Journal of Health and Pollution最新文献

英文中文

Determination of Perflourooctanoic Acid Toxicity in a Human Hepatocarcinoma Cell Line. 全氟辛酸对人肝癌细胞毒性的测定。

IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine

Journal of Health and Pollution

Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210909

Mahmoud Abudayyak, Ezgi Öztaş, Gül Özhan

Background: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is used in different industrial and commercial products. Research shows the presence of PFOA in home dusts, tap and surface water, and in biological samples. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified PFOA as a possible carcinogen for humans. The liver is thought to be a target organ of PFOA accumulation and toxicity.

Objective: Some studies have found toxic effects on the liver and related mechanisms; however, more studies are needed to better understand PFOA - induced hepatotoxicity.

Methods: In the present study, a human hepatocarcinoma cell line was exposed to PFOA for 24 hours and cell viability, apoptosis, the oxidative system and immune response were evaluated.

Results: While apoptosis was the main cell death pathway at low concentration (86.5%), the necrotic cell fraction increased with higher concentrations (46.7%). Significant changes in the reactive oxygen species (5.3-folds) glutathione (GSH) (1.7-folds) and catalase (CAT) (1.4-folds) levels were observed, as well as changes to interleukin-6 (≤1.8-fold) and interleukin-8 levels (35-40%).

Conclusions: In light of the data, PFOA is potentially hepatotoxic through the investigated pathways. The results represent a background for future in vivo mechanistic studies.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:全氟辛酸(PFOA)用于不同的工业和商业产品。研究表明，家庭灰尘、自来水和地表水以及生物样本中都存在全氟辛酸。国际癌症研究机构(IARC)已将全氟辛烷磺酸列为可能的人类致癌物。肝脏被认为是PFOA积累和毒性的靶器官。目的:一些研究发现了其对肝脏的毒性作用及其机制;然而，需要更多的研究来更好地了解PFOA引起的肝毒性。方法:将人肝癌细胞株暴露于PFOA作用24小时，观察细胞活力、凋亡、氧化系统和免疫反应。结果:低浓度时细胞凋亡是细胞死亡的主要途径(86.5%)，高浓度时坏死细胞比例增加(46.7%)。活性氧(5.3倍)、谷胱甘肽(1.7倍)、过氧化氢酶(1.4倍)水平及白细胞介素-6(≤1.8倍)、白细胞介素-8(35-40%)水平变化显著。结论:根据这些数据，PFOA通过所研究的途径具有潜在的肝毒性。该结果为未来的体内机制研究提供了背景。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。

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引用次数: 4

Satellite Observation of Spatio-temporal Variations in Nitrogen Dioxide over West Africa and Implications for Regional Air Quality. 西非二氧化氮时空变化的卫星观测及其对区域空气质量的影响。

IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine

Journal of Health and Pollution

Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210913

Ayodeji Oluleye

Background: Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is known to affect human health, causing heart and cardiovascular diseases, and it has been shown that locations with long term NO₂ pollution recorded a high number of fatalities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There are no ground stations monitoring emissions of NO₂ over West Africa. The present study aimed to use satellite observations to examine pollutant trends over this region.

Objective: To examine the trend of NO₂ over the entire West Africa sub region in relationship to contributions to environmental emissions using satellite-derived data. This enables the assessment of West Africa regional air pollution hot spots in relationship to enhancing atmospheric factors. The results from this study will also be useful guidance for setting air quality standards for air pollution controls to minimize health hazards.

Methods: The present study examined thirteen years of average monthly values of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) to determine the spatio-temporal variation of this pollutant over West Africa. Satellite data for NO₂ between 2005 and 2017 were used to determine the variation in pollution levels over West Africa. Correlations between NO₂ and meteorological variables (wind speed, rainfall and air temperature) were obtained to explain the influence of West African weather on the region's pollution accumulation.

