Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity最新文献

Although research has shown that social support generally is beneficial to mental health among trans and nonbinary (TNB) adults, less is known regarding what forms of support and the degree to which they mitigate the harms of minority stress on mental health over time. This study investigated differences in types of social support and their association with mental health over time in a sample of 2,411 TNB adults, predominantly younger in age (53% 18-30 years old), diverse in sexual orientation (97.5%, LGBQA+, 2.5% straight/heterosexual), gender identity (53.3% non-binary, 26% trans man, 12.4% trans woman), and similar in race and ethnicity to the US national population. We conducted a latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify social support typologies. A three-profile solution classified participants into a Low (39.6%), Moderate (40.7%), or High Support profile (19.7%). Significant variability in gender-related support experiences was noted for those in the Moderate and High Support profiles, while those in the Low Support profile had almost uniformly little to no support from family. Mental health outcomes differed between the profiles; Low Support participants reported significantly worse depression and PTSD symptoms; demographically, the greatest proportion of participants with marginalized identities clustered in the Low Support profile. Finally, we tested profile membership as a moderating variable in the association of minority stressors with mental health over time. Few significant differences emerged between groups, suggesting that being in a higher support profile may not necessarily buffer the harms of minority stress on mental health over time. Intervention implications are discussed.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), intentional harm to the body without intent to die, is a major public health concern. Transgender people may be at higher risk for NSSI compared to cisgender peers, but evidence is limited regarding prevalence, demographic correlates, and risk factors. This study is the first to examine NSSI in a probability sample of the U.S. transgender population. We analyzed data from the first U.S. nationally representative sample of transgender people which was recruited through random-digit-dial methods and address-based sampling. Using logistic regression, we examined associations between demographic factors, minority stress processes, early life adversity, and lifetime history of NSSI. The sample consisted of 270 transgender individuals; 144 (53.3%) were transfeminine or nonbinary assigned male at birth and 126 (46.7%) were transmasculine or nonbinary assigned female at birth. The mean age was 34.2 (SD = 17.1, range: 18-81); 68.5% identified as non-Hispanic White and 31.5% as Black, Latino, or multi-race. NSSI was reported by 50% of the sample. Victimization and discrimination, adverse childhood experiences, lower nonconformity in childhood gender expression, and transgender community connectedness were associated with higher odds of NSSI. NSSI is common among transgender people in the U.S. Victimization and discrimination, adverse childhood experiences, and factors related to gender identity development may increase vulnerability to NSSI. Additional research is needed to better understand the relationships between these variables and NSSI. Findings can inform tailored interventions to address specific risk factors that affect this population.

The present study examined rates and factors associated with past-year Veterans Health Administration (VHA) overall healthcare utilization and VA mental health treatment among LGBTQ+ and cisgender heterosexual veterans. Baseline data from a national longitudinal study of LGBTQ+ and cisgender heterosexual veteran VHA users and non-users (N = 1,062) were used in generalized linear models to estimate the predicted prevalence of VHA healthcare utilization for each LGBTQ+ and cisgender subgroup, stratified by gender. Additional multivariable regressions were guided by the Andersen health services utilization model. There were no significant differences in healthcare utilization among women subgroups. Among men subgroups, cisgender gay men had lower predicted prevalence of VHA utilization than cisgender heterosexual and transgender men. In both the women's and men's models, VHA eligibility indicators and perceived lack of service availability were associated with increased odds for any past-year utilization; higher income, difficulty understanding eligibility/benefits, and logistical barriers were associated with decreased odds. Lifetime harassment at VHA was positively associated with past-year overall VHA utilization in women's models. LGBTQ+ specific factors explained significant variance in some models while transgender/gender diverse specific needs did not. These findings suggest that veterans generally need assistance navigating VHA eligibility issues and that LGBTQ+ veterans would benefit from systemic attention to provider sensitivity and availability of services focused on their needs. The high rates of harassment reported across women subgroups (19% to 25%) and by transgender men (38%) warrant institution-wide action.

The purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth, daily, and qualitative examination of oppression-based stress experiences among sexual and gender minority adolescents (SGMA) across varying social contexts-that is, varying interpersonal relationships and social environments. A sample of 94 SGMA were recruited and completed up to 21 days of daily diaries, in which respondents answered an open-ended question surrounding their daily negative experiences-or "lows"-associated with their marginalized identities. A total of 1,629 entries were analyzed using qualitative content analysis methods. Five themes of daily oppression-based stress experiences emerged from the responses, encompassing: (1) social rejection and discomfort, (2) relationship stressors, (3) stress related to identity development and disclosure, (4) negative or inadequate representation, and (5) structural cissexism-related stressors. Our findings further elucidate the content and type of oppression-based stressors SGMA experience across multiple intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural domains; additionally, we identify salient, intervenable areas for future research to reduce the everyday oppression-based stress experiences of SGMA.

A handful of existing studies have examined positive sexual identity experiences at the daily level. However, these studies have focused predominately on concurrent associations, produced mixed results for most outcomes (e.g., anxious affect, internalized stigma), and have not examined positive gender identity experiences. The current study aims to address these limitations by examining prospective associations between positive sexual and gender identity experiences, affect, proximal stressors (i.e., internalized and anticipated stigma), and perceived coping efficacy. The study also aims to explore contextual factors that may increase the likelihood of these events. We used data from a 30-day ecological momentary assessment study with 429 sexual minority women and gender diverse sexual minorities assigned female at birth (SMWGD). Positive sexual and gender identity experiences prospectively predicted increases in perceived coping efficacy. Positive sexual identity experiences also prospectively predicted increases in positive affect and decreases in internalized stigma. Positive sexual and gender identity experiences were also associated with increases in anxious and depressed affect, but these effects did not persist into the next day. Finally, positive sexual identity experiences were more likely to occur when participants interacted with friends, partners, and sexual and gender minority individuals. Given that reduced perceived coping efficacy and increased internalized stigma link enacted stigma with subsequent increases in anxiety and depression, our findings suggest that positive identity experiences may help to interrupt these processes and build resilience to enacted stigma, although this should be tested by future research.

