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Evaluation of Dialysis Water Quality at Hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq. 伊拉克巴格达医院透析水质评价。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-12-07 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201211
Yasamen Raad Humudat, Saadi Kadhim Al-Naseri
Background. Dialysis water quality is one of the most important factors for ensuring the safe and effective delivery of hemodialysis. It has been known for over a decade that there might be hazardous contaminants in the water and concentrates used to prepare dialysis fluid. Rigorous international standards for the purification of dialysis fluids have been established, which were used in the present study to compare the quality of dialysis water as there is no national standard for dialysis water quality in Iraq. Objectives. There are more than 20 dialysis centers in Iraq, most of which contain similar units for the processing of dialysis water. The present study evaluated the quality of water used for dialysis in four dialysis centers located within Baghdad hospitals. Methods. Physical and chemical tests were carried out in the laboratory after sampling water from each dialysis center. Water samples were collected from three locations in each dialysis center. Hospital municipal water samples were collected from the tanks feeding dialysis units; samples of dialysis water were collected from the dialysis water treatment unit outlets; and samples of dialysis water were collected from the distribution network in dialysis rooms. Results. The results showed a fluctuation in the quality of the dialysis water (dialysis water and water from the dialysis distribution network), indicating that it is unacceptable compared to international standards. Chemical analysis showed that 75% of the dialysis water had elevated aluminum concentrations. Chemical analysis also found that dialysis water had elevated concentrations of free residual chlorine at some dialysis centers. Conclusions. All hemodialysis centers need careful monitoring and preventive maintenance to ensure good water quality. In addition, it is important to revise the design of the water treatment units according to water quality. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests
背景:透析水质是保证血液透析安全有效输送的重要因素之一。十多年来,人们已经知道,用于制备透析液的水和浓缩物中可能存在有害污染物。已经制定了严格的净化透析液的国际标准,本研究使用这些标准来比较透析水的质量,因为伊拉克没有透析水质量的国家标准。目的:伊拉克有20多个透析中心,其中大多数都有处理透析水的类似装置。本研究评估了位于巴格达医院内的四个透析中心用于透析的水的质量。方法:各透析中心取水后,在实验室进行理化试验。从每个透析中心的三个地点采集水样。从透析单位的水箱中采集了医院的市政水样;从透析水处理单元出口采集透析水样本;并从透析室的配电网中采集透析水样本。结果:透析水(透析水和透析配网水)水质出现波动,与国际标准相比,不能接受。化学分析显示,75%的透析水铝浓度升高。化学分析还发现,在一些透析中心,透析水中的游离余氯浓度升高。结论:所有血液透析中心需要严密的监测和预防性维护,以确保良好的水质。此外,根据水质对水处理机组的设计进行修改也很重要。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
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引用次数: 3
Comparison of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Residue Concentrations in Clarias gariepinus Smoked with Traditional and Mechanical Kilns. 用传统窑炉和机械窑炉熏制的石斑鱼体内多芳烃残留物浓度比较
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-12-07 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201215
Oluseun Osineye, Ayo Jesutomi Abiodun-Solanke, Elizabeth Mangai, Ebele Okeke, Bethel Jahnezim

Background: Wood, a common fueling material for fish smoking in Nigeria, contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which have been found to be carcinogenic and pose a human health hazard.

Objectives: The present study investigated the interactions and effects of kiln types on levels of PAHs in smoked fish.

Methods: Twenty fresh samples of Clarias gariepinus with an average size of 800 g were eviscerated, washed and salted for smoking. Sixteen (16) of the fish were randomly and equally allotted to each of the two kilns (treatments) and replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Each kiln was loaded and heated up with hard wood charcoal and the effects were evaluated on the resulting smoked fish. The remaining four fish samples were kept under refrigeration (controls). Samples of the smoke-dried fish from each kiln were homogenized using a porcelain mortar and pestle, sieved through a 250-μm2 sieve, and packaged in labeled airtight containers prior to extraction. Pure extracts from the samples were subjected to gas chromatography.

Results: The results showed that the PAH concentration in non-smoked catfish was 1.0 mg/kg, the PAH concentration in fish samples smoked with a traditional kiln was 2.0 mg/kg, and no PAHs were detected in samples smoked with a mechanical kiln.