Results: The present study observed that NO₂ concentrations varied from place to place and from season to season. Nitrogen dioxide concentrations during the dry season were higher (sometimes 200% higher) than values observed in the wet season which ranged between 0.5 and 6×10¹⁵ molec/cm². Nitrogen dioxide north-south oscillation during the course of a year is largely controlled by the inter-tropical discontinuity (ITD) zone as high concentrations of NO₂ are found in the vicinity of the ITD where wind speeds and horizontal vorticity approaches zero. Correlation analysis between NO₂ and some atmospheric variables indicated NO₂ concentrations are well influenced by atmospheric variables showing bipolar signals depending on the season. An increasing trend of NO₂ was also found over selected cities of the region. This indicated that regional air quality is gradually deteriorating.

Conclusions: The implications of worsening regional air quality were examined in the light of the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic. The dominant atmospheric factor determining pollution episodes in the region is the inter-tropical discontinuity line which marks the meeting point between the two wind regimes over the region. Densely populated areas are characteristically prone to elevated pollution and have experienced high fatalities during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Compet

背景:众所周知，二氧化氮(NO2)会影响人类健康，导致心脏和心血管疾病。研究表明，长期受到二氧化氮污染的地区因COVID-19大流行而死亡的人数很高。西非没有监测二氧化氮排放的地面站。目前的研究旨在利用卫星观测来检查该地区的污染物趋势。目的:利用卫星数据研究整个西非次区域NO2的趋势与环境排放的关系。这使得能够评估西非区域空气污染热点与增强大气因子的关系。这项研究的结果也将为制定空气污染控制的空气质量标准提供有用的指导，以尽量减少对健康的危害。方法:本研究检测了西非地区十三年的二氧化氮(NO2)月平均值，以确定该污染物的时空变化。2005年至2017年的二氧化氮卫星数据被用来确定西非污染水平的变化。得到了NO2与气象变量(风速、降雨量和气温)的相关关系，以解释西非天气对该地区污染积累的影响。结果:本研究观察到NO2浓度随地点和季节的变化而变化。旱季的二氧化氮浓度高于雨季的观测值(有时高出200%)，其范围在0.5 ~ 6×1015 mol /cm2之间。在一年的时间里，二氧化氮的南北振荡在很大程度上受热带间断带(ITD)的控制，因为在热带间断带附近发现高浓度的二氧化氮，而风速和水平涡度接近于零。NO2与部分大气变量的相关性分析表明，NO2浓度受大气变量的影响较好，呈现出随季节变化的双极信号。该地区部分城市的二氧化氮浓度也呈上升趋势。这表明区域空气质量正在逐渐恶化。结论:在当前COVID-19大流行的背景下，研究了区域空气质量恶化的影响。决定该地区污染事件的主要大气因素是热带不连续线，它标志着该地区两种风态的交汇点。人口稠密地区的特点是易受污染加剧，在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间死亡率很高。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。

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引用次数: 1

Critical Review of Lead Pollution in Bangladesh. 对孟加拉国铅污染的重要审查。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine
Journal of Health and Pollution
Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210902

Ahmad Kamruzzaman Majumder, Abdullah Al Nayeem, Mahmuda Islam, Mohammed Mahadi Akter, William S Carter

