Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity最新文献

Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) and medically necessary surgical interventions (MNSI) play vital roles in helping transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals align their bodies with their gender identity. However, research in this area has primarily focused on TGD adults, leaving TGD youth and young adults (TGD-YYA)'s experiences understudied. Even less is known about demographic and psychosocial correlates of hormone and MNSI utilization among TGD-YYA, which is the focus of this cross-sectional study. From 2020 to 2021, 284 TGD-YYA in the U.S. (M _age=21.7 years) reported recent hormone use, MNSI engagement, depression, lifetime experiences of discrimination, and gender congruence. Participants were categorized into three mutually exclusive groups for analysis: Group 1: MNSI and hormone use in the past three months (26.1%), Group 2: Hormones only (26.4%), and Group 3: Neither (no hormone or MNSI use; 47.5%). ANOVA models examined group differences in psychosocial correlates of hormone and MNSI use. Overall, 26.1% of the sample reported receiving MNSI and 51.1% reported using hormones. Depression scores were significantly higher in Groups 2 and 3 than Group 1, ps < .05. Lifetime discrimination scores were significantly higher in Groups 1 and 2 than Group 3, ps < .001. Finally, gender congruence was significantly higher in Group 1 than Group 2, which was higher than Group 3, ps < .001. Our findings suggest that the use of gender-affirming care-whether hormones, MNSI, or both-is associated with significantly lower depression and greater gender congruence. These findings highlight a beneficial role of including MNSI with recent hormone use on TGD-YYA's mental health and experiences of gender congruence.

Few studies have examined event-level contextual and motivational risk factors for cannabis use (CU) among sexual minority women and gender diverse individuals (SMWGD). While existing studies assume the same risk factors are relevant for all individuals regardless of their pattern of CU, this study tests two theories proposing variation in associations between event-level risk factors and CU based on individual-level characteristics, including an individual's typical CU frequency (Koob & Volkow, 2010) and how often they use for different reasons and in different contexts (Creswell, 2021). We used an EMA study of CU among SMWGD to examine: 1) unmoderated event-level associations between contexts and motives for use and CU outcomes (e.g., intoxication, consequences); and 2) whether these event-level associations (e.g., daily motives predicting same-day CU outcome) varied by individual-level characteristics, including typical frequency and how often an individual uses for different reasons and in different contexts (e.g., proportion of CU days with coping motives). When an individual reported social, enhancement, or coping motives on a given occasion, they reported higher cannabis consumption. Further, using in both social and solitary settings during the same period (e.g., an evening) was associated with higher consumption than using in only social or solitary settings. Several moderators were identified. For example, coping motives more strongly predicted intoxication for individuals who tended to endorse coping motives more often. Some event-level risk factors may differentially impact CU as a function of individual-level CU patterns. Findings can help to inform the development of CU interventions for SMWGD.

Previous meta-analyses have examined gender differences in people's attitudes toward lesbian/gay sexualities, finding that, overall, men hold more homonegative attitudes than women (Kite et al., 2021; Petersen & Hyde, 2011). Bisexuality scholars have suggested a similar gender difference in attitudes toward bisexuality (Dyar & Feinstein, 2018). This study is the first meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive quantitative synthesis of gender differences in attitudes toward bisexual people and bisexuality. We synthesized findings from 61 studies (including 10 unpublished papers) from 1999 to 2022 that reported on 77 samples of 32,010 participants (14,359 men and 17,651 women). Overall, men held more binegative attitudes than women, g = 0.19 (95% CI = 0.14, 0.25). This effect was moderated by target gender: men were more binegative than women when considering male bisexuality, g = 0.27 (95% CI = 0.20, 0.35); the effect was substantially smaller when considering female bisexuality, g = 0.10 (95% CI = 0.03, 0.16). In addition, heterosexual men were more binegative than heterosexual women, g = 0.26 (95% CI = 0.19, 0.33), while gay men's and lesbian women's attitudes toward bisexuality were similar, g = 0.04 (95% CI = -0.09, 0.16). Overall, these meta-analytic findings indicate that men, particularly heterosexual men, hold more binegative attitudes than women, especially toward male bisexuality. Given the pervasiveness of binegativity, interventions are needed to improve attitudes toward bisexuality, particularly men's attitudes toward bisexuality.