Conclusions: The level of PAH contamination of smoked fish is dependent on the type of kiln used, as demonstrated by the differences between fished smoked with traditional and mechanical kilns in the present study.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:木材是尼日利亚熏鱼的常见燃料材料,含有多环芳烃(PAHs),已被发现具有致癌性并对人类健康构成危害:本研究调查了窑炉类型对熏鱼中多环芳烃水平的相互作用和影响:将 20 个平均大小为 800 克的新鲜梭子鱼样本开膛破肚、洗净并腌制以备熏制。在完全随机设计中,将十六(16)条鱼随机平均分配到两个窑中(处理),并重复三次。每个窑都装入硬木炭并进行加热,然后对熏鱼的效果进行评估。其余四份鱼样在冷藏条件下保存(对照组)。用瓷研钵和研杵将每个窑中的熏干鱼样品均质,用 250μm2 的筛子过筛,然后装入贴有标签的密闭容器中,再进行提取。从样品中提取的纯提取物进行气相色谱分析:结果:结果显示,非熏制鲶鱼的多环芳烃浓度为 1.0 毫克/千克,用传统窑炉熏制的鱼类样本的多环芳烃浓度为 2.0 毫克/千克,用机械窑炉熏制的样本未检测到多环芳烃:结论:熏鱼的多环芳烃污染水平取决于所使用的窑炉类型,本研究中使用传统窑炉和机械窑炉熏制的鱼类之间的差异就证明了这一点:作者声明没有经济利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Mercury Exposure in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Communities in Sukabumi, Indonesia. 印度尼西亚苏卡umi手工和小规模金矿社区的汞暴露。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-12-02 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201209
Alfonsus H Harianja, Grace S Saragih, Ridwan Fauzi, M Yusup Hidayat, Yunesfi Syofyan, Ely Rahmy Tapriziah, Sri Endah Kartiningsih

Background: Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is one of the largest sources of mercury (Hg) pollution in Indonesia. In West Java Province, ASGM is found in Bogor, Cianjur, and Sukabumi Regencies.

Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate Hg contamination effects and socioeconomic factors in communities living around ASGM operations in Sukabumi Regency.

Methods: A quantitative method was used to describe socioeconomic ASGM communities. The concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) in hair were measured in 71 respondents. This study also assessed perception of the use of Hg in the gold ore processing and their impact on the environment.

Results: The population of gold miners in the studied three villages was 1300 households (25.77% from a total of 5044 households). Artisanal and small-scale gold mining involves both men and women employed as miners and gold amalgam processors, respectively. The average monthly income generated as much as Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) 272 000-2 000 000 (about 19-140 USD). Total Hg analysis was conducted for hair samples of 71 respondents (38 men, 33 women). The results showed an average T-Hg in men of 3.27±2.89 ppm, and women of 5.91±4.69 ppm. The level of T-Hg in the respondents was associated with distance to the ball mills and not related to distance to the mine site.

Participant consent: Obtained.

Ethics approval: This study was approved by Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:手工和小规模金矿开采(ASGM)是印度尼西亚最大的汞(Hg)污染源之一。在西爪哇省,ASGM在茂物、仙珠尔和素kabumi县被发现。目的:本研究旨在评估Sukabumi县ASGM运营周围社区的汞污染影响和社会经济因素。方法:采用定量方法描述社会经济的ASGM社区。测量了71名应答者头发中总汞(T-Hg)的浓度。本研究还评估了人们对金矿石加工中汞的使用及其对环境的影响的认识。结果:3个村的淘金人口为1300户,占5044户的25.77%。手工和小规模的金矿开采涉及受雇为矿工和金汞合金加工商的男子和妇女。平均月收入高达272 000- 200万印尼盾(约19-140美元)。对71名应答者(38名男性,33名女性)的头发样本进行了总汞分析。结果显示,男性的平均t -汞含量为3.27±2.89 ppm,女性为5.91±4.69 ppm。应答者体内的T-Hg水平与到球磨机的距离有关,而与到矿区的距离无关。参与者同意:已获取。伦理审批:本研究经印度尼西亚共和国环境与林业部批准。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
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引用次数: 7
Concentration and Potential Human Health Hazards of Heavy Metals in Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Purchased from Major Markets in Calabar, Nigeria. 从尼日利亚卡拉巴尔主要市场购买的长春花(Tympanotonus fuscatus)中重金属的浓度及其对人类健康的潜在危害。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-12-02 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201206
Udiba Ugumanim Udiba, Udeme Uyom Udofia, Ekom R Akpan

Background: As water flows through habitats associated with estuaries, such as mud flats, salt marshes, sea grass and mangrove forests, pollutants such as heavy metals are filtered. The fine sediment dominant in intertidal and subtidal estuarine systems is an important sink for these contaminants. Periwinkle, which inhabit estuarine ecosystems, are known to bioaccumulate large quantities of contaminants.

Objectives: In view of the widespread consumption of periwinkle in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, this study was designed to assess the concentration and potential human health hazards of heavy metals due to the consumption of this rich, inexpensive and readily available source of protein in Calabar, Nigeria.

Methods: Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) content of edible tissues of periwinkles obtained from major markets in Calabar were determined using Shimadzu atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model AA-6800, Japan) after wet digestion.

