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Academic performance and socio-demographic characteristics of students: Assessing moderation effect of self-esteem 学生的学习成绩和社会人口学特征:评估自尊的调节效应
Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-07 DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2021.1901811
R. Masa'deh, Manar AlAzzam, Ghadeer Al-Dweik, Omayma M Masadeh, A. Hamdan-Mansour, I. Basheti
ABSTRACT Self-esteem has a profound role in students’ academic performances. This study was designed to examine the moderation effect of self-esteem on the relationship between academic performance and students’ socio-demographic characteristics. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 20 schools in Jordan. A nonrandom consecutive sampling method was used to recruit students who provided their demographic information and answered the Arabic Version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Participating students (n = 1800) showed a mean self-esteem of 23.07 (SD = 2.69), while the academic performance showed a mean of 86.5 (SD = 6.34). Self-esteem moderated the relationship between socio-demographics (gender, educational sector, and education program) and academic performance. Self-esteem is an important indicator of academic performance and should be strongly considered by stakeholders at all school programs and types. The differences in self-esteem and academic performance according to gender need to be investigated further to draw conclusive future plans.
摘要自尊对学生的学习成绩有着深远的影响。本研究旨在检验自尊对学习成绩与学生社会人口学特征之间关系的调节作用。对约旦的20所学校进行了横断面描述性研究。采用非随机连续抽样方法招募提供人口统计信息并回答阿拉伯语版Rosenberg自尊量表的学生。参与调查的学生(n=1800)的平均自尊为23.07(SD=2.69),而学习成绩为86.5(SD=6.34)。自尊调节了社会人口统计学(性别、教育部门和教育项目)与学习成绩之间的关系。自尊是衡量学习成绩的重要指标,所有学校项目和类型的利益相关者都应该强烈考虑自尊。需要进一步调查不同性别在自尊和学习成绩方面的差异,以得出结论性的未来计划。
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引用次数: 3
Can social-emotional learning programs be adapted to schools in Pakistan? A literature review 社交情感学习项目能否适用于巴基斯坦的学校?文献综述
Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-07 DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2020.1850374
N. Barlas, Jeevita Sidhu, Chieh-Lan Li
ABSTRACT Growing research suggests that a social-emotional learning (SEL) curriculum in school has a positive impact on students’ emotional and academic learning. However, schools in Pakistan face multiple challenges for fostering social-emotional skills due to lack of awareness of the existence and benefits of SEL programs, inadequate funding in public schools, absence of motivation in private schools, and lack of teacher training. Several SEL programs have been adapted to different countries and diverse populations worldwide with promising results. But there is limited research on the applicability of these programs in Pakistani schools and in countries with similar cultural and educational context. We conducted a literature review on studies published between 2000 and 2019 to search for SEL programs applicable to schools in Pakistan. Nineteen studies were identified with SEL programs including PATHS, Second Step, Strong Kids, and Lions Quest. These programs were then evaluated based on their ease of adaptation and implementation and cost effectiveness to elementary schools in Pakistan. Results support the applicability of PATHS based on all the evaluation criteria. Implications and considerations for the adaptation of PATHS in elementary schools in Pakistan are discussed.