Background: Lead (Pb) poses a severe threat to human health and the environment. Worldwide Pb production and consumption have significantly increased along with unplanned industrialization and urbanization, lead smelting, and lead-acid battery processing. The improper management of Pb-containing elements is responsible for Pb pollution. Lead's persistence in nature and bioaccumulation in the food chain can lead to adverse health impacts.
Objectives: The present study aims to describe Pb contaminated sites in Bangladesh and Pb concentration in the atmosphere, water, sediments, soil, vegetables, fish, and other foods in Bangladesh.
Methods: The present study searched a total of 128 peer-reviewed articles based on a predefined set of criteria (keywords, peer-reviewed journals, and indexing in Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Springer, PubMed, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), and Bangladesh Journals Online (BanglaJOL) and exclusion criteria (predatory journal and absence of full text in English) and finally selected 63 articles (58 research articles and five (5) reports). The relevant findings on Pb exposure, sources, routes, diet, and impacts in Bangladesh were combined and presented.
Results: The reviewed studies identified 175 Pb contaminated sites through soil sample assessment in Bangladesh. The study determined Pb concentrations in air (0.09-376.58 μg/m³, mean 21.31 μg/m³), river water (0.0009-18.7 mg/l, mean 1.07 mg/l), river sediments (4.9-69.75 mg/kg, mean 32.08 mg/kg), fish (0.018-30.8 mg/kg, mean 5.01 mg/kg), soil (7.3-445 mg/kg, mean 90.34 mg/kg), vegetables (0.2-22.09 mg/kg, mean 4.33 mg/kg) and diet items (0.001-413.9 mg/kg, mean 43.22 mg/kg) of which 38.8%, 27.8%, 54.5%, 68.8%, 9.7% and 100% of samples, respectively, exceeded related World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Bangladesh Standard Testing Institution (BSTI) guidelines. The present study found that industrial soils are severely polluted with Pb (7.3-445 mg/kg) in Bangladesh. A high Pb concentration has been found in fish muscle and foods, including leafy and non-leafy vegetables collected from different places in Bangladesh.
Conclusions: Lead-contaminated foods can enter the human body through dietary intake and consequently lead to long-term adverse health effects. This study may help policymakers to formulate national policies with effective mitigation plans to combat the adverse health impacts of Pb in Bangladesh.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景：铅对人类健康和环境构成严重威胁。随着无计划的工业化和城市化、铅冶炼和铅酸电池加工，全球铅的生产和消费大幅增加。对含铅元素管理不当是造成铅污染的原因。铅在自然界中的持久性和在食物链中的生物积累可能会对健康产生不利影响。目的：本研究旨在描述孟加拉国的铅污染地点以及大气、水、沉积物、土壤、蔬菜、鱼类、，方法：本研究根据预先定义的一组标准（关键词、同行评审期刊和Scopus、Science Direct、Web of Science、Springer、PubMed、开放获取期刊目录，以及孟加拉国在线期刊（BanglaJOL）和排除标准（掠夺性期刊和缺乏英文全文），最终选择了63篇文章（58篇研究文章和5篇报告）。结合并介绍了孟加拉国铅暴露、来源、途径、饮食和影响的相关研究结果。结果：经审查的研究通过对孟加拉国土壤样本的评估，确定了175个铅污染地点。该研究测定了空气（0.09-376.58μg/m3，平均21.31μg/m3）、河水（0.0009-18.7 mg/l，平均1.07 mg/l）、河流沉积物（4.9-69.75 mg/kg，平均32.08 mg/kg）、鱼类（0.018-30.8 mg/kg，平均5.01 mg/kg）、土壤（7.3-445 mg/kg，68.8%、9.7%和100%的样本分别超过了世界卫生组织（世界卫生组织）、粮食及农业组织（粮农组织）、美国环境保护局（USEPA）和孟加拉国标准检测机构（BSTI）的相关指南。本研究发现，孟加拉国的工业土壤受到Pb（7.3-445 mg/kg）的严重污染。在鱼类肌肉和食物中发现了高铅浓度，包括从孟加拉国不同地方收集的叶菜和非叶菜。结论：铅污染的食物可以通过饮食摄入进入人体，从而导致长期的不良健康影响。这项研究可能有助于政策制定者制定国家政策，制定有效的缓解计划，以应对孟加拉国铅对健康的不利影响。竞争利益：作者宣布没有竞争性经济利益。

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引用次数: 7

Documenting Environmental Contamination in Vulnerable Populations. 记录弱势群体的环境污染。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine
Journal of Health and Pollution
Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210901