Results: The ranges of concentration (mg/kg dry weight) were Pb (0.011-0.056), Cd (0.008-0.032), Cr (0.014-0.157) and Ni (0.053-0.261) for Watt Market and Pb (0.009-0.052), Cd (0.011-0.032), Cr (0.012-0.052) and Ni (0.012-0.322) for Mariam Market. Concentrations of all the metals were below Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), FAO/World Health Organization (WHO) and Commission of European Communities maximum permissible limits. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Pb and Cd were slightly higher compared to the recommended daily intake for the metals. The EDI of all metals under study were lower than the upper tolerable daily intake. The target hazard quotients (THQ) computed to estimate the human health risk posed by each metal were above the safe limits of unity, except for Cr. The hazard index (HI) for a typical adult of 60.7 kg body weight was found to be 9.7 for Watt Market and the relative contributions to the aggregated risk were 24.66%, 54.51%, 0.0001% and 20.70% for Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni, respectively. The HI for Marian Market was 10.7 and the relative contributions to the aggregated risk were 22.31%, 57.55%, 0.06% and 20.09% for Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni, respectively.

Conclusions: Consumption of periwinkles purchased from major markets in Calabar poses toxicological risk with respect to Pb, Cd and Ni poisoning.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:当水流经泥滩、盐沼、海草和红树林等与河口有关的生境时,重金属等污染物会被过滤。潮间带和潮下带河口系统中的主要细沉积物是这些污染物的重要沉淀池。栖息在河口生态系统中的长春花已知会在生物体内积累大量污染物:鉴于长春花在尼日利亚尼日尔河三角洲的广泛食用,本研究旨在评估在尼日利亚卡拉巴尔食用这种丰富、廉价且易于获得的蛋白质来源所导致的重金属浓度及其对人体健康的潜在危害:方法:使用岛津原子吸收分光光度计(AA-6800 型,日本)测定从卡拉巴尔主要市场获得的鲈鱼湿消化后可食用组织中的铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)和镍(Ni)含量:Watt 市场的铅浓度(0.011-0.056)、镉浓度(0.008-0.032)、铬浓度(0.014-0.157)和镍浓度(0.053-0.261);Mariam 市场的铅浓度(0.009-0.052)、镉浓度(0.011-0.032)、铬浓度(0.012-0.052)和镍浓度(0.012-0.322)。所有金属的浓度均低于联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)、联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织(WHO)和欧洲共同体委员会的最高允许限值。铅和镉的估计日摄入量(EDI)略高于这两种金属的建议日摄入量。研究中所有金属的估计日摄入量均低于每日可容忍摄入量上限。为估算每种金属对人体健康造成的风险而计算的目标危害商数(THQ),除铬外,都高于安全限值(单位)。以一个体重 60.7 千克的成年人为例,瓦特市场的危害指数为 9.7,铅、镉、铬和镍对总风险的相对贡献率分别为 24.66%、54.51%、0.0001% 和 20.70%。玛丽安市场的 HI 值为 10.7,铅、镉、铬和镍对总风险的相对贡献率分别为 22.31%、57.55%、0.06% 和 20.09%:结论:食用从卡拉巴尔主要市场购买的猕猴桃有铅、镉和镍中毒的毒理学风险:作者声明不存在经济利益冲突。
{"title":"Concentration and Potential Human Health Hazards of Heavy Metals in Periwinkle (<i>Tympanotonus fuscatus</i>) Purchased from Major Markets in Calabar, Nigeria.","authors":"Udiba Ugumanim Udiba, Udeme Uyom Udofia, Ekom R Akpan","doi":"10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201206","DOIUrl":"10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As water flows through habitats associated with estuaries, such as mud flats, salt marshes, sea grass and mangrove forests, pollutants such as heavy metals are filtered. The fine sediment dominant in intertidal and subtidal estuarine systems is an important sink for these contaminants. Periwinkle, which inhabit estuarine ecosystems, are known to bioaccumulate large quantities of contaminants.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In view of the widespread consumption of periwinkle in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, this study was designed to assess the concentration and potential human health hazards of heavy metals due to the consumption of this rich, inexpensive and readily available source of protein in Calabar, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) content of edible tissues of periwinkles obtained from major markets in Calabar were determined using Shimadzu atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model AA-6800, Japan) after wet digestion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ranges of concentration (mg/kg dry weight) were Pb (0.011-0.056), Cd (0.008-0.032), Cr (0.014-0.157) and Ni (0.053-0.261) for Watt Market and Pb (0.009-0.052), Cd (0.011-0.032), Cr (0.012-0.052) and Ni (0.012-0.322) for Mariam Market. Concentrations of all the metals were below Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), FAO/World Health Organization (WHO) and Commission of European Communities maximum permissible limits. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Pb and Cd were slightly higher compared to the recommended daily intake for the metals. The EDI of all metals under study were lower than the upper tolerable daily intake. The target hazard quotients (THQ) computed to estimate the human health risk posed by each metal were above the safe limits of unity, except for Cr. The hazard index (HI) for a typical adult of 60.7 kg body weight was found to be 9.7 for Watt Market and the relative contributions to the aggregated risk were 24.66%, 54.51%, 0.0001% and 20.70% for Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni, respectively. The HI for Marian Market was 10.7 and the relative contributions to the aggregated risk were 22.31%, 57.55%, 0.06% and 20.09% for Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Consumption of periwinkles purchased from major markets in Calabar poses toxicological risk with respect to Pb, Cd and Ni poisoning.</p><p><strong>Competing interests: </strong>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p>","PeriodicalId":52138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health and Pollution","volume":"10 28","pages":"201206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7731496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38714500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Work Practices and Health Problems of Spray Painters Exposed to Organic Solvents in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 尼日利亚Ile-Ife接触有机溶剂的喷漆工的工作实践和健康问题。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-12-02 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201208
Temitope Olumuyiwa Ojo, Adedeji Ayodeji Onayade, Olusegun Temitope Afolabi, Macellina Yinyinade Ijadunola, Oluwaseun Taiwo Esan, Patrick Ayodeji Akinyemi, Oluwaseun Olaniyi Awe

