Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-57-86-107
Alesya Nekrasova
by interlocutor. in this turn at talk, the correspondent takes a certain epistemic position and simultaneously ascribes an epistemic position to the interlocutor in relation to the narratives. narratives are treated as elements of the social context from which the interlocutors take the intents for their actions. the task of the study is to understand how a unit act and a narrative are coupled in interaction; that is, how jewish correspondents position themselves and the editors in relation to jewish narratives. the article aims to reveal the mechanics of this positioning and to identify positioning markers that the correspondent placed in their turn at talk for the interlocutor. for this purpose, the author uses the principles of conversational analysis and the positioning theory developed by Rom harre. three letters with traditional jewish themes are drawn on as examples. they are dedicated to the celebration of the boy’s comingofage (bar mitzvah), the synagogue as a meeting place for the community, and what a real jew should be like. k e y w o r d s : positioning theory, conversation analysis, epistemic status, jewish narratives, rabselkor movement, Bezbozhnik newspaper. A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s : the study was conducted within the framework of the grant program provided by the Research center of the jewish museum and tolerance center private cultural institution (moscow) with the financial support of
对话者。在这一轮谈话中，通讯者采取了某种认识立场，同时将一种认识立场归因于对话者与叙事的关系。叙事被视为社会背景的元素，对话者从中获取行动的意图。本研究的任务是了解一个单元行为和一个叙事是如何在互动中耦合的；也就是说，犹太记者如何在犹太叙事中定位自己和编辑。本文旨在揭示这种定位的机制，并确定通讯员在谈话中为对话者放置的定位标记。为此，作者运用了会话分析的原则和罗姆·哈雷提出的定位理论。以三封具有传统犹太主题的信件为例。他们致力于庆祝男孩的成年（成年礼），将犹太教堂作为社区的聚会场所，以及真正的犹太教徒应该是什么样子。k e y w o r d s：定位理论，对话分析，认识地位，犹太叙事，拉塞尔科尔运动，Bezbozhnik报。A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s：这项研究是在犹太博物馆和宽容中心私人文化机构（莫斯科）研究中心提供的赠款计划框架内进行的，并得到了
{"title":"INTERACTION BETWEEN JEWISH CORRESPONDENTS AND THE EDITOR OF THE ANTI-RELIGIOUS NEWSPAPER BEZBOZHNIK: POSITIONING OF PARTICIPANTS IN RELATION TO JEWISH COLLECTIVE MEANINGS","authors":"Alesya Nekrasova","doi":"10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-57-86-107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-57-86-107","url":null,"abstract":"by interlocutor. in this turn at talk, the correspondent takes a certain epistemic position and simultaneously ascribes an epistemic position to the interlocutor in relation to the narratives. narratives are treated as elements of the social context from which the interlocutors take the intents for their actions. the task of the study is to understand how a unit act and a narrative are coupled in interaction; that is, how jewish correspondents position themselves and the editors in relation to jewish narratives. the article aims to reveal the mechanics of this positioning and to identify positioning markers that the correspondent placed in their turn at talk for the interlocutor. for this purpose, the author uses the principles of conversational analysis and the positioning theory developed by Rom harre. three letters with traditional jewish themes are drawn on as examples. they are dedicated to the celebration of the boy’s comingofage (bar mitzvah), the synagogue as a meeting place for the community, and what a real jew should be like. k e y w o r d s : positioning theory, conversation analysis, epistemic status, jewish narratives, rabselkor movement, Bezbozhnik newspaper. A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s : the study was conducted within the framework of the grant program provided by the Research center of the jewish museum and tolerance center private cultural institution (moscow) with the financial support of","PeriodicalId":52194,"journal":{"name":"Antropologicheskij Forum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48526864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-217-232
A. Novik, I. Sedakova, M. Ryzhova
The review of the 15th Congress of Société Internationale d’Ethnologie et de Folklore (SIEF) distinguishes major trends in the development of anthropology, ethnology, and folklore which are characterized primarily by a bigger extent of interdisciplinarity, involvement of adjacent disciplines, politization, and socialization of the traditional spheres of scholarly interests. The SIEF Congress was meant to take place offline in Helsinki, Finland, June 19–24, 2021, but due to COVID-19 restrictions was transformed into an online event. Familiar SIEF Congress themes were grouped into 18 streams (Archives and Sources, Narratives, Food, Material Culture and Museums, etc.), and supplemented by emerging themes (Posthumanism, Intersectionality), with over 1000 papers in total. The panel organized by the SIEF working group Frankophone and the stream Mobility and Migration are discussed in detail. Many presentations covered COVID-19 Internet-memes—as well as folklore and the transformation of rituals over the course of the pandemic. The authors discuss positive and negative consequences of holding a big academic event online. Overall, a broadening of the geography of the participants is observed, which enlarges the scope of the traditions studied and correspondingly invites new problems for discussion.