Women in relationships that are both same-gender and interracial/interethnic experience unique minority stressors. Intersectionality theory suggests that minority stressors related to marginalization across sexual identity, gender, race, and ethnicity create synergistic experiences of minority stressors. Arguably, these intersectional stressors expand beyond individual-level lived experiences to also impact one's romantic relationship. The goals of this study were to: 1) examine stressors and relationship satisfaction among women in same-gender relationships; and 2) test whether those associations differed by the racial/ethnic composition of the couple. In a sample of 622 individual women in same-gender couple relationships, 33.4% of whom were in interracial/interethnic relationships, we tested differences in individual- and relationship-level minority stressors. SGM women in interracial relationships reported more stress related to stigma of their relationship than women in monoracial relationships. Across all participants, both individual-level general stressors and relationship-level (lack of support and lack of familial integration) minority stressors were associated with lowered relationship satisfaction. Our findings have implications for relationship-level interventions to address unique experiences of diverse populations facing multiple sources of stressors. More research is needed, including research using dyadic data to understand minority stress processes that occur between partners.

This exploratory study investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress biomarkers and allostatic load for Black and Latina transgender women living with HIV (BLTWLH), as well as COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and vaccination status. LITE Plus is a longitudinal cohort study of BLTWLH designed to identify pathways linking biopsychosocial stress to HIV co-morbidities. Participants were enrolled between October 2019-June 2022. Descriptive statistics compared stress biomarkers and allostatic load index (ALI) scores pre- (to March 2020) and post-onset pandemic onset (January 2021-December 2022). Frequencies and proportions are reported for COVID-19 indicators. Of the cohort, 26 BLTWLH completed study visits both pre- and post-onset pandemic onset ("pre-onset"; "post-onset"). Post-onset, chronic stress biomarkers were elevated across all body systems. Sample ALI distribution shifted post-onset, with elevated mean, median, IQR and proportion above the median. Of the 108 participants who completed any post-onset visits, 19% had ever tested positive for COVID-19 and 4% reported a COVID-19 related hospitalization. COVID-19 vaccination uptake was 70% and 24% had received a booster. Of those unvaccinated, 15% intended to be vaccinated, 9% were unsure and 6% did not intend to be vaccinated. BLTWH deployed various strategies to cope with pandemic effects and 22% reported unmet COVID-19-related support needs. ALI for BLTWLH was high compared to other populations in the literature, suggesting unique vulnerabilities to biopsychosocial stress and chronic disease risk. Despite high engagement with COVID-19 prevention including vaccination intention and uptake, BLTWLH experienced heavy COVID-19 burden and unmet support needs.

Intimate partner violence (IPV), including physical violence, psychological aggression, and coercive control, is highly prevalent among sexual and gender minority young adults assigned female at birth (SGM-AFAB). However, we know little about the contexts in which IPV occurs (e.g., overall tenor of the relationship in which IPV occurred, immediate precursors to IPV incidents) or the motives behind acts of IPV. Aiming to address these gaps in the literature, in 2019 we conducted semi-structured interviews with 39 SGM-AFAB young adults with histories of severe IPV victimization and/or perpetration. Thematic analysis of interviews revealed that IPV commonly occurred in relationships characterized by power differentials, anti-SGM stigma, infidelity, and unhealthy couple dynamics. Conflict was the most common situational context, followed by perceived or real infidelity; IPV was also triggered during technology-based communication, substance use, and breakups. IPV motives varied, including expression of negative emotions, desire to control the partner, jealousy, and self-defense. Relational and situational contexts and motives behind IPV varied by IPV type but not direction. Results highlight the importance of considering context and motivations when seeking to understand SGM-AFAB people's IPV experiences. Findings also suggest that IPV prevention and treatment efforts should include individual and dyadic interventions to improve regulation of negative emotion, awareness of power dynamics, and conflict management among SGM-AFAB and their partners, as well as policy efforts to reduce anti-SGM stigma.

Research has clearly documented high rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among transfeminine (TF) people (including trans women). This research has largely overlooked nonbinary people assigned male at birth (NBAMAB) despite their gender fluidity. This study examined similarities and distinctions in the occurrence and frequency of condomless anal sex (CAS) with casual male partners and associated drug use among TF and NBAMAB people. Between November 2017 and March 2020, a total of 2,758 TF and 2,347 NBAMAB adult (aged ≥18 years) participants living in the US completed an online survey assessing sociodemographics, drug use, sexual behavior, relationship status and relationship characteristics among those who were partnered. Multigroup hurdle models indicated that the occurrence and frequency of CAS with casual male partners did not differ significantly between TF and NBAMAB people who were not in a relationship. Partner gender and sexual agreement predicted CAS with a casual partner among TF but not NBAMAB respondents. Those TF participants with male partners and nonmonogamous sexual agreements had the highest odds of engaging in CAS and the highest frequency of CAS when they did. In both groups, illicit drug use was associated with higher occurrence and frequency of CAS with casual male partners. Cannabis use was not associated with either. The findings align with prior studies highlighting TF individuals' risk for HIV infection, particularly those who are single and partnered TF with male partners and nonmonogamous agreements. Despite being largely overlooked in HIV research, some people who identify as NBAMAB may engage in similar behaviors as TF individuals.