Background: Automobile spray painters in Nigeria are exposed to organic solvents due to the hazardous nature of their work. Inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) may intensify exposure to high levels of chemical hazards with resultant health problems.

Objectives: The present study assessed PPE use and work practices and compared work-related health problems of spray painters and controls in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 spray painters and 120 controls (electronic technicians). Data on socio-demographics, work practices, knowledge about organic solvent-related hazards and self-reported health symptoms were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. Clinical examinations were performed for all respondents and the composition of organic solvents in paints and paint products were derived from material safety data sheets.

Results: All respondents were male, and the mean age was 32.7±13.8 years for painters and 33.9±15.5 years for controls. Few (7.5%) painters perceived their use of PPE to be adequate. All spray painters worked in enclosed workshops and N-butyl acetate was the most commonly used organic solvent. Spray painters reported excessive tear production, recurrent cough, and short-term memory loss more frequently than controls (P<0.05). In addition, 89% of painters noticed paint-stained sputum immediately after spray painting. The prevalence ratio of respiratory symptoms was higher in spray painters than controls (prevalence ratio=21.0, CI=2.9-153.6). On clinical examination, more spray painters had corneal opacity and dry skin when compared with controls (P<0.05).

Conclusions: Spray painters in the study area worked amidst chemical hazards and had poor use of PPE. Exposure to organic solvents may be responsible for the higher prevalence of self-reported health problems among spray painters. Interventions to enforce the use of PPE and improve the knowledge of organic solvent-related hazards among spray painters are essential.

Participant consent: Obtained.

Ethics approval: Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics Committee of the Institute of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Nigeria (HREC No: IPHOAU/12/463).

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:尼日利亚的汽车喷漆工由于其工作的危险性而暴露在有机溶剂中。个人防护装备使用不当可能会加剧接触高水平的化学品危害,从而造成健康问题。目的:本研究评估了个人防护装备的使用和工作做法,并比较了尼日利亚Ile-Ife地区喷漆工和控制者的工作相关健康问题。方法:对120名喷漆工和120名对照(电子技师)进行横断面研究。使用半结构化问卷获得了有关社会人口统计学、工作实践、有关有机溶剂相关危害的知识和自我报告的健康症状的数据。对所有答复者进行了临床检查,油漆和油漆产品中有机溶剂的成分来源于材料安全数据表。结果:调查对象均为男性,画家平均年龄32.7±13.8岁,对照组平均年龄33.9±15.5岁。很少(7.5%)的油漆工认为他们对个人防护装备的使用是充分的。所有的喷漆工都在封闭的车间里工作,而乙酸正丁酯是最常用的有机溶剂。与对照组相比,喷漆工报告的眼泪分泌过多、反复咳嗽和短期记忆丧失的频率更高(结论:研究区域的喷漆工工作环境有化学危害,且使用个人防护装备的情况较差)。接触有机溶剂可能是喷漆工自我报告的健康问题较高患病率的原因。必须采取干预措施,加强个人防护装备的使用,提高喷漆工对有机溶剂相关危害的认识。参与者同意:已获取。伦理批准:开展这项研究的伦理批准已获得尼日利亚Ile-Ife Obafemi Awolowo大学公共卫生研究所卫生研究和伦理委员会的批准(HREC编号:IPHOAU/12/463)。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
{"title":"Work Practices and Health Problems of Spray Painters Exposed to Organic Solvents in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.","authors":"Temitope Olumuyiwa Ojo,&nbsp;Adedeji Ayodeji Onayade,&nbsp;Olusegun Temitope Afolabi,&nbsp;Macellina Yinyinade Ijadunola,&nbsp;Oluwaseun Taiwo Esan,&nbsp;Patrick Ayodeji Akinyemi,&nbsp;Oluwaseun Olaniyi Awe","doi":"10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Automobile spray painters in Nigeria are exposed to organic solvents due to the hazardous nature of their work. Inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) may intensify exposure to high levels of chemical hazards with resultant health problems.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study assessed PPE use and work practices and compared work-related health problems of spray painters and controls in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 spray painters and 120 controls (electronic technicians). Data on socio-demographics, work practices, knowledge about organic solvent-related hazards and self-reported health symptoms were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. Clinical examinations were performed for all respondents and the composition of organic solvents in paints and paint products were derived from material safety data sheets.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All respondents were male, and the mean age was 32.7±13.8 years for painters and 33.9±15.5 years for controls. Few (7.5%) painters perceived their use of PPE to be adequate. All spray painters worked in enclosed workshops and N-butyl acetate was the most commonly used organic solvent. Spray painters reported excessive tear production, recurrent cough, and short-term memory loss more frequently than controls (P<0.05). In addition, 89% of painters noticed paint-stained sputum immediately after spray painting. The prevalence ratio of respiratory symptoms was higher in spray painters than controls (prevalence ratio=21.0, CI=2.9-153.6). On clinical examination, more spray painters had corneal opacity and dry skin when compared with controls (P<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Spray painters in the study area worked amidst chemical hazards and had poor use of PPE. Exposure to organic solvents may be responsible for the higher prevalence of self-reported health problems among spray painters. Interventions to enforce the use of PPE and improve the knowledge of organic solvent-related hazards among spray painters are essential.</p><p><strong>Participant consent: </strong>Obtained.</p><p><strong>Ethics approval: </strong>Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics Committee of the Institute of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Nigeria (HREC No: IPHOAU/12/463).</p><p><strong>Competing interests: </strong>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p>","PeriodicalId":52138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health and Pollution","volume":"10 28","pages":"201208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7731485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38714502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Water Quality Modelling for River Activities Management: Example from a Low- and Middle-Income Country. 河流活动管理的水质建模:来自低收入和中等收入国家的例子。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-12-02 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201207
Izni Zahidi, Geoffrey Wilson, Katherine Brown, Felix Ku Kok Hou

