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Environmental challenges to thyroid homeostasis: Combined effects of iodine deficiency and endocrine disruption 环境对甲状腺稳态的挑战：碘缺乏和内分泌紊乱的综合影响
Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research
Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2026.100597
Patricia Rannaud-Bartaire , Anni Herranen , Giovanni Levi , Barbara Demeneix , Jean-Baptiste Fini
Thyroid hormone system is crucial for numerous physiological processes, including development, growth, and metabolism. Iodine, an indispensable micronutrient, is required for thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis. Inadequate supply or disruption of its metabolism can compromise thyroid function. Disruption of the thyroid hormone pathways by environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is being studied with growing interest. In several human populations, exposure to EDCs frequently co-occur with insufficient iodine intake, impairing thyroid function, and reducing the capacity to adapt to environmental changes. This brief review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms through which EDCs and iodine deficiency can interfere with virtually every component of TH homeostasis. A better understanding of these combined effects is critical for maintaining a healthy population.
甲状腺激素系统在许多生理过程中起着至关重要的作用，包括发育、生长和新陈代谢。碘是合成甲状腺激素（TH）所必需的微量元素。供给量不足或代谢紊乱会损害甲状腺功能。环境内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）对甲状腺激素通路的破坏正受到越来越多的关注。在一些人群中，暴露于EDCs经常与碘摄入不足同时发生，从而损害甲状腺功能，降低适应环境变化的能力。这篇简短的综述总结了目前关于EDCs和碘缺乏可以干扰TH体内平衡几乎所有成分的机制的知识状况。更好地了解这些综合效应对于维持健康人口至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of pesticide exposure on thyroid function and neoplasia 农药暴露对甲状腺功能和肿瘤的影响
Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research
Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2025.100593
Joanne Lin, Whitney Goldner
Environmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals is a significant public health concern. Pesticides represent a subset of the potential environmental exposures impacting human health, including the thyroid. Some pesticides are considered persistent organic pollutants, and so are present in the soil, water, and food chain long after they have been used, creating the potential for exposure for decades, even after they have been removed from the market. Exposures can occur through occupational exposure, but there is increasing evidence for residential exposure in non-agricultural workers. Some pesticides are considered endocrine disruptors, and there are epidemiologic associations reported between specific pesticides and thyroid hormone alterations and thyroid carcinogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between pesticides and the thyroid.
环境暴露于干扰内分泌的化学品是一个重大的公共卫生问题。农药是影响人类健康的潜在环境暴露的一个子集，包括对甲状腺的影响。一些农药被认为是持久性有机污染物，因此在使用后很长一段时间内仍存在于土壤、水和食物链中，即使它们已经从市场上撤出，也可能在几十年内暴露在土壤、水和食物链中。暴露可以通过职业暴露发生，但越来越多的证据表明，非农业工人的住宅暴露。一些农药被认为是内分泌干扰物，有流行病学报告指出某些农药与甲状腺激素改变和甲状腺癌变之间存在关联。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论农药与甲状腺的关系。
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引用次数: 0
The role of bone marrow adipose tissue evaluation in improving osteoporotic fracture risk assessment 骨髓脂肪组织评估在改善骨质疏松性骨折风险评估中的作用
Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research
Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2026.100598
Julien Paccou
Osteoporosis represents a major global health burden, and emerging data suggest that bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) may contribute to skeletal fragility beyond bone mineral density (BMD). BMAT varies with age, sex, and skeletal site, and recent advances in MRI- and HR-pQCT–based techniques allow accurate quantification. Although BMAT is consistently inversely associated with BMD, evidence linking BMAT to fractures is heterogeneous. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have indicated the limited added predictive value of BMAT over established clinical risk factors and BMD. Large-scale imaging and genetic analyses reinforce the biological relevance of BMAT but not its clinical utility. Future research should clarify the role of BMAT in specific secondary osteoporosis settings and in combination with advanced analytical approaches.
骨质疏松症是全球主要的健康负担，新出现的数据表明，骨髓脂肪组织（BMAT）可能导致骨矿物质密度（BMD）以外的骨骼脆弱性。BMAT因年龄、性别和骨骼部位而异，最近基于MRI和hr - pqct技术的进展可以准确量化。尽管BMAT与骨密度一直呈负相关，但BMAT与骨折相关的证据并不一致。横断面和纵向研究表明，BMAT对已确定的临床危险因素和骨密度的附加预测价值有限。大规模成像和遗传分析加强了BMAT的生物学相关性，但不是其临床应用。未来的研究应明确BMAT在特定继发性骨质疏松症中的作用，并结合先进的分析方法。
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引用次数: 0
Interplay of obesity and endocrine disrupting chemicals on thyroid 肥胖与内分泌干扰物对甲状腺的相互作用
Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research
Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2025.100592
Laura Sterian Ward, Sophia de Alcantara Rodrigues, Elisangela de Souza Teixeira
The thyroid gland is a sensitive target of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which can interfere with hormone synthesis, metabolism, and receptor signaling. Concurrently, obesity is increasingly recognized as both a modifier and potential amplifier of EDCs toxicity, particularly within the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis. Current evidence suggests that bisphenols, phthalates, perfluoroalkyl compounds, and polychlorinated biphenyls are linked to modest but measurable changes in thyroid hormone balance, often influenced by body weight. Adipose tissue may serve as a reservoir for lipophilic EDCs, sustaining internal exposure, and exacerbating metabolic dysregulation. However, the extent to which these associations reflect causal mechanisms remains unclear. Future research should prioritize longitudinal and mechanistic studies to clarify directionality, identify vulnerable populations, and inform precision-based approaches for exposure mitigation.