Despite critical overlap between sexual and gender minority (SGM) and consensually non-monogamous (CNM) communities, relationship diversity remains a largely unaddressed domain of SGM people's wellbeing. We write to the readership of PSOGD as members of the LGBTQIA+ workgroup within the APA Division 44 Committee on Consensual Non-Monogamy and call for relationship diversity (i.e., CNM) to be meaningfully included within SGM-focused psychological science and practice.

This study examines the experience of a unique minority stressor, gender identity invalidation (henceforth referred to as invalidation), which is defined as the refusal to accept someone's gender identity as real or valid, among transgender and nonbinary (TNB) individuals. Data are drawn from a large and diverse sample of TNB adults who participated in a quantitative survey concerning transgender identity, minority stress, and mental health (N = 302). Invalidation was assessed using a novel 17-item scale that ascertains the extent to which respondents experienced invalidation across different social contexts. On average, TNB adults in this sample report low levels of invalidation, although a minority experience it at relatively high levels. Experiences of invalidation were significantly higher among nonbinary participants when compared with their binary trans peers. A series of multivariate regression models that control for sociodemographic factors (sex assigned at birth, race/ethnicity, education, age, and income) and well-established indicators of minority stress (felt stigma, enacted stigma) suggest that nonbinary gender identity is independently associated with poor mental health (assessed with the Global Severity Index), and that this association is mediated by invalidation. These findings suggest that invalidation, which is largely unexamined in existing research, merits greater attention as a particularly salient minority stressor influencing mental health among gender diverse populations, nonbinary populations in particular.

Minority stress is the leading explanation for sexual minority women's (SMW) higher rates of, and heavier, alcohol use compared to heterosexual women. Little is known about how both partners' sexual minority stressors impact alcohol consumption in a dyadic context, and even less research has considered these effects at the day-level. This study utilizes dyadic daily diary data to test associations of each partner's sexual minority stress events with drinking outcomes (day-level alcohol use, heavy episodic drinking [HED], and estimated blood alcohol content [eBAC]) among women in same-gender relationships (N = 159 couples). Because high-quality relationships may buffer adverse effects of minority stress on alcohol use outcomes, effect modification was also considered. Results differed across alcohol use outcomes. One's own experience of sexual minority stress was associated with one's own greater odds of drinking that day, OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.10, 1.61, p = .003, whereas one's partner's experience of sexual minority stress was associated with greater odds of same-day HED, OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.24, 2.01, p < .001 (no significant effects emerged for eBAC). Relationship functioning was associated with lower eBAC only, B = -0.01, 95% CI -0.01, -0.00, p = .031. No significant effect modification emerged. This initial exploration of how both partners' exposure to sexual minority stressors impact SMW's alcohol use demonstrates nuanced effects across different alcohol outcomes, and is among the first to demonstrate some degree of sexual minority stress contagion on HED.

Purpose: Sexual orientation is multidimensional, yet existing studies often only assess one dimension. This study examines multiple dimensions of sexual orientation in a sample of Hispanic adolescents using a latent profile analysis. The study also examines differences in levels of adolescent family functioning (i.e., parent-adolescent communication, parental involvement, family communication) and depressive symptoms by latent profile or subgroup.

Methods: The study sample consisted of 456 Hispanic adolescents (M = 13.90 years; SD = 1.37). Adolescents self-reported their sexual orientation by responding to the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid (KSOG), family functioning (parent-adolescent communication, parental involvement, family communication), and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) Scale). Latent profile analysis was used to identify heterogeneous groups of adolescents based on their response to the KSOG. A Welch test was used to examine mean levels of depressive symptoms and family functioning across profile membership.

Results: We found that a three-class solution (heterosexual: 90%, mostly bisexual: 6.05%, mostly LGBQ: 3.95%) fit the data best. Results from the Welch test indicated significant differences for parent-adolescent communication and depressive symptoms across latent profiles.

Conclusion: Existing research indicates that sexual minorities are at a disproportionate risk for adverse health outcomes. These findings corroborate best practice recommendations encouraging researchers to assess multiple dimensions of sexual orientation.

Current two-step measures of gender identity do not prescribe methods for using expanded responses (e.g., multiple selections) among sexual and gender minority (SGM) people, though they want the opportunity to provide these responses. To increase statistical power using expanded gender identity responses, we created an automated algorithm to generate analyzable categories. Participants' expanded gender identity responses and sex assigned at birth were used to create five categories (i.e., cisgender men, cisgender women, gender expansive individuals, transgender men, and transgender women) from a cohort of SGM people (N = 6,312, 53% cisgender individuals). Data was collected from June 2020 to June 2021. Chi-square tests were performed to assess the association between the algorithm-generated and participant-selected gender categories, and to identify demographic differences between participants in the algorithm-generated categories. Forty-six percent of our sample may have been classified into an "other" category without an algorithm due to writing their own response (5.7%), selecting "another gender identity" (5.7%), or selecting multiple (42.6%) or less commonly described (10.2%) gender identities. There was a relationship between the categories formed by our algorithm and participants' single category selection (χ2 [20] = 19,000, p < .001). Concordance rates were high (97-99%) among all groups except for participants classified as gender expansive (74.3%). Without an algorithm to incorporate expanded gender identity responses, almost half of the sample may have been classified into an "other" category or dropped from analyses. Our algorithm successfully classified participants into analyzable categories from expanded gender responses.