Background: Rivers are susceptible to pollution and water pollution is a growing problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) with rapid development and minimal environmental protections. There are universal pollutant threshold values, but they are not directly linked to river activities such as sand mining and aquaculture. Water quality modelling can support assessments of river pollution and provide information on this important environmental issue.

Objectives: The objective of the present study was to demonstrate water quality modelling methodology in reviewing existing policies for Malaysian river catchments based on an example case study.

Methods: The MIKE 11 software developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute was used to model the main pollutant point sources within the study area - sand mining and aquaculture. Water quality data were obtained for six river stations from 2000 to 2015. All sand mining and aquaculture locations and approximate production capacities were quantified by ground survey. Modelling of the sand washing effluents was undertaken with the advection-dispersion module due to the nature of the fine sediment. Modelling of the fates of aquaculture deposits required both advection-dispersion and Danish Hydraulic Institute ECO Lab modules to simulate the detailed interactions between water quality determinants.

Results: According to the Malaysian standard, biochemical oxygen command (BOD) and ammonium (NH4) parameters fell under Class IV at most of the river reaches, while the dissolved oxygen (DO) parameter varied between Classes II to IV. Total suspended solids (TSS) fell within Classes IV to V along the mid river reaches of the catchment.

Discussion: Comparison between corresponding constituents and locations showed that the water quality model reproduced the long-term duration exceedance for the main body of the curves. However, the water quality model underestimated the infrequent high concentration observations. A standard effluent disposal was proposed for the development of legislation and regulations by authorities in the district that could be replicated for other similar catchments.

Conclusions: Modelling pollutants enables observation of trends over the years and the percentage of time a certain class is exceeded for each individual pollutant. The catchment did not meet Class II requirements and may not be able to reach Class I without extensive improvements in the quality and reducing the quantity of both point and non-point effluent sources within the catchment.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:河流易受污染,在发展迅速、环境保护程度低的中低收入国家(LMIC),水污染问题日益严重。有普遍的污染物阈值,但它们与采砂和水产养殖等河流活动没有直接联系。水质模型可以支持对河流污染的评估,并提供有关这一重要环境问题的信息。目的:本研究的目的是在一个案例研究的基础上,展示在审查马来西亚河流集水区现有政策时的水质建模方法。方法:采用丹麦水利研究所开发的MIKE 11软件对研究区主要污染点源采砂和水产养殖进行建模。获得了2000 - 2015年6个河流站点的水质数据。所有采砂和水产养殖地点和近似生产能力通过地面调查量化。由于细沉积物的性质,采用平流-分散模块对洗砂废水进行建模。水产养殖沉积物命运的建模需要平流-分散和丹麦水力研究所ECO实验室模块来模拟水质决定因素之间的详细相互作用。结果:根据马来西亚标准,大部分河段生化氧指令(BOD)和铵态氮(NH4)参数均为IV类,溶解氧(DO)参数在II - IV类之间变化,流域中游河段总悬浮物(TSS)均为IV - V类。讨论:相应成分和位置的比较表明,水质模型再现了曲线主体的长期持续时间超标。然而,水质模型低估了不常见的高浓度观测。提出了一项标准的污水处理,以便该地区当局制定立法和条例,并可在其他类似的集水区复制。结论:对污染物进行建模可以观察多年来的趋势,以及每种污染物超过某一类的时间百分比。该集水区没有达到第II类的要求,如果不广泛改善水质和减少集水区内的点及非点污水源的数量,可能无法达到第I类。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
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引用次数: 2
Impact of Shutdown due to COVID-19 Pandemic on Aerosol Characteristics in Kanpur, India. COVID-19 大流行导致的停产对印度坎普尔气溶胶特征的影响。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-11-19 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201201
Nidhi Shukla, Gautam Kumar Sharma, Parinita Baruah, V K Shukla, Prashant Gargava