Sandra Page-Cook

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引用次数: 0

Preserving Children's Future: Abstracts Conference proceedings. 保护儿童的未来:会议记录摘要。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine
Journal of Health and Pollution
Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.S1

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引用次数: 0

Human Health Assessment of Sixteen Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soils of Northwestern Algeria. 阿尔及利亚西北部污染土壤中16种优先多环芳烃的人体健康评价
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine
Journal of Health and Pollution
Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210914

Ahmed Halfadji, Mohamed Naous, Farida Bettiche, Abdelkrim Touabet

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental organic contaminants generated by incomplete combustion of organic materials that are widely distributed in soils.
Objectives: This study represents the first attempt to examine the health toxicity of 16 detected PAHs in contaminated soil, via different exposure pathways to populations in northwestern Algeria.
Methods: The toxicity equivalency quotients (TEQ) of PAHs were evaluated. The carcinogenic risk assessment of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) from ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure pathways to each PAH in soil are described.
Results: Incremental lifetime cancer risk values were in the upper limit of the tolerable range (10^-6-10^-4) for adults and children. The total cancer risk of PAH-contaminated soils for children, adolescents and adults was 2.48×10^-5, 2.04×10^-5 and 3.12×10^-5mg.kg^-1d^-1, respectively. The highest potential cancer risks were identified for adults and children, with adolescents having the lowest risks. Across exposure pathways, the dermal contact and ingestion pathways had the greatest contributions to the carcinogenic risk of human exposure to PAHs.
Conclusions: Further research and guidelines are needed for risk assessments of PAHs in agricultural, residential/urban, and industrial areas, and further risk assessments should include risks posed by exposure through air.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)是一种普遍存在的环境有机污染物，广泛分布于土壤中。目的:本研究首次尝试通过阿尔及利亚西北部人群的不同接触途径，检查受污染土壤中检测到的16种多环芳烃的健康毒性。方法:测定多环芳烃的毒性当量商(TEQ)。从摄入、吸入和皮肤暴露途径对土壤中每一种多环芳烃的增量终生癌症风险(ILCR)进行致癌风险评估。结果:成人和儿童终生癌症风险增量值均在可容忍范围的上限(10-6-10-4)。多环芳烃污染土壤对儿童、青少年和成人的总致癌风险分别为2.48×10-5、2.04×10-5和3.12×10-5mg。分别kg-1d-1。成人和儿童的潜在癌症风险最高，青少年的风险最低。在接触途径中，皮肤接触和摄入途径对人体接触多环芳烃的致癌风险贡献最大。结论:农业、住宅/城市和工业地区多环芳烃的风险评估需要进一步的研究和指南，进一步的风险评估应包括通过空气暴露的风险。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。

{"title":"Human Health Assessment of Sixteen Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soils of Northwestern Algeria.","authors":"Ahmed Halfadji, Mohamed Naous, Farida Bettiche, Abdelkrim Touabet","doi":"10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210914","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental organic contaminants generated by incomplete combustion of organic materials that are widely distributed in soils.Objectives: This study represents the first attempt to examine the health toxicity of 16 detected PAHs in contaminated soil, via different exposure pathways to populations in northwestern Algeria.Methods: The toxicity equivalency quotients (TEQ) of PAHs were evaluated. The carcinogenic risk assessment of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) from ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure pathways to each PAH in soil are described.Results: Incremental lifetime cancer risk values were in the upper limit of the tolerable range (10-6-10-4) for adults and children. The total cancer risk of PAH-contaminated soils for children, adolescents and adults was 2.48×10-5, 2.04×10-5 and 3.12×10-5mg.kg-1d-1, respectively. The highest potential cancer risks were identified for adults and children, with adolescents having the lowest risks. Across exposure pathways, the dermal contact and ingestion pathways had the greatest contributions to the carcinogenic risk of human exposure to PAHs.Conclusions: Further research and guidelines are needed for risk assessments of PAHs in agricultural, residential/urban, and industrial areas, and further risk assessments should include risks posed by exposure through air.Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.","PeriodicalId":52138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health and Pollution","volume":" ","pages":"210914"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8383786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39346692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6