越来越多的研究表明,学校社会情绪学习(SEL)课程对学生的情绪学习和学业学习具有积极的影响。然而,由于缺乏对SEL项目存在和益处的认识,公立学校资金不足,私立学校缺乏动力,以及缺乏教师培训,巴基斯坦的学校在培养社交情感技能方面面临着多重挑战。一些SEL项目已经适应了世界各地不同的国家和不同的人群,并取得了可喜的成果。但是,关于这些项目在巴基斯坦学校以及具有类似文化和教育背景的国家的适用性的研究有限。我们对2000年至2019年间发表的研究进行了文献综述,以寻找适用于巴基斯坦学校的SEL课程。19项研究被确定为SEL项目,包括PATHS、Second Step、Strong Kids和Lions Quest。然后根据这些方案的适应和实施的容易程度以及对巴基斯坦小学的成本效益对其进行评估。结果支持path在所有评价标准下的适用性。讨论了巴基斯坦小学适应适宜卫生教育方案的影响和考虑因素。
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引用次数: 5
Goodbye but not farewell and welcome to the future of International School/Educational Psychology 再见,但不告别,欢迎来到国际学校/教育心理学的未来
Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2021.1938842
G. V. van Schalkwyk
Goodbye but not farewell. This second issue for 2021 will be my last editorial for which I will be the Editor-inChief for the International Journal of School and Educational Psychology (IJSEP), a position I have held since my appointment in 2018. It has been a great privilege and honor for me to serve the International School Psychology Association (ISPA) and the school and educational psychology researchers, practitioners, and scholars from around the globe in this way and I hope to meet with you in many and diverse ways in future. I now pass on the reigns of this esteemed journal to the next Editor-in-Chief, Tamika LaSalle from the University of Connecticut. For the past 6 months, we have worked closely to make the transition as smooth as possible, and I invite you all to welcome her with the same warmth and compassion that I received. She is well suited to cherish our journal just as I hope you do, and I wish you, together with the newly appointed Editorial Team (i.e., Associate Editors and Editorial Board members) all the best taking our journal to even greater heights than before. Over the past three years, it has been my privilege to work in close association with Associate Editors, who excelled in their diligence and commitment to ISPA and the IJSEP: Profs Rik Carl D’Amato (the founding Editor), The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, and Melissa Bray, University of Connecticut, and Drs Rina Chittooran, Saint Louis University, Sarah Davis, University of Worcester, Nurit Kaplan-Toren, University of Haifa, Anastasia Lijadi, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Andrew Davis, Ball State University, Richard Gonzales, Education Specialist at the World Bank. There have also been other Associate Editors, who served as part of the time during my tenure: Prof Lisa Woolfson, University of Strathclyde, and Drs Terence Bowles, The University of Melbourne, Barry Mallin, University of Manitoba, and Antoinette Ah Hing, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. To all these Associate Editors, a special word of thanks for their collaboration to bring our IJSEP readers a range of empirically based research, peerreviewed articles produced by international school and educational psychology scholars. We have worked well together being able to fulfill one of our objectives with the IJSEP, namely, to intentionally help our international colleagues to publish in a reputable academic journal and to receive the recognition they deserve. As always, I also wish to thank our authors and readers of the IJSEP for their contributions, not only for bringing us your best articles for inclusion but also for reading and using the work published here in your various professional endeavors. Over the past years, the submission rate for the IJSEP has increased significantly to the point where we had to bring out several supplementary issues (published online only). We have also had several Special Issues on relevant topics for school and educational psycholo