Background: Since March 2020, the number of confirmed COVID-19 positive cases have steadily risen in India. Various preventive measures have been taken to contain the spread of COVID-19. With restrictions on human activities, anthropogenic emissions driving air pollution levels have seen a reduction since March 23, 2020, when the government imposed the first nationwide shutdown. The landlocked Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) has many densely-populated cities, witnessing high levels of particulate matter due to both nature-driven and anthropogenic elements. Kanpur is an urban metropolis in the IGP with high aerosol loading, and this paper explores the impact of restricted anthropogenic activities on aerosol characteristics in Kanpur.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the change in aerosol optical depth level and its related parameters during the shutdown phases in Kanpur city compared to the same time periods in 2017-2019.

Methods: Aerosol optical properties such as aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 500 nm, Angstrom exponent (AE), fine mode fraction (FMF) of AOD at 500 nm and single scattering albedo (SSA) at 440 nm were obtained from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) station operating in Kanpur from the 1st March to the 30th April for 2017-2020.

Results: A significant decrease in aerosol loading was observed during the shutdown period compared to the pre-and partial shutdown periods in 2020 as well as during the same time periods of 2017-2019. Mean AOD, FMF and SSA were 0.37, 0.43 and 0.89, respectively, during the shutdown period in 2020. A 20-35% reduction in mean AOD levels was observed during the shutdown period in 2020 as compared to the same period in 2017-2019.

Conclusions: The shutdown led to an improvement in air quality due to decreases in anthropogenic emissions. As fine particles, typically from urban and industrial emissions, dominate episodic air pollution events, this study can be further utilized by the scientific community and regulators to strengthen the emergency response action plan to check high pollution episodes in Kanpur city until cleaner technologies are in place.

Competing interests: The authors declare no completing financial interests.

背景:自 2020 年 3 月以来,印度的 COVID-19 阳性确诊病例数量稳步上升。为遏制 COVID-19 的传播,印度采取了各种预防措施。自 2020 年 3 月 23 日政府首次在全国范围内实施停产以来,随着对人类活动的限制,导致空气污染水平下降的人为排放也有所减少。内陆的印度洋-地中海平原(IGP)有许多人口稠密的城市,由于自然因素和人为因素,这里的颗粒物水平很高。坎普尔是 IGP 中的一个城市大都市,气溶胶负荷较高,本文探讨了坎普尔受限制的人为活动对气溶胶特征的影响:本研究旨在探究坎普尔市停工阶段气溶胶光学深度水平及其相关参数与 2017-2019 年同期相比的变化情况.方法:从2017年3月1日至2020年4月30日在坎普尔运行的气溶胶机器人网络(AERONET)站获得了气溶胶光学特性,如500 nm处的气溶胶光学深度(AOD)、安氏指数(AE)、500 nm处AOD的细模分数(FMF)和440 nm处的单散射反照率(SSA):与 2020 年关闭前和部分关闭期间以及 2017-2019 年同期相比,在关闭期间观察到气溶胶负荷明显下降。2020 年关闭期间的平均 AOD、FMF 和 SSA 分别为 0.37、0.43 和 0.89。与 2017-2019 年同期相比,2020 年关停期间的平均 AOD 水平降低了 20-35%:由于人为排放的减少,关停导致了空气质量的改善。由于细颗粒物(通常来自城市和工业排放)在偶发性空气污染事件中占主导地位,科学界和监管机构可以进一步利用这项研究来加强应急响应行动计划,以遏制坎普尔市的高污染事件,直至清洁技术到位:作者声明不涉及任何经济利益。
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引用次数: 0
Human Health Risk Evaluation of Organophosphate Insecticide Residues in Post-Harvest Cowpea in Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria. 尼日利亚阿布贾瓜瓦拉达地区收获后豇豆中有机磷杀虫剂残留的人体健康风险评价
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-11-19 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201203
Motunrayo G Akande, Fatimah S Sanni, Ndidi G Enefe

Background: Cowpea is a leguminous crop commonly grown and eaten in Nigeria. Organophosphate insecticides are frequently used to control insect populations in cowpea crops.

Objectives: The present study was conducted to investigate the concentrations of organophosphate insecticide residues in cowpea varieties in Gwagwalada, Nigeria, and assess health risks to consumers.

Methods: Samples of brown and white cowpea varieties were collected from Gwagwalada market, Abuja, Nigeria. Concentrations of organophosphate insecticide residues in the cowpea samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selective ion monitoring. Risk evaluation was carried out by the determination of estimated daily intake, hazard quotient and chronic hazard index.