Determination of Heavy Metals in Groundwater Around Al-Buraihi Sewage Station in Taiz City, Yemen. 也门塔伊兹市Al-Buraihi污水站附近地下水重金属含量测定
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine
Journal of Health and Pollution
Pub Date : 2021-06-17 eCollection Date: 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.30.210604

Raya Qaid Alansi, Abdelhafeez M A Mohammed, Mahmoud M Ali, Wadie Ahmed Mokbel Ghalib, Sajan Chimmikuttanda Ponnappa

Background: In recent years, mitigation of groundwater contamination resulting from the limited availability of freshwater for domestic use has become an important issue. The presence of heavy metals in water could have adverse effects on both plant and animal life.
Objectives: The main objective of the present study was to determine possible heavy metal contamination in groundwater around Al-Buraihi sewage station in Taiz, Yemen and to understand possible sources of contamination and their relationships with groundwater.
Methods: Wastewater samples were collected from a wastewater stabilization pond from Al-Buraihi sewage station and borewell water samples were collected from the vicinity. The presence of heavy metals was quantified using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Pearson correlation test was performed to understand the relationship between wastewater and groundwater samples.
Results: Physical variables including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature and elements such as silver (Ag), arsenic (As), aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), molybdenum, nickel (Ni), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) exceeded the permissible limits recommended by international standards in wastewater samples.
Conclusions: Treated sewage wastewater in the study area is not suitable for irrigation as the elements/heavy metals are accumulated in soil and plants and may be accumulated in humans and animals through bio-accumulation. In addition, these heavy metals reach the water table and aquifers through percolation, thereby polluting groundwater.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:近年来，减轻因家庭淡水供应有限而造成的地下水污染已成为一个重要问题。水中重金属的存在可能对植物和动物的生命产生不利影响。目的:本研究的主要目的是确定也门塔伊兹Al-Buraihi污水站周围地下水中可能存在的重金属污染，并了解可能的污染源及其与地下水的关系。方法:从Al-Buraihi污水站的废水稳定池中采集废水样本，并在附近采集井水样本。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)对重金属的存在进行了定量分析。通过Pearson相关检验了解废水与地下水样品之间的关系。结果:废水样品中pH值、电导率(EC)、溶解氧(DO)、温度等物理变量和银(Ag)、砷(as)、铝(Al)、钡(Ba)、硼(B)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铁(Fe)、钼、镍(Ni)、硒(Se)、锌(Zn)等元素均超过国际标准推荐的允许范围。结论:研究区处理后的污水不适合灌溉，其元素/重金属在土壤和植物中积累，并可能通过生物积累在人和动物中积累。此外，这些重金属通过渗透到达地下水位和含水层，从而污染地下水。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。

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引用次数: 2

Sources and Level of Rare Earth Element Contamination of Atmospheric Dust in Nigeria. 尼日利亚大气粉尘中稀土元素污染的来源和水平。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine
Journal of Health and Pollution
Pub Date : 2021-06-17 eCollection Date: 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.30.210611