{"title":"A Game with or without Rules: 15th Congress of Société Internationale d’Ethnologie et de Folklore (SIEF)","authors":"A. Novik, I. Sedakova, M. Ryzhova","doi":"10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-217-232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-217-232","url":null,"abstract":"The review of the 15th Congress of Société Internationale d’Ethnologie et de Folklore (SIEF) distinguishes major trends in the development of anthropology, ethnology, and folklore which are characterized primarily by a bigger extent of interdisciplinarity, involvement of adjacent disciplines, politization, and socialization of the traditional spheres of scholarly interests. The SIEF Congress was meant to take place offline in Helsinki, Finland, June 19–24, 2021, but due to COVID-19 restrictions was transformed into an online event. Familiar SIEF Congress themes were grouped into 18 streams (Archives and Sources, Narratives, Food, Material Culture and Museums, etc.), and supplemented by emerging themes (Posthumanism, Intersectionality), with over 1000 papers in total. The panel organized by the SIEF working group Frankophone and the stream Mobility and Migration are discussed in detail. Many presentations covered COVID-19 Internet-memes—as well as folklore and the transformation of rituals over the course of the pandemic. The authors discuss positive and negative consequences of holding a big academic event online. Overall, a broadening of the geography of the participants is observed, which enlarges the scope of the traditions studied and correspondingly invites new problems for discussion.","PeriodicalId":52194,"journal":{"name":"Antropologicheskij Forum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69655850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-62-92
Irina S. Volkova
The article is devoted to the schoolchildren associations of the 1930s and early 1940s, which were created as grassroot initiatives, bypas sing—and often standing in opposition to—the pioneers and the Komsomol. These forms of activity make it possible to see adolescents in an unusual light—as the subjects of history—and to imagine how the socio-political realities and ideology of this period were refracted in their minds. The above material shows that, as in other periods, children’s amateur activity in the 1930s and early 1940s grew out of needs that were not met within the state system of education and upbringing. The political repressions that swept the country in the second half of the 1930s did not become an obstacle for these movements. However, a strong “formatting” effect was exerted by the focal points of the policy aimed at children of that time. The tightening of school discipline and normative pressure on the recalcitrant, ideological pressure with emasculated revolutionary meanings provoked reactions like Merton’s retreats and rebellion. Their organizational projections were, respectively, interest clubs, sometimes with a delinquent bias, and protest groups of various kinds. The weakening of Soviet isolationism and the decrease in ideological pressure during the war years stimulated the emergence of gaming communities to model state activities through the perspective of the rapprochement of nations.