Results: The organophosphates detected in the cowpea varieties were malathion, parathion, ethion and carbophenothion. The concentrations of insecticides in the cowpea types were higher than the maximum residue limits recommended by the European Union (EU) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). The hazard quotient values were less than 100% for malathion, parathion and ethion in the cowpea varieties for adults and children. The hazard quotient of carbophenothion for adults was below 100% for the cowpea types, while the hazard quotient surpassed 100% for children. The chronic hazard indexes for children were 364% and 276% for the brown and white cowpea types, respectively.

Conclusions: The results obtained in the present study indicate that consumers, particularly children, may be exposed to health risks through the consumption of cowpea types. Consequently, monitoring and regulation of organophosphate insecticide usage in Nigeria should be intensified.

背景:豇豆是一种豆科作物,在尼日利亚普遍种植和食用。有机磷杀虫剂经常用于控制豇豆作物的昆虫数量。目的:本研究旨在调查尼日利亚瓜瓦拉达豇豆品种中有机磷杀虫剂残留的浓度,并评估其对消费者的健康风险。方法:在尼日利亚阿布贾的瓜瓦拉达市场采集棕豇豆和白豇豆品种样品。采用选择性离子监测气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了豇豆样品中有机磷农药残留的浓度。通过测定估计日摄入量、危害商和慢性危害指数进行风险评价。结果:豇豆品种中检出的有机磷主要为马拉硫磷、对硫磷、乙硫磷和碳苯硫磷。豇豆中杀虫剂的浓度高于欧洲联盟(EU)和有毒物质和疾病登记机构(ATSDR)建议的最大残留限量。成人和儿童豇豆品种中马拉硫磷、对硫磷和乙硫磷的危害商值均小于100%。豇豆类型中,碳邻苯醚对成人的危害系数小于100%,对儿童的危害系数大于100%。棕色豇豆和白色豇豆的儿童慢性危害指数分别为364%和276%。结论:本研究的结果表明,消费者,特别是儿童,可能会因食用豇豆而面临健康风险。因此,应加强对尼日利亚有机磷杀虫剂使用情况的监测和管理。
{"title":"Human Health Risk Evaluation of Organophosphate Insecticide Residues in Post-Harvest Cowpea in Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria.","authors":"Motunrayo G Akande,&nbsp;Fatimah S Sanni,&nbsp;Ndidi G Enefe","doi":"10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cowpea is a leguminous crop commonly grown and eaten in Nigeria. Organophosphate insecticides are frequently used to control insect populations in cowpea crops.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study was conducted to investigate the concentrations of organophosphate insecticide residues in cowpea varieties in Gwagwalada, Nigeria, and assess health risks to consumers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Samples of brown and white cowpea varieties were collected from Gwagwalada market, Abuja, Nigeria. Concentrations of organophosphate insecticide residues in the cowpea samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selective ion monitoring. Risk evaluation was carried out by the determination of estimated daily intake, hazard quotient and chronic hazard index.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The organophosphates detected in the cowpea varieties were malathion, parathion, ethion and carbophenothion. The concentrations of insecticides in the cowpea types were higher than the maximum residue limits recommended by the European Union (EU) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). The hazard quotient values were less than 100% for malathion, parathion and ethion in the cowpea varieties for adults and children. The hazard quotient of carbophenothion for adults was below 100% for the cowpea types, while the hazard quotient surpassed 100% for children. The chronic hazard indexes for children were 364% and 276% for the brown and white cowpea types, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results obtained in the present study indicate that consumers, particularly children, may be exposed to health risks through the consumption of cowpea types. Consequently, monitoring and regulation of organophosphate insecticide usage in Nigeria should be intensified.</p>","PeriodicalId":52138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health and Pollution","volume":"10 28","pages":"201203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7731488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38716582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Preliminary Study of Heavy Metals in Low-Cost Jewelry Items Available in Nigerian Markets. 尼日利亚市场低成本珠宝中重金属含量的初步研究。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-11-19 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201202
Gilbert U Adie, Esther O Oyebade, Boluwatife M Atanda

Background: Many developing countries either lack or have weakly enforced regulations on imported goods. A high percentage of low-cost jewelry items in Nigeria are imported from abroad. There is concern about the levels of heavy metals present in these products.

Objectives: The present study examined the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) in inexpensive jewelry purchased from retail wholesale shops in Ibadan metropolis, southwestern Nigeria.

Methods: One hundred (100) assorted jewelry items were digested in dilute nitric acid solution followed by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis.

Results: Out of the total number of jewelry items analyzed, 12% of them had Pb concentrations above European Union (EU) safety limits. Also, 63%, 42% and 62% of items had Cd, Cr and Ni average concentrations above their EU limits. Notably, 3%, 27% and 8% of the items had Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations over 103 times above their EU limits Overall, Cd showed the highest average level in rings (256,952 mg/kg) followed by bracelets (60,627 mg/kg) and earrings (54,388 mg/kg). All metals in solid bangles were within their EU guidelines.