Tesleem O Kolawole, Omowunmi S Olatunji, Olumuyiwa M Ajibade, Charles A Oyelami

Background: Rare earth element (REE) composition of atmospheric dust has recently been used to trace potential sources of dust pollution.
Objective: The present study aimed to determine the sources of atmospheric pollution in the study area using REE patterns and determine their level of pollution.
Methods: Twenty-five (25) atmospheric dust samples were collected in the study area, with five samples each from an industrial area, traffic area, dumpsite area, residential area and remote area in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. In addition, five (5) topsoil and two (2) rock samples (granite gneiss) were collected for comparison. Concentrations of REE were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Results: The ratio of lanthanum/cerium (La/Ce), especially in some locations in industrial area (1.5), traffic area (1.5) and to some extent dumpsite area (1.1) was higher than in soil (0.2), upper continental crust (0.5) and the minimum value of fluid catalytic crackers (1.0). Generally, the respective average values of the ratios of La/praseodymium (Pr), La/neodymium (Nd) and La/samarium (Sm) in industrial area (32.1, 7.8 and 52.6) and traffic area (14.9, 4.4 and 26.8) were higher than their respective averages in soil (4.4, 1.1 and 6.2), rock (5.7, 1.9 and 14.1), upper continental crust (4.4, 1.1 and 6.6) and the minimum value in fluid catalytic crackers (5.8, 3.7 and 37.0). Meanwhile, their corresponding value in the dumpsite area, residential area and remote area were lower or similar to the geological background levels.
Discussion: The contamination factors of REEs in the atmospheric dust of the industrial area and traffic area were classified as heavily contaminated, especially with light lanthanoid elements in REE. The degree of contamination of REEs in the atmospheric dust of industrial area (30.9) and traffic area (18.8) fell within the considerable contamination category. The high values of the light lanthanoid ratio and the contamination indices were attributed to their emission from the fired-power plant and vehicular exhaust.
Conclusions: Most of the composition of the atmospheric dust was sourced from the local geology of the study area as observed in the residential area and remote area, while the contamination in the industrial area and traffic area was attributed to human activities.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:近年来，大气粉尘的稀土元素(REE)组成已被用于追踪粉尘污染的潜在来源。目的:利用稀土元素模式确定研究区大气污染源及其污染程度。方法:在尼日利亚西南部伊巴丹市的工业区、交通区、垃圾场、居民区和偏远地区收集25份大气粉尘样本，各5份。此外，还收集了5(5)个表土和2(2)个岩石样品(花岗岩片麻岩)进行比较。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定稀土元素浓度。结果:镧铈比(La/Ce)，特别是在工业区(1.5)、交通区(1.5)和部分垃圾场(1.1)的某些地点，高于土壤(0.2)、上陆壳(0.5)和流体催化裂化装置的最小值(1.0)。总体而言，工业地区(32.1、7.8和52.6)和交通地区(14.9、4.4和26.8)的La/镨(Pr)、La/钕(Nd)和La/钐(Sm)比值的平均值高于土壤(4.4、1.1和6.2)、岩石(5.7、1.9和14.1)、上陆地壳(4.4、1.1和6.6)的平均值，流体催化裂化装置的最小值(5.8、3.7和37.0)。而垃圾场、居民区和偏远地区的相应值则低于或接近地质背景水平。讨论:工业区和交通区大气粉尘中稀土元素污染因子均为重度污染，稀土元素中镧系元素含量较轻。工业区域(30.9)和交通区域(18.8)大气粉尘中稀土元素的污染程度属于相当程度的污染。轻镧比和污染指数高的主要原因是火电厂和机动车尾气的排放。结论:居住区和偏远地区大气粉尘成分主要来源于研究区当地地质环境，而工业区和交通区大气粉尘成分主要来源于人类活动。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。

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引用次数: 6

Community Health Risk Assessment of Total Suspended Particulates near a Cement Plant in Maros Regency, Indonesia. 印度尼西亚马洛斯县某水泥厂附近总悬浮颗粒的社区健康风险评估。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine
Journal of Health and Pollution
Pub Date : 2021-06-17 eCollection Date: 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.30.210616

Annisa Utami Rauf, Anwar Mallongi, Anwar Daud, Muhammad Hatta, Wesam Al-Madhoun, Ridwan Amiruddin, Stang Abdul Rahman, Atjo Wahyu, Ratna Dwi Puji Astuti

