-i Mualla (‘Exalted Fortress’) in the Eighteenth Century","authors":"Saleema Waraich","doi":"10.1080/02666030.2019.1605575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2019.1605575","url":null,"abstract":"After the devastation of Delhi in the eighteenth century, a new genre of Urdu poetry (shahrashob, ‘the disturbed city’) emerged, lamenting the fallen city and simultaneously marking the displacement of Persian as the language of court poetry. This paper considers two visual laments from this period, focusing on artistic representations that merge structures modelled after the Qila-i Mualla (the Red Fort of Delhi) with narratives of suffering and longing drawn from classical Persian poetry. These responses to Delhi’s endangered existence also register the symbolic importance of a history of sovereign Mughal power associated with the Qila and the now imperiled Persianate cosmopolitan culture from which it developed.","PeriodicalId":52006,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Studies","volume":"41 1","pages":"145 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74584457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2019.1605574
Santhi Kavuri-Bauer
In this article, I examine the structures and spatial dynamics of Fatehpur Sikri to show how the overall design of the Mughal capital city was informed by Islamic philosophy and ethical texts known as akhlaq. Both discourses used the concept of the city to theorize how the ideals of justice could be materialized. After creating an interpretative framework based on these texts, I focus on four spaces of interaction at Fatehpur Sikri, the Jami Masjid, Diwan-i Aam, Ibadat Khana, and markets, to show how the phenomenology of Peripatetic Islamic philosophy, later translated for Mongol kings by Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201–74), influenced the meaning of the city. Through this investigation, I argue that Fatehpur Sikri was a means of bringing the ethical concepts of Persianate philosophy to life in sixteenth-century Mughal India and introducing a new set of social and religious norms to the people.
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Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2018.1524200
K. Behrendt
1. Prabhu Mohapatra, “‘Restoring the Family’: Wife Murders and the Making of a Sexual Contract for Indian Immigrant Labour in the British Caribbean Colonies, 1860-1920”, Studies in History, Vol. 11, No.2 (New Delhi: Sage,1995) p.p. 227-260. The very making of the legal conceptions of a ‘family’ is seen here at the turn of the century, by the author, to be coeval with the decline of the indenture system and the consequent replacement of the same with the family labour of the ex-indentured labour. The very making of this legal concept of the ‘family’ is seen here, at the cost of the women workers who were made to transform into the reproducer of the labour from a wage earning worker. It highlights specifically the price paid by the women in the change in the form of labour from ‘indenture’ to ‘free wage work’. Other works for example, Brij V. Lal, Chalo Jahaji: on a journey through indenture in Fiji, (Canberra: Australian National University E Press, 2012), also highlight especially the experience of women workers in plantations being blamed for the ‘failure’ of the system of indenture even as its very structure compounded the conditions of murders, mortality and suicides in the plantations. While the latter deals with the period of indenture and the former tracks the changes from one system to another, Gaiutra Bahadur historicizes the experience of the coolie woman through the structures of violence that survived the history of indenture and free wage work to the present. However, by placing the coolie woman at the center of the narrative of indenture, she has outlined the possibility of many histories that such a narrative can beget, when it tries to push against the historical coordinates that make itself, thereby providing narratives of women who succeed in challenging the violence as well.
1. Prabhu Mohapatra，““恢复家庭”:1860-1920年英国加勒比殖民地印度移民劳工的妻子谋杀和性契约的制定”，《历史研究》第11卷第2期(新德里:Sage,1995年)第227-260页。在世纪之交，“家庭”这一法律概念的形成，在作者看来，是与契约制度的衰落同时发生的，随之而来的是契约劳工的家庭劳动取代了契约劳工。从这里可以看到，“家庭”这个法律概念的形成是以女工为代价的，她们被迫从挣工资的工人转变为劳动的再生产者。它特别强调了妇女在劳动形式从“契约”到“免费工资工作”的变化中所付出的代价。其他作品，例如Brij V. Lal, Chalo Jahaji:在斐济的契约之旅(堪培拉:澳大利亚国立大学E出版社，2012)，也特别强调了种植园中女性工人的经历，她们被指责为契约制度的“失败”，即使其结构本身加剧了种植园中谋杀、死亡和自杀的情况。而后者处理的是契约时期，前者跟踪从一个系统到另一个系统的变化，Gaiutra Bahadur通过在契约和免费工资工作的历史中幸存下来的暴力结构将苦力妇女的经历历史化。然而，通过将苦力女性置于契约叙事的中心，她勾勒出了这种叙事可以产生的许多历史的可能性，当它试图推翻自己形成的历史坐标时，从而提供了成功挑战暴力的女性的叙事。
{"title":"Charles Masson and the Buddhist Sites of Afghanistan: Explorations, Excavations, Collections 1832–1835","authors":"K. Behrendt","doi":"10.1080/02666030.2018.1524200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2018.1524200","url":null,"abstract":"1. Prabhu Mohapatra, “‘Restoring the Family’: Wife Murders and the Making of a Sexual Contract for Indian Immigrant Labour in the British Caribbean Colonies, 1860-1920”, Studies in History, Vol. 11, No.2 (New Delhi: Sage,1995) p.p. 227-260. The very making of the legal conceptions of a ‘family’ is seen here at the turn of the century, by the author, to be coeval with the decline of the indenture system and the consequent replacement of the same with the family labour of the ex-indentured labour. The very making of this legal concept of the ‘family’ is seen here, at the cost of the women workers who were made to transform into the reproducer of the labour from a wage earning worker. It highlights specifically the price paid by the women in the change in the form of labour from ‘indenture’ to ‘free wage work’. Other works for example, Brij V. Lal, Chalo Jahaji: on a journey through indenture in Fiji, (Canberra: Australian National University E Press, 2012), also