再见,但不是再见。2021年的第二期将是我担任《国际学校与教育心理学杂志》(IJSEP)主编的最后一篇社论,自2018年上任以来,我一直担任该职位。我非常荣幸能以这种方式为国际学校心理学协会(ISPA)以及来自世界各地的学校和教育心理学研究人员、从业者和学者服务,我希望在未来以多种多样的方式与大家见面。我现在将这份受人尊敬的期刊的统治权移交给下一任主编,康涅狄格大学的塔米卡·拉萨尔。在过去的6个月里,我们密切合作,使过渡尽可能顺利,我邀请大家以我所得到的同样的热情和同情欢迎她。她非常适合像我希望你那样珍惜我们的期刊,我祝愿你和新任命的编辑团队(即副编辑和编委会成员)一切顺利,将我们的期刊推向比以前更高的高度。在过去的三年里,我很荣幸能与副编辑密切合作,他们在对ISPA和IJSEP的勤奋和承诺方面表现出色:芝加哥职业心理学学院的Rik Carl D'Amato教授(创始编辑)和康涅狄格大学的Melissa Bray,圣路易斯大学的Rina Chittoran博士、Sarah Davis,伍斯特大学,Nurit Kaplan Toren,海法大学,Anastasia Lijadi,国际应用系统分析研究所,Andrew Davis,鲍尔州立大学,Richard Gonzales,世界银行教育专家。在我任职期间,还有其他副主编:斯特拉斯克莱德大学的Lisa Woolfson教授、墨尔本大学的Terence Bowles博士、曼尼托巴大学的Barry Mallin和纳尔逊·曼德拉都市大学的Antoinette Ah Hing。特别感谢所有这些副编辑,感谢他们的合作,为我们的IJSEP读者带来了一系列基于经验的研究,国际学校和教育心理学学者撰写的同行评审文章。我们合作得很好,能够实现我们与IJSEP的目标之一,即有意帮助我们的国际同事在声誉良好的学术期刊上发表文章,并获得他们应得的认可。一如既往,我也要感谢IJSEP的作者和读者的贡献,他们不仅为我们带来了您最好的文章供我们收录,而且在您的各种专业努力中阅读和使用了这里发表的作品。在过去几年中,IJSEP的提交率大幅上升,以至于我们不得不提出几个补充问题(仅在线发布)。我们还为21世纪的学校和教育心理学家举办了几期关于相关主题的特刊。继续这样做,帮助我们保持众所周知的高标准。在本期中,我们整理了来自世界各地学者的论文,这些论文涉及一系列与学校/教育心理学日常实践直接相关的主题。Simpson和Atkinson(2021)对学校心理学家在治疗干预中的作用进行了系统的文献综述。他们关注最近的文献,讨论了改善契约的必要性,加强有效的治疗实践,并衡量我们作为学校心理学家的工作的影响。Gonzalez等人(2021)接着分析了学校心理学教师“关于研究生培训在循证评估和干预中的地位”的“信念、态度和看法”(第132页)。我相信这篇论文将对未来学校/教育心理学家的培训和该领域的循证实践具有重要意义。其余的文章涉及我们服务的儿童和学生,从斯洛伐克的学龄前儿童开始(Stillerova et al.,2021),这是美国小学生社会情感力量和学校成员关系的跨文化比较(Chan等人,2021),随后对课堂目标结构及其对希腊小学生的影响进行了评估(Gertsakis等人,2021)。谈到中学生和高中生,Nazim和Duyen(2021)讨论了欺凌对高中生学校生活的影响,而Arslan(2021https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2021.1938842
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引用次数: 0
Influential domains of school climate fostering resilience in high achieving schools 学校氛围的影响领域——培养成绩优异学校的应变能力
Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2021.1898501
Ashley M. Ebbert, S. Luthar
ABSTRACT This study examined the strength of associations between multiple aspects of school climate and adjustment outcomes among a group recently identified as being at risk: youth attending high-achieving schools (HAS). Using three diverse high schools as samples (n = 2,508, 49% female) – one boarding, one private, and one public school – links with school climate dimensions were examined separately for boys and girls. Importantly, using multivariate analyses, salient aspects of parent-child relationships known to be significant for adolescent adjustment were first considered. Thus, analyses provided relatively stringent tests of potentially unique effects of individual school climate dimensions. Findings showed that (1) consistent differences existed across schools by region and type and (2) links between school climate dimensions and adolescent adjustment were robust after considering the quality of parent-child relationships. Among the different dimensions of school climate, negative aspects of school climate – feeling alienated by teachers and perceived tolerance of bullying – were most consistently linked to symptoms. Conversely, positive school climate indices, including having a caring adult at school and respect for diversity, were most consistently linked to positive adjustment outcomes. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of school climate dimensions for adjustment among HAS youth.