{"title":"Against the Current: Schoolchildren’s Informal Organizations in the 1930s and Early 1940s","authors":"Irina S. Volkova","doi":"10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-62-92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-62-92","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the schoolchildren associations of the 1930s and early 1940s, which were created as grassroot initiatives, bypas sing—and often standing in opposition to—the pioneers and the Komsomol. These forms of activity make it possible to see adolescents in an unusual light—as the subjects of history—and to imagine how the socio-political realities and ideology of this period were refracted in their minds. The above material shows that, as in other periods, children’s amateur activity in the 1930s and early 1940s grew out of needs that were not met within the state system of education and upbringing. The political repressions that swept the country in the second half of the 1930s did not become an obstacle for these movements. However, a strong “formatting” effect was exerted by the focal points of the policy aimed at children of that time. The tightening of school discipline and normative pressure on the recalcitrant, ideological pressure with emasculated revolutionary meanings provoked reactions like Merton’s retreats and rebellion. Their organizational projections were, respectively, interest clubs, sometimes with a delinquent bias, and protest groups of various kinds. The weakening of Soviet isolationism and the decrease in ideological pressure during the war years stimulated the emergence of gaming communities to model state activities through the perspective of the rapprochement of nations.","PeriodicalId":52194,"journal":{"name":"Antropologicheskij Forum","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69655960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-58-247-277
Yakov Lurie
Based on mobile ethnography among long-distance truckers, the paper explores the temporal dimensions of their everyday work. In the neoliberal Russian trucking industry, large transport companies and their clients prioritize ‘efficient’ logistics, relying on computational calculations and an urge to keep the goods moving. Accordingly, corporate temporal policies are shaped by clock time logic. However, the reality of truckers’ everyday mobility is filled with contextual factors such as traffic jams, time zone changes, and weather conditions that disrupt the clock time logic. The clash between the smooth temporal politics of logistics and the unpredictable experiences of truckers leads to conflicts, requiring drivers to adjust their pace, routines, and bodies, often resulting in a sense of vulnerability and uncertainty. Despite these challenges, the paper highlights how truckers skilfully navigate various rhythms, finding a sense of game-like enthusiasm in their work. By examining the contradictions between logistical clock time and drivers’ time, the study sheds light on the inequalities surrounding the labor of longhaul truck drivers and explores the social, emotional, and bodily effects of these inequalities. Through an inside look into the drivers’ perspective from inside their cabs, the paper provides insight into the workings of 24/7 capitalism in Russia.
{"title":"Logistics, Inequalities and the Politics of Time in Contemporary Russian Trucking","authors":"Yakov Lurie","doi":"10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-58-247-277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-58-247-277","url":null,"abstract":"Based on mobile ethnography among long-distance truckers, the paper explores the temporal dimensions of their everyday work. In the neoliberal Russian trucking industry, large transport companies and their clients prioritize ‘efficient’ logistics, relying on computational calculations and an urge to keep the goods moving. Accordingly, corporate temporal policies are shaped by clock time logic. However, the reality of truckers’ everyday mobility is filled with contextual factors such as traffic jams, time zone changes, and weather conditions that disrupt the clock time logic. The clash between the smooth temporal politics of logistics and the unpredictable experiences of truckers leads to conflicts, requiring drivers to adjust their pace, routines, and bodies, often resulting in a sense of vulnerability and uncertainty. Despite these challenges, the paper highlights how truckers skilfully navigate various rhythms, finding a sense of game-like enthusiasm in their work. By examining the contradictions between logistical clock time and drivers’ time, the study sheds light on the inequalities surrounding the labor of longhaul truck drivers and explores the social, emotional, and bodily effects of these inequalities. Through an inside look into the drivers’ perspective from inside their cabs, the paper provides insight into the workings of 24/7 capitalism in Russia.","PeriodicalId":52194,"journal":{"name":"Antropologicheskij Forum","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135006776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-209-214
Alexander Liarsky
This text reviews the Russian translation of Maciej Gorny’s book The Great War of Professors. Humanities. 1912–1923. After recollecting the main theses of the work, the review raises a question about the extent to which the extra-scientific knowledge (political, ideological, nationalistic) influences scientific knowledge and whether this influence can be eliminated. Both the book and some current developments lead the review’s author toward rather disappointing conclusions.