highlight especially the experience of women workers in plantations being blamed for the ‘failure’ of the system of indenture even as its very structure compounded the conditions of murders, mortality and suicides in the plantations. While the latter deals with the period of indenture and the former tracks the changes from one system to another, Gaiutra Bahadur historicizes the experience of the coolie woman through the structures of violence that survived the history of indenture and free wage work to the present. However, by placing the coolie woman at the center of the narrative of indenture, she has outlined the possibility of many histories that such a narrative can beget, when it tries to push against the historical coordinates that make itself, thereby providing narratives of women who succeed in challenging the violence as well.","PeriodicalId":52006,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Studies","volume":"72 1","pages":"107 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80550280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-27DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2018.1498571
A. Malhotra
ISSN: 0266-6030 (Print) 2153-2699 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsas20 A Memoir of Pre-Partition Punjab: Ruchi Ram Sahni, 1863–1948 Anshu Malhotra To cite this article: Anshu Malhotra (2018): A Memoir of Pre-Partition Punjab: Ruchi Ram Sahni, 1863–1948, South Asian Studies, DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2018.1498571 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2018.1498571
{"title":"A Memoir of Pre-Partition Punjab: Ruchi Ram Sahni, 1863–1948","authors":"A. Malhotra","doi":"10.1080/02666030.2018.1498571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2018.1498571","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN: 0266-6030 (Print) 2153-2699 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsas20 A Memoir of Pre-Partition Punjab: Ruchi Ram Sahni, 1863–1948 Anshu Malhotra To cite this article: Anshu Malhotra (2018): A Memoir of Pre-Partition Punjab: Ruchi Ram Sahni, 1863–1948, South Asian Studies, DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2018.1498571 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2018.1498571","PeriodicalId":52006,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"116 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87403882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2018.1525864
Nachiket Chanchani
This essay considers how Himalayan art is defined today, how it got to be demarcated in this manner, and how it has been investigated in the past. My postulations are trifold. First, Himalayan art as a discrete domain of scholarly inquiry emerged in Western Europe and India in the nineteenth century and crystallized as a subfield in these regions over the long twentieth century. Second, the subfield’s early development was connected to competing outside interests to map and remould the region’s economic, political, and cultural landscape. Third, the burgeoning of Himalayan art as a scholarly subfield today may be linked to the efforts of many stakeholders with varied interests. Interdisciplinary teams of specialists who are assiduously documenting, interpreting, and conserving historical landscapes in the mountain range are one influential subset of stakeholders. Auctioneers – who are just as eager in sustaining the interest of potential buyers in finely crafted portable artefacts as they are in wanting to avoid wading into the troubled waters of unsettled political boundaries and the illicit trade in artefacts – are another powerful subset of stakeholders.
{"title":"Folding and Faulting: The Formation of ‘Himalayan Art’","authors":"Nachiket Chanchani","doi":"10.1080/02666030.2018.1525864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2018.1525864","url":null,"abstract":"This essay considers how Himalayan art is defined today, how it got to be demarcated in this manner, and how it has been investigated in the past. My postulations are trifold. First, Himalayan art as a discrete domain of scholarly inquiry emerged in Western Europe and India in the nineteenth century and crystallized as a subfield in these regions over the long twentieth century. Second, the subfield’s early development was connected to competing outside interests to map and remould the region’s economic, political, and cultural landscape. Third, the burgeoning of Himalayan art as a scholarly subfield today may be linked to the efforts of many stakeholders with varied interests. Interdisciplinary teams of specialists who are assiduously documenting, interpreting, and conserving historical landscapes in the mountain range are one influential subset of stakeholders. Auctioneers – who are just as eager in sustaining the interest of potential buyers in finely crafted portable artefacts as they are in wanting to avoid wading into the troubled waters of unsettled political boundaries and the illicit trade in artefacts – are another powerful subset of stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":52006,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Studies","volume":"41 1","pages":"113 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77554452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2018.1548822
R. Pinto
{"title":"The Empire of Apostles: Religion, Accommodatio,and the Imagination of Empire in Early Modern Brazil and India","authors":"R. Pinto","doi":"10.1080/02666030.2018.1548822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2018.1548822","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52006,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"200 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74977503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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