摘要:本研究调查了最近被确定为处于风险中的群体:就读于高成就学校(HAS)的青少年,学校气候的多个方面与适应结果之间的关联强度。使用三所不同的高中作为样本(n = 2508, 49%为女性)——一所寄宿学校,一所私立学校和一所公立学校——分别检查了男孩和女孩与学校气候维度的联系。重要的是,使用多变量分析,首先考虑了已知对青少年适应有重要意义的亲子关系的突出方面。因此,分析提供了相对严格的个别学校气候维度的潜在独特影响的测试。结果表明:(1)不同地区和类型的学校间存在一致性差异;(2)在考虑亲子关系质量后,学校气候维度与青少年适应之间的联系是稳健的。在学校氛围的不同维度中,学校氛围的消极方面——被老师疏远的感觉和对欺凌的容忍——与症状的联系最为一致。相反,积极的学校气候指数,包括在学校有一个关心的成年人和尊重多样性,最一致地与积极的调整结果相关联。研究结果讨论了学校气候维度对高智商青少年适应的重要性。
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引用次数: 5
Improving well-being and behavior in adolescents utilizing a school-based positive psychology intervention 利用基于学校的积极心理干预改善青少年的幸福感和行为
Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2021.1881000
Emily DeBiase, M. Bray, M. Levine, Miranda Graves, Meghann Long
ABSTRACT This study is a multi-component Positive Psychology Intervention (PPI) with the goal of improving daily happiness and classroom behavior in a sample at-risk high-school students. PPIs have increasingly been used in school settings to enhance student well-being, student success, and to increase positive affect. The current study utilized a multiple baseline design, across five adolescents, to examine whether a manualized PPI implemented in individual school-based counseling sessions with at-risk high-school students, would lead to increased happiness, improved classroom behavior, and life satisfaction, measured through a Daily Happiness survey, the Direct Behavior Rating (DBR), General Happiness Scale, Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale, and the Student Life Satisfaction Scale. Results demonstrated high variability in the data and an overall null effect of the intervention on the two dependent variables of daily happiness and classroom behavior. Limitations included individual impacts of outside factors on student reports and behavior. Due to the small scale of the study and lack of observed intervention effects, more research is needed to draw conclusions about the application of the intervention. However, social validity data revealed that school-based mental health professionals may still consider this intervention to teach students strategies to improve life satisfaction.
摘要本研究是一项多成分的积极心理干预(PPI),旨在改善高危高中生的日常幸福感和课堂行为。PPI越来越多地被用于学校环境,以提高学生的幸福感、学生的成功率,并增加积极影响。目前的研究采用了一项针对五名青少年的多基线设计,通过每日幸福感调查、直接行为评分(DBR)、一般幸福感量表、,简明多维学生生活满意度量表和学生生活满意度表。结果表明,数据的可变性很高,干预对日常幸福感和课堂行为这两个因变量的总体无效。局限性包括外部因素对学生报告和行为的个人影响。由于研究规模较小,缺乏观察到的干预效果,需要更多的研究来得出干预应用的结论。然而,社会有效性数据显示,以学校为基础的心理健康专业人员仍然可以考虑这种干预措施来教授学生提高生活满意度的策略。
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引用次数: 3
Mediating Role of Internal Factors in Predicting Academic Resilience 内部因素对学业心理弹性的中介作用
Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2021.1904068
Ramin Aliyev, Ufuk Akbaş, Yaşar Özbay
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine the effects of external and internal factors on academic resilience. This study is more apt to examine the critical role of internal protective factors in students’ academic resilience. Child rearing attitudes or parenting style and ecological education value perception were included as external factors and academic self-efficacy and academic motivation as internal factors. Within the scope of this purpose, the Academic Resilience Scale (ARS) was adapted to Turkish, and the Ecological Education Value Perception Scale (EEVPS) was developed. The model testing with structural equation modeling indicated that internal factors play a mediating role between external factors and academic resilience. Internal protective factors of academic motivation and academic self-efficacy were found to mediate between external factors of parenting style and ecological education value and academic resilience. It was concluded that even having external protective factors for resilience, we still need internal protective factors to become academically more resilient. The current study’s results showed that the existence of intrinsic motivation and protective features can be considered a prerequisite for academic resilience. The results are discussed in light of previous studies and within the limitations of this study.