{"title":"A Review of Maciej Górny, Velikaya voyna professorov. Gumanitarnye nauki 1912–1923 [The Russian translation by N. S. Polyakova of Maciej Górny, Wielka wojna profesorów. Nauki o człowieku (1912–1923). Warszawa: Instytut Historii PAN, 2014, 384 ss.","authors":"Alexander Liarsky","doi":"10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-209-214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-209-214","url":null,"abstract":"This text reviews the Russian translation of Maciej Gorny’s book The Great War of Professors. Humanities. 1912–1923. After recollecting the main theses of the work, the review raises a question about the extent to which the extra-scientific knowledge (political, ideological, nationalistic) influences scientific knowledge and whether this influence can be eliminated. Both the book and some current developments lead the review’s author toward rather disappointing conclusions.","PeriodicalId":52194,"journal":{"name":"Antropologicheskij Forum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69655806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-171-187
L. Zemnukhova
This book explores the situation of the Uyghur population in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region through the prism of the influence of technology. The author uses the concept of terrorcapitalism to show the complexity of the Uyghur’s relations with the authorities and other ethnic groups, as well as with each other in everyday life. To do so, he identifies three processes through which Uyghur men have to go—digital exclusion, ethno-racial devaluation, and material dispossession. The author also suggests three ways of coping with life’s difficulties: friendship, minor politics, and subtraction.
{"title":"A Review of Darren Byler, Terror Capitalism: Uyghur Dispossession and Masculinity in a Chinese City. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2022, 296 pp.","authors":"L. Zemnukhova","doi":"10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-171-187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-171-187","url":null,"abstract":"This book explores the situation of the Uyghur population in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region through the prism of the influence of technology. The author uses the concept of terrorcapitalism to show the complexity of the Uyghur’s relations with the authorities and other ethnic groups, as well as with each other in everyday life. To do so, he identifies three processes through which Uyghur men have to go—digital exclusion, ethno-racial devaluation, and material dispossession. The author also suggests three ways of coping with life’s difficulties: friendship, minor politics, and subtraction.","PeriodicalId":52194,"journal":{"name":"Antropologicheskij Forum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69655756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-25-61
Aleksandr V. Gura
The analysis of oral folk interpretations of dreams and dream books lets us determine the range of symbolic meanings for each of the two elements—fire and water. This range represents a semantic paradigmatic structure—an area with a certain symbolism. In a certain sense it resembles what is called a lexical nest or a semantic field in linguistics. The interaction between the symbolism of fire and the symbolism of water is in their partial imposing on each other and is distributed crosswise: dreams about water can get fiery symbolism and vice versa, the three varieties of earthly, heavenly and human symbolism. For example, swamp may be dreamt of to tears and sunny weather; fish to tears, rain and fever; the sun to rain, clear weather and fire; flames and fire to rain and sunny weather. The balance of water and fire symbolism, their mutual influence (its interaction with the symbolism of cold/hot) up to their unification, mixture, and neutralization is widely represented in a language and culture—in folklore texts, ritual and magical actions and beliefs, in an author’s poetry, literature, fine arts and psychoanalysis. The mechanisms of such symbolic correlation and interaction are constantly reproduced. All this makes it possible to reveal universal cultural senses and highlight the peculiarities of the structure of the symbolic language of culture.