Previous research indicates that both minority stressors and interpersonal factors may facilitate increased risk for suicidal ideation (SI) among lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and other nonheterosexual (LGB+) individuals. These studies examined the potential indirect effects of two interpersonal factors, thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, on the associations that overt heterosexist discrimination and homonegative microaggressions share with SI. Percentile bootstrapped parallel indirect effects models were tested on a sample of 320 LGB+ community members between the ages of 18 and 74 (M = 30.98, SD = 7.15; Study 1) and a sample of 139 LGB+ college students between the ages of 18 and 39 (M = 20.12, SD = 3.03; Study 2). Results showed that perceived burdensomeness fully accounted for the association between heterosexist discrimination and SI in Study 1; however, this model lacked causal specificity. In Study 2, perceived burdensomeness fully accounted for the association between homonegative microaggressions and SI. Thwarted belongingness did not significantly account for any relationships. These findings suggest that perceived burdensomeness, over thwarted belongingness, is an important consequence of experiencing discrimination, particularly regarding its relationship with SI. Results also highlight microaggressions as an especially pernicious form of discrimination that potentially relates to internalized homophobia. Treatment, public health, and policy implications are discussed.

Posttraumatic stress symptoms are very high among sexual and/or gender minority (SGM) people. Development and testing of trauma interventions with SGM people is needed, but first we need to understand who among SGM people are at greatest risk of posttraumatic stress symptoms, how minority stress may contribute, and the frequency of substance use comorbidity with significant posttraumatic stress symptoms among SGM people. General linear models and logistic regressions were used to examine demographic differences, minority stress, and substance use related to posttraumatic stress symptoms among a national sample of SGM people (N = 4,589, M _age = 32.1, 55% cisgender). All gender groups had greater posttraumatic stress symptoms than the reference group of cisgender men. All sexual orientation groups, except for straight/heterosexual SGM people, had greater posttraumatic stress symptoms than participants in the reference gay/lesbian group. Younger age or identifying as American Indian or Alaska Native, or Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish was associated with more posttraumatic stress symptoms. Non-specific and SGM-specific minority stress were each related to greater odds of significant posttraumatic stress symptoms, even after accounting for Criterion A events. Among participants with significant posttraumatic stress symptoms, 13.6% were at risk for alcohol use disorder, and 56.4% were at risk for other substance use disorder. Marginalized SGM subgroups have more posttraumatic stress symptoms. Interventions for SGM people should consider minority stress coping strategies and substance use comorbidities.

Understanding the frequency and patterns of experiencing changes in sexual orientation identity (SOI) is critical to the health of adolescents and young adults (AYA). Failure to measure and acknowledge change experiences may miss opportunities to tailor care, such as sexual and reproductive health care, accordingly. Much of the prior research among AYA assesses change either retrospectively, or prospectively over relatively long time intervals. The study objective was to prospectively examine the prevalence and sociodemographic patterns of sexual orientation identity change over a short interval among adolescents and young adults (AYA). AYA ages 14-25 years in the United States who participated in two consecutive waves of a longitudinal, online cohort survey in 2021 (N=1,628) were included in the analyses. Self-reported SOI at baseline and follow-up (2 months later) were compared. Overall, 11.4% of AYA reported a different SOI at follow-up. SOI change was more common among transgender boys/men (30.4%) and nonbinary people (25.7%) compared to cisgender girls/women (11.9%) and cisgender boys/men (7.4%; p<0.01). Participants selecting "not sure" or who preferred to self-identify/write-in their SOI were most likely to report SOI change (55.8% and 81.8%, respectively) compared to those identifying as heterosexual (4.3%), queer (13.6%), and bisexual (18.9%) AYA (p<0.01). Participants reporting sexual minority identities at baseline who experienced a change in SOI (n=110) often reported another sexual minority identity at follow-up (54.5%). Surveys with a single time measure of SOI likely underestimate the extent of SOI change among AYA and may introduce bias in addressing needs of AYA experiencing SOI change.