Background: Cement plants generate particulate matter (PM) across processes from raw material preparation to packaging. The presence of total suspended particulates (TSP) coming out of the stack causes a high accumulation of dust in residential areas. Human exposure to TSP could affect human health and wellbeing.
Objectives: The present study aims to evaluate concentrations of TSP and to estimate the health risks of TSP exposure through the inhalation pathway in communities surrounding a private cement industry in Maros regency, Indonesia.
Methods: Total suspended particulates were collected using a high-volume air sampler (HVAS) at five locations. Samples were taken by grab sampling for 24 hours. The SCREEN3 program was used to view the maximum range and distribution of pollutants based on the geographical, stack profiles and meteorological factors in the study area. Hazard quotient (HQ) was used to estimate non-carcinogenic risks of TSP in surrounding communities.
Results: Total suspended particulate concentrations were measured with a maximum value of 133.24 μg/m³ and a minimum value of 18.48 μg/m³. This maximum value exceeds the minimum acceptable level from Canadian National Ambient Air Quality Objectives (C-NAAQOs). The non-carcinogenic risks from the inhalation pathway were low except for location 3 (HQ>1) across all locations.
Conclusions: The cement plant may significantly contribute to total TSP concentrations in air and may potentially have adverse effects on human health. Communities near the cement plant are vulnerable to TSP exposure and measures are needed to reduce TSP in Maros regency, Indonesia.
Participant consent: Obtained.
Ethics approval: This study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Hasanuddin University with protocol number 28920093022.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:水泥厂从原料制备到包装的整个过程都会产生颗粒物(PM)。从烟囱中冒出的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的存在导致了居民区粉尘的大量堆积。人类接触TSP可能会影响人类健康和福祉。目的:本研究旨在评估印度尼西亚马洛斯县一家私营水泥工业周围社区中总悬浮颗粒物的浓度，并估计通过吸入途径暴露于总悬浮颗粒物的健康风险。方法:采用大容量空气采样器(HVAS)在5个地点采集总悬浮颗粒物。采用抓取取样法，取样时间为24小时。使用SCREEN3程序根据研究区域的地理、层叠剖面和气象因素查看污染物的最大范围和分布。危害商(HQ)用于评估TSP在周边社区的非致癌风险。结果:测得总悬浮颗粒物浓度最大值为133.24 μg/m3，最小值为18.48 μg/m3。这个最大值超过了加拿大国家环境空气质量目标(C-NAAQOs)的最低可接受水平。除位置3 (HQ>1)外，所有位置的吸入途径非致癌风险均较低。结论:水泥厂可能对空气中总TSP浓度有显著贡献，并可能对人类健康产生不利影响。水泥厂附近的社区容易受到总悬浮颗粒物的影响，需要采取措施减少印度尼西亚马洛斯县的总悬浮颗粒物。参与者同意:已获取。伦理批准:本研究由Hasanuddin大学卫生研究伦理委员会批准，协议号28920093022。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。

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引用次数: 11

Simulating Pollutant Dispersion from Accidental Fires with a Focus on Source Characterization. 模拟意外火灾中污染物的扩散，重点是源表征。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine
Journal of Health and Pollution
Pub Date : 2021-06-17 eCollection Date: 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.30.210612

Marzio Invernizzi, Francesca Tagliaferri, Selena Sironi, Gianni Tinarelli, Laura Capelli