{"title":"Water and Fire in the Slavonic Symbolism of Dreams and the Symbolic Language of Culture","authors":"Aleksandr V. Gura","doi":"10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-25-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-25-61","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of oral folk interpretations of dreams and dream books lets us determine the range of symbolic meanings for each of the two elements—fire and water. This range represents a semantic paradigmatic structure—an area with a certain symbolism. In a certain sense it resembles what is called a lexical nest or a semantic field in linguistics. The interaction between the symbolism of fire and the symbolism of water is in their partial imposing on each other and is distributed crosswise: dreams about water can get fiery symbolism and vice versa, the three varieties of earthly, heavenly and human symbolism. For example, swamp may be dreamt of to tears and sunny weather; fish to tears, rain and fever; the sun to rain, clear weather and fire; flames and fire to rain and sunny weather. The balance of water and fire symbolism, their mutual influence (its interaction with the symbolism of cold/hot) up to their unification, mixture, and neutralization is widely represented in a language and culture—in folklore texts, ritual and magical actions and beliefs, in an author’s poetry, literature, fine arts and psychoanalysis. The mechanisms of such symbolic correlation and interaction are constantly reproduced. All this makes it possible to reveal universal cultural senses and highlight the peculiarities of the structure of the symbolic language of culture.","PeriodicalId":52194,"journal":{"name":"Antropologicheskij Forum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69655958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-58-190-206
Ekaterina Khonineva, Alexandra Kasatkina
The article presents the results of the Forum “Linguistic Anthropology”, dedicated to the current state of language and culture studies in Russia. It is obvious that the transfer of an interdisciplinary field called “Linguistic Anthropology” to Russian science and education is already underway. At the same time, as the discussion shows, a Russian version of this area is organized around several points of attraction: Western literature on language and culture and language and politics, the theory and methods of linguistics, sociolinguistics, conversational analysis and discourse analysis, and the Russian school of еthnolinguistics. An intriguing methodological problem at the intersection of anthropology and linguistics is dealing with the unspoken, the ambiguous and the ironic. The participants in the discussion ask critical questions both of the grounds on which the researcher recognizes gaps and ambiguities, and of the goals of her interlocutors when they indicate that certain meanings cannot be expressed. Reflecting on the analytical potential of the metaphor of translation (another point where language and culture meet), the Forum participants talk about its political underpinnings: translation can both establish hierarchical relationships and create a space for cooperation. The discussion showed that the translation of American linguistic anthropology into Russian academic reality can create a space for dialogue both between disciplines and between researchers from different countries. The union of anthropology and linguistics offers relevant tools that are in demand not only among anthropologists and ethnographers, but also among historians, sociologists and other researchers who seek to understand social reality.
{"title":"Linguistic Anthropology in Russian Translation (Afterword to the discussion)","authors":"Ekaterina Khonineva, Alexandra Kasatkina","doi":"10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-58-190-206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-58-190-206","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of the Forum “Linguistic Anthropology”, dedicated to the current state of language and culture studies in Russia. It is obvious that the transfer of an interdisciplinary field called “Linguistic Anthropology” to Russian science and education is already underway. At the same time, as the discussion shows, a Russian version of this area is organized around several points of attraction: Western literature on language and culture and language and politics, the theory and methods of linguistics, sociolinguistics, conversational analysis and discourse analysis, and the Russian school of еthnolinguistics. An intriguing methodological problem at the intersection of anthropology and linguistics is dealing with the unspoken, the ambiguous and the ironic. The participants in the discussion ask critical questions both of the grounds on which the researcher recognizes gaps and ambiguities, and of the goals of her interlocutors when they indicate that certain meanings cannot be expressed. Reflecting on the analytical potential of the metaphor of translation (another point where language