摘要本研究旨在探讨外部因素和内部因素对学业弹性的影响。本研究更倾向于考察内在保护因素在学生学业弹性中的关键作用。以子女教养态度或教养方式和生态教育价值观为外部因素,以学业自我效能感和学业动机为内部因素。在此目的范围内,将学术弹性量表(ARS)改编为土耳其语,并开发了生态教育价值感知量表(EEVPS)。结构方程模型检验表明,内部因素在外部因素与学业弹性之间起中介作用。研究发现,学业动机和学业自我效能感的内部保护因素在父母教养方式、生态教育价值观和学业弹性的外部因素之间起中介作用。结论是,即使有外部的保护因素,我们仍然需要内部的保护因素,使我们在学术上更有弹性。本研究结果表明,内在动机和保护特征的存在可以被认为是学业弹性的先决条件。根据以往的研究和本研究的局限性,对结果进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 6
Perceptions of work and work engagement among school psychologists in Sweden 瑞典学校心理学家对工作和工作投入的看法
Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-11 DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2021.1879697
Linda Landqvist, Elinor Schad
ABSTRACT In the present study, we respond to recent calls to investigate work-related circumstances of school psychologists. As very limited research is done on work engagement among school psychologists, we also tested for the effect of well-established work-related factors on work engagement. A subsample of data from a survey distributed to all members of the Swedish Psychological Association was used to assess school psychologists’ (N = 440) perceptions of work-related factors and work engagement. Our results indicate that a considerable part of the participating school psychologists experience high work demands and have trouble finding work–life balance. In general, however, school psychologists in Sweden experience high work engagement. The results also indicate that school psychologists in Sweden experience a lack of role clarity in their professional role. Our findings validate a model that underlines the importance of role clarity for school psychologists work engagement.
在本研究中,我们回应了最近对学校心理学家工作环境的调查。由于学校心理学家对工作投入的研究非常有限,我们也测试了与工作相关的既定因素对工作投入的影响。从瑞典心理协会的所有成员中抽取了一份调查数据的子样本,用来评估学校心理学家(N = 440)对工作相关因素和工作投入的看法。我们的研究结果表明,相当一部分参与的学校心理学家经历了高工作要求,难以找到工作与生活的平衡。然而,总的来说,瑞典的学校心理学家的工作投入度很高。研究结果还表明,瑞典的学校心理学家在他们的专业角色中缺乏角色清晰度。我们的研究结果验证了一个强调角色清晰对学校心理学家工作投入重要性的模型。
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引用次数: 1
Self-distancing to reduce anger in high school students 保持自我距离以减少高中生的愤怒
Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-11 DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2020.1804020
Koichi Yoshikawa, T. Kehle, M. Bray, M. del Campo, Johanna deLeyer-Tiarks, Emily L. Winter, Natalie R. Starling
ABSTRACT The present pilot study employed an experimental design to examine the efficacy of a self-distancing intervention for promoting adolescent’s reflective adaptation to anger inducing events. Recent experimental studies on college students, elementary school students, and couples have found that self-distancing interventions, as compared to self-immersion/reflection interventions or a no-treatment control, lead to adaptive responses to anger and reductions in future aggression. As adolescents are particularly prone to intense experiences of anger and are at high-risk of being perpetrators and victims of aggression, examining the potential of self-distancing to reduce anger has important implications for adults serving this population. However, contrary to the results of the literature examining self-distancing in adult and child populations, self-distancing was not found to reduce, and may have increased, implicit aggressive cognition, anger, and negative affect in the adolescent sample.