Background: Storage tanks in oil and gas processing facilities contain large volumes of flammable compounds. Once the fuel-air mixture is ignited, it may break out into a large fire or explosion. The growing interest in monitoring air quality and assessing health risks makes the evaluation of the consequences of a fire an important issue. Atmospheric dispersion models, which allow for simulation of the spatial distribution of pollutants, represent an increasingly widespread tool for this type of evaluations.
Objectives: The present study discusses the set up and results of a modeling study relevant to a hypothesized fire in an oil refinery.
Methods: After choosing the most suitable dispersion models, i.e. the Lagrangian model SPRAY and the puff model CALPUFF, estimation of the required input data is discussed, focusing on the source variables, which represent the most uncertain input data. The results of the simulations were compared to regulatory limits to effectively evaluate the environmental consequences. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was employed to identify the most influential variables.
Results: The simulation results revealed that ground concentration values were far below the cited long-term limits. However, the most interesting outcome is that depending on the dispersion model and the source type modeled, different results may be obtained. In addition, the sensitivity study indicates that the source area is the most critical variable, since it determines a significantly different behavior depending on the modeled source types, producing, in some cases, variability in the pollutant ground concentrations on selected receptors up to +/- 60%.
Conclusions: Depending on the selected model and the algorithms available to describe the physics of emission, the results showed a different sensitivity to the input variables. Although this can be explained from a mathematical point of view, the problem remains of choosing case by case the option that best approximates the real behavior of the incidental source under investigation.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:石油和天然气加工设施中的储罐含有大量易燃化合物。燃料-空气混合物一旦被点燃，就可能引发大火或爆炸。人们对监测空气质量和评估健康风险的兴趣日益浓厚，这使得对火灾后果的评估成为一个重要问题。大气弥散模式能够模拟污染物的空间分布，是这类评价日益广泛使用的工具。目的:本研究讨论了与炼油厂假想火灾相关的建模研究的建立和结果。方法:在选择最合适的离散模型，即拉格朗日模型SPRAY和puff模型CALPUFF后，讨论所需输入数据的估计，重点关注代表最不确定输入数据的源变量。将模拟结果与监管限制进行比较，以有效评估环境后果。最后，采用敏感性分析来确定最具影响力的变量。结果:模拟结果显示，地面浓度值远低于引用的长期限值。然而，最有趣的结果是，根据色散模型和建模的源类型，可能得到不同的结果。此外，敏感性研究表明，源面积是最关键的变量，因为它根据模拟源类型决定了显著不同的行为，在某些情况下，选定受体上污染物地面浓度的变异性可达+/- 60%。结论:根据所选择的模型和可用于描述发射物理的算法，结果对输入变量的敏感性不同。虽然这可以从数学的角度来解释，但问题仍然是逐案选择最接近所调查的附带源的真实行为的选项。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。

{"title":"Simulating Pollutant Dispersion from Accidental Fires with a Focus on Source Characterization.","authors":"Marzio Invernizzi, Francesca Tagliaferri, Selena Sironi, Gianni Tinarelli, Laura Capelli","doi":"10.5696/2156-9614-11.30.210612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.30.210612","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Storage tanks in oil and gas processing facilities contain large volumes of flammable compounds. Once the fuel-air mixture is ignited, it may break out into a large fire or explosion. The growing interest in monitoring air quality and assessing health risks makes the evaluation of the consequences of a fire an important issue. Atmospheric dispersion models, which allow for simulation of the spatial distribution of pollutants, represent an increasingly widespread tool for this type of evaluations.Objectives: The present study discusses the set up and results of a modeling study relevant to a hypothesized fire in an oil refinery.Methods: After choosing the most suitable dispersion models, i.e. the Lagrangian model SPRAY and the puff model CALPUFF, estimation of the required input data is discussed, focusing on the source variables, which represent the most uncertain input data. The results of the simulations were compared to regulatory limits to effectively evaluate the environmental consequences. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was employed to identify the most influential variables.Results: The simulation results revealed that ground concentration values were far below the cited long-term limits. However, the most interesting outcome is that depending on the dispersion model and the source type modeled, different results may be obtained. In addition, the sensitivity study indicates that the source area is the most critical variable, since it determines a significantly different behavior depending on the modeled source types, producing, in some cases, variability in the pollutant ground concentrations on selected receptors up to +/- 60%.Conclusions: Depending on the selected model and the algorithms available to describe the physics of emission, the results showed a different sensitivity to the input variables. Although this can be explained from a mathematical point of view, the problem remains of choosing case by case the option that best approximates the real behavior of the incidental source under investigation.Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.","PeriodicalId":52138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health and Pollution","volume":"11 30","pages":"210612"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8276722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39188748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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