and culture meet), the Forum participants talk about its political underpinnings: translation can both establish hierarchical relationships and create a space for cooperation. The discussion showed that the translation of American linguistic anthropology into Russian academic reality can create a space for dialogue both between disciplines and between researchers from different countries. The union of anthropology and linguistics offers relevant tools that are in demand not only among anthropologists and ethnographers, but also among historians, sociologists and other researchers who seek to understand social reality.","PeriodicalId":52194,"journal":{"name":"Antropologicheskij Forum","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136373097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-58-209-246
Elena Berezovich, Elena Ivanova
The article investigates the system of mountain mythonyms (mountain mythonymy) in the Urals. These mythonyms are names for supernatural beings (anthropomorphic or zoomorphic) which, according to folk beliefs, guard treasures of the earth (minerals and metals), facilitate or hinder their discovery, extraction and working. Russian mountain mythology is sufficiently studied by folklorists, but its linguistic aspect is barely touched upon so far. The material for this article draws upon field collections of 2020–2023, as well as upon dictionaries, folklore texts, and fiction. The authors reconstruct the semantics and motivations of the mythonyms. The article analyses the most archaic group of mythonyms, which are motivated by inanimate nature vocabulary. The archaic character of these words is attested by the themes present in their stems. These themes are: landscape spirits (Gornyy batyushka — lit. ‘Mountain Father’, Gornaya matka — ‘Mountain Mother’, Semigor — ‘A Person of Seven Mountains’, Kamennaya devka — ‘Stone Maid’); the elements (Ognevka — ‘Fire Maid’, Ognevushka-Poskakushka — ‘The Dancing Fire Maid’); weather conditions (Morok — ‘Darkness, Mist’, Sinyushka, Sinilga — ‘Blue Maid’); rocks and minerals (Malakhitnitsa — ‘Malachite Woman’, zmei-medyanki — ‘copper serpents’, Khozyain Zolota — ‘Master of Gold’, Zolotaya devka — ‘Gold Maid’, Zolotaya baba — ‘Gold Woman’, Zolotoy Volos — ‘Gold Hair’). An important feature of some archaic mythonyms is that they combine different motivations and are included into specific mythopoetic systems. The latter, similarly, combine motivations and also unite facts belonging to different channels of transmitting ethnocultural information (language, a folklore text, beliefs, a ceremony). The mountain mythonymy of the Urals is distinctive in that it contains mythonyms deriving from local place names (toponyms). Some examples are Azovka, Starik Taganay, Bogatyr Ural, Bogatyr Polyud and others. The reasons for the popularity of this model are, first, the specifics of the realia (especially in the case of the Ural Mountains with their figures created by weathering) and, second, the influence of the Turkic and Ob-Ugric traditions with their wide-spread myths about ‘stone masters’. The authors also observe that a highly active type is “authorial” mythonyms, which interact with the folk mythonymy and, notably, tend to individualize the character. So, for instance, the mythonym khozyayka ‘mistress, hostess’ turns into Khozyayka Mednoy Gory ‘Mistress of the Copper Mountain’ in an author’s work of fiction.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-58-329-338
Anastasia Fedotova
“Nature’s Diplomats: Science, Internationalism, and Preservation, 1920–1960” (2021) by Raf de Bont, professor at the University of Maastricht, analyzes the long-term influence of ideas formulated in the first half of the 20th century for the international movement for nature conservation. As the author proves, the early 20th century naturalists and the nongovernmental organizations that they created exercised a decisive influence on the theory and practice of the international movement for nature protection throughout the 20th century. This influence is still noticeable in the early decades of the 21st century. The book shows that the “internationalism” of early organizations for nature conservation was rather limited, the social composition was far from inclusive, and the “scientific approach” was not as self-evident and ideologically neutral as we tend to think. The most influential figures in the international nature conservation were aristocratic landowners and the upper middle classes from leading urban centers of North-Western Europe and the east coast of the United States who had been trained and actively engaged in natural history.
马斯特里赫特大学(University of Maastricht)教授拉夫·德·邦特(Raf de Bont)撰写的《自然的外交官:科学、国际主义和保护，1920-1960》(2021)分析了20世纪上半叶形成的思想对国际自然保护运动的长期影响。正如作者所证明的那样，20世纪初的自然主义者和他们创建的非政府组织对整个20世纪国际自然保护运动的理论和实践产生了决定性的影响。这种影响在21世纪的头几十年仍然很明显。这本书表明，早期自然保护组织的“国际主义”相当有限，社会构成远没有包容性，“科学方法”也不像我们想象的那样不言而喻和意识形态中立。在国际自然保护运动中最具影响力的人物是来自西北欧和美国东海岸主要城市中心的贵族地主和中上层阶级，他们受过自然历史的训练并积极参与其中。
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