本研究采用实验设计,考察自我疏离干预对促进青少年对愤怒诱发事件的反思适应的效果。最近对大学生、小学生和夫妇的实验研究发现,与自我沉浸/反思干预或无治疗控制相比,自我疏离干预能导致对愤怒的适应性反应和未来攻击的减少。由于青少年特别容易产生强烈的愤怒情绪,并且极易成为侵犯行为的肇事者和受害者,因此,研究自我疏离以减少愤怒的潜力对服务于这一人群的成年人具有重要意义。然而,与研究成人和儿童自我距离的文献结果相反,在青少年样本中,自我距离并没有减少,甚至可能增加了内隐攻击性认知、愤怒和消极情绪。
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引用次数: 1
Social problem-solving, life satisfaction and well-being among high school and university students 高中生和大学生的社会问题解决、生活满意度和幸福感
Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-09 DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2020.1856249
Zita Gál, László Kasik, Szilvia Jámbori, J. Fejes, K. Nagy
ABSTRACT Students face several challenges when transitioning to a new school level. This necessitates an exploration of the personal features supporting their adjustment, which may provide valuable insights for intervention programs and counseling services at institutions. We employed a sample of 9th- to 10th-grade high school students (N = 255) and 1st- to 2nd-year university students (N = 320) and adopted a longitudinal design to examine the relation between their social problem-solving, life satisfaction and school well-being and how they change in a new institutional environment during the first year. The participants answered the Hungarian version of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory–Revised, the Negative Problem Orientation Questionnaire, the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the School Well-being Questionnaire. The results revealed a similar pattern in social problem-solving and negative problem orientation among high school and university students. Positive problem orientation decreased while negative problem orientation and avoidance increased. Negative orientation toward social problems significantly affected life satisfaction and well-being in school. This study then discussed the implications of these findings for interventions supporting students’ social problem-solving and well-being.
摘要学生在过渡到新的学校水平时面临着一些挑战。这就需要探索支持他们调整的个人特征,这可能为机构的干预计划和咨询服务提供有价值的见解。我们采用了9至10年级高中生(N=255)和1至2年级大学生(N=320)的样本,并采用纵向设计来检验他们的社会问题解决、生活满意度和学校幸福感之间的关系,以及他们在新的制度环境中在第一年的变化。参与者回答了匈牙利版的社会问题解决量表——修订版、负面问题导向问卷、生活满意度量表和学校幸福感问卷。结果显示,在高中生和大学生中,社会问题解决和消极问题导向的模式相似。积极问题导向下降,消极问题导向和回避增加。对社会问题的消极取向显著影响了学校的生活满意度和幸福感。然后,这项研究讨论了这些发现对支持学生解决社会问题和幸福感的干预措施的影响。
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引用次数: 6
Incorporating physical activity in mental health intervention service delivery: School psychologists’ perspectives 将体育活动纳入心理健康干预服务提供:学校心理学家的观点
Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-09 DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2021.1886208
Scott B. Greenspan, Sara A. Whitcomb, Kelsey L. Gordon, L. Hayden, Alexandra A. Lauterbach, Sarah A. Fefer, C. Griffith
ABSTRACT Literature continues to suggest that physical activity is a viable modality in promoting positive mental health outcomes among youth. School psychologists may be well-positioned to incorporate physical activity within school-based mental health intervention service delivery. This study explores school psychologists’ perspectives of using physical activity as a mechanism to support the mental health of students. Twenty practicing school psychologists participated in semi-structured focus groups and shared their perspectives on facilitators and barriers of promoting physical activity in schools to enhance mental health outcomes. Analytically, this study employed a grounded theory approach to yield themes that provide insight into the intersection of school psychology and physical activity. Results suggest that when school and district leaders prioritize using physical activity to promote mental health, this can in turn foster the development of (a) structures to foster such initiatives, (b) data collection and data-based decision-making efforts, and, in turn (c) effective and targeted interventions. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
摘要文献继续表明,体育活动是促进青年积极心理健康结果的一种可行方式。学校心理学家可能很适合将体育活动纳入学校心理健康干预服务中。本研究探讨了学校心理学家将体育活动作为支持学生心理健康的机制的观点。20名实习学校心理学家参加了半结构化的焦点小组,并分享了他们对促进学校体育活动以提高心理健康结果的促进者和障碍的看法。从分析角度来看,这项研究采用了一种有根据的理论方法来产生主题,从而深入了解学校心理和体育活动的交叉点。研究结果表明,当学校和地区领导人优先考虑利用体育活动来促进心理健康时,这反过来可以促进(a)促进此类举措的结构的发展,(b)数据收集和基于数据的决策工作,进而(c)有效和有针对性的干预措施。讨论了对研究和实践的启示。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
International Journal of School and Educational Psychology
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