Conclusions: Given the significant deleterious impacts of these metals on human health, low-cost jewelry poses a serious potential threat to users' health. Policies to guarantee the safety of low-cost jewelry items must be established and enforced.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:许多发展中国家对进口商品缺乏或执行不力。尼日利亚有很大比例的低成本珠宝是从国外进口的。人们担心这些产品中的重金属含量。目的:本研究检查了从尼日利亚西南部伊巴丹市零售批发商店购买的廉价珠宝中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)和镍(Ni)的含量。方法:用稀硝酸消解100件各类首饰,原子吸收分光光度法测定。结果:在被分析的珠宝首饰中,有12%的珠宝首饰的铅浓度高于欧盟(EU)安全限值。此外,63%、42%和62%的物品Cd、Cr和Ni的平均浓度高于欧盟的限制。值得注意的是,有3%、27%和8%的产品的铅、镉和铬含量超过欧盟规定的103倍。总体而言,镉的平均含量最高的是戒指(256,952毫克/公斤),其次是手镯(60,627毫克/公斤)和耳环(54,388毫克/公斤)。实心手镯的所有金属都符合欧盟的规定。结论:鉴于这些金属对人体健康的重大有害影响,低成本珠宝对使用者的健康构成严重的潜在威胁。必须制定和执行保障低成本珠宝产品安全的政策。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
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引用次数: 4
Comparative Analysis of Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter Concentrations and Air Quality in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. 尼日利亚Ogbomoso市室内外颗粒物浓度与空气质量的对比分析
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-11-19 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201205
Musibau O Jelili, Adeniyi S Gbadegesin, Abimbola T Alabi

Background: Airborne particulates are an issue in many urban regions around the world and their detrimental impact on human health has increasingly become a public health concern.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine particle pollution in an urban settlement in Nigeria. This study examines the extent, spatial variation, and sources of indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

Methods: The survey research method was adopted. Sampling included 385 buildings across selected precincts and different residential zones in the town of Ogbomoso. Particulate matter analytes (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) within/around each building were measured with a particle counter and details on domestic utilities/practices were obtained with a questionnaire. Analysis of variance was used to determine inter-zonal variations in PM levels and simple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between indoor and outdoor air quality.

Results: Indoor and outdoor respirable particle (PM2.5) concentrations were lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target limit of 75 μg/m3, while concentrations of inhalable particles (PM10) were higher than the set limit of 150 μg/m3 for daily averages. Coarse particles dominated, with an accumulative PM2.5/PM10 ratio of 0.24. The inter-zonal analysis of PM concentrations revealed that indoor and outdoor PM levels varied significantly by residential zone (p = 0.0005; p = 0.01, respectively). Regression analysis showed a significant but weak relationship between indoor and outdoor PM levels (r = +0.221), while the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.049) showed that only about 5% of the variation in indoor air quality was associated with outdoor air quality. Particle pollution inducers were identified in the residents' waste disposal methods and adopted fuels/energy sources, with firewood and charcoal linked with increased concentrations of particulate matter.

Conclusions: Air quality was relatively poor in the study area given observed particulate matter concentrations. Cleaner fuels, effective waste management systems and improved roads are needed to foster better air quality in the study area.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:空气中的微粒是世界上许多城市地区的一个问题,它们对人类健康的有害影响日益成为一个公共卫生问题。目的:本研究的目的是检查颗粒污染的城市住区在尼日利亚。本研究调查了尼日利亚Ogbomoso室内和室外颗粒物(PM)浓度的程度、空间变化和来源。方法:采用调查研究方法。抽样包括Ogbomoso镇选定选区和不同住宅区的385座建筑物。每个建筑物内/周围的颗粒物分析(PM1, PM2.5和PM10)用颗粒计数器测量,并通过问卷调查获得家庭公用设施/实践的详细信息。采用方差分析确定PM水平的区域间差异,采用简单线性回归分析室内和室外空气质量之间的关系。结果:室内和室外可吸入颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度均低于世界卫生组织(WHO) 75 μg/m3的中期目标限值,而可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度均高于设定的日均限值150 μg/m3。粗颗粒物占主导地位,PM2.5/PM10累计比值为0.24。区域间PM浓度分析显示,不同居住区的室内和室外PM水平差异显著(p = 0.0005;P = 0.01)。回归分析显示,室内和室外PM水平之间存在显著但较弱的关系(r = +0.221),而决定系数(R2 = 0.049)表明,室内空气质量的变化仅约5%与室外空气质量相关。在居民的废物处理方法和采用的燃料/能源中确定了颗粒污染诱因,其中木柴和木炭与颗粒物浓度增加有关。结论:考虑到观测到的颗粒物浓度,研究区空气质量相对较差。需要更清洁的燃料、有效的废物管理系统和改善的道路来促进研究区域的空气质量。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
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引用次数: 7
期刊
Journal of Health and Pollution
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