甲状腺是内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）的敏感靶点，它可以干扰激素的合成、代谢和受体信号。同时，肥胖越来越被认为是EDCs毒性的调节剂和潜在放大器，特别是在下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴。目前的证据表明，双酚、邻苯二甲酸酯、全氟烷基化合物和多氯联苯与甲状腺激素平衡的适度但可测量的变化有关，通常受体重的影响。脂肪组织可以作为亲脂性EDCs的储存库，维持内部暴露，并加剧代谢失调。然而，这些关联在多大程度上反映了因果机制仍不清楚。未来的研究应优先考虑纵向和机制研究，以澄清方向性，确定弱势群体，并为基于精确的暴露缓解方法提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in medical and surgical therapies for transgender and gender-diverse individuals 跨性别者和性别多样化个体的医疗和外科治疗进展
Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research
Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2025.100588
Aaron L. Misakian , Maja Marinkovic
This review aims to highlight new advances in transgender medicine, including innovative approaches to pubertal and menstrual suppression, gender-affirming hormone therapy, and management of voice dysphoria for both adolescent and adult patients.
本文综述了跨性别医学的新进展，包括青春期和月经抑制的创新方法，性别肯定激素治疗，以及青少年和成人患者声音不安的管理。
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引用次数: 0
Disparities in endocrine-disrupting chemical exposures and thyroid disorders 内分泌干扰化学物质暴露与甲状腺疾病的差异
Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research
Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2025.100591
Luyu Wang , Jennifer Flores , Robert M. Sargis
Over the last twenty years, thyroid disorder prevalence has more than doubled in the United States, with notable disparities emerging in disease incidence and outcomes. While partially attributable to inequities in healthcare delivery, whether environmental factors such as exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) contribute to differences in thyroid disease pathogenesis in vulnerable populations is plausible but understudied. To better understand how environmental factors may contribute to thyroid disease disparities, this review discusses differences in exposure to several thyroid-disrupting EDCs among historically disadvantaged communities, including polychlorinated biphenyls, bisphenols, brominated flame retardants, organochlorine pesticides, phthalates, per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances, and non-ess metals. Coupled with knowledge of exposure sources, these data may empower individual- and policy-level interventions to address thyroid disease disparities and promote health equity.
在过去的二十年中，甲状腺疾病的患病率在美国增加了一倍多，在疾病发病率和结果方面出现了显著的差异。虽然部分归因于医疗保健服务的不公平，但环境因素（如暴露于内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs））是否导致脆弱人群甲状腺疾病发病机制的差异似乎是合理的，但尚未得到充分研究。为了更好地了解环境因素如何导致甲状腺疾病的差异，本综述讨论了在历史上处于不利地位的社区中暴露于几种干扰甲状腺的EDCs的差异，包括多氯联苯、双酚、溴化阻燃剂、有机氯农药、邻苯二甲酸盐、全氟/多氟烷基物质和非金属。再加上对暴露源的了解，这些数据可以增强个人和政策层面的干预措施，以解决甲状腺疾病的差异并促进卫生公平。
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引用次数: 0
Perchlorate and thyroid function 高氯酸盐和甲状腺功能
Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research
Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2025.100589
Stacy N. Handler, Maria A. Luna Cuadros, Elizabeth N. Pearce
Perchlorate is an environmental contaminant found around the world. Perchlorate disrupts thyroid function by inhibiting the sodium iodide symporter, which transports iodide into the thyroid. The impact of perchlorate on thyroid function is of particular concern during gestation. This review focuses on human studies related to the thyroidal effects of perchlorate. Some of the earliest human studies of perchlorate and thyroid function studied high-dose exposure through randomized control trials and occupational studies. These gave way to epidemiologic and cohort studies focusing on environmental exposures. The results of these studies have been variable but suggest that high levels of environmental perchlorate exposure, particularly in the setting of iodine deficiency, may impair thyroid function and fetal neurological development. Regulatory efforts have been supported by the advent of biologically dose-dependent response models. Understanding this body of the literature is critical for developing policies aimed at regulating perchlorate exposures and protecting society’s most vulnerable populations.
高氯酸盐是一种世界各地都存在的环境污染物。高氯酸盐通过抑制碘化钠同向转运体来破坏甲状腺功能，碘化钠同向转运体将碘化物运送到甲状腺。高氯酸盐对妊娠期甲状腺功能的影响尤其值得关注。本文综述了高氯酸盐对甲状腺功能的人体研究。一些关于高氯酸盐和甲状腺功能的早期人体研究是通过随机对照试验和职业研究来研究高剂量暴露的。这些让位于关注环境暴露的流行病学和队列研究。这些研究的结果各不相同，但表明高水平的环境高氯酸盐暴露，特别是在碘缺乏的情况下，可能损害甲状腺功能和胎儿神经发育。生物剂量依赖性反应模型的出现为监管工作提供了支持。理解这些文献对于制定旨在调节高氯酸盐暴露和保护社会最弱势群体的政策至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Cholesterol metabolism and oxysterols in neurodegenerative disorders: Spotlight on Alzheimer's disease 神经退行性疾病中的胆固醇代谢和氧甾醇：聚焦于阿尔茨海默病
Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research
Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2025.100590
Ljerka Delac , Silvia Maioli
Cholesterol metabolism in the brain is tightly regulated and differs from the periphery due to the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Oxysterols, oxidized cholesterol metabolites, can cross the BBB and play key roles in brain cholesterol homeostasis and neurodegeneration, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review highlights two major oxysterols: brain-derived 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OH) and peripherally derived 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH). Both have been studied as potential AD biomarkers, with altered levels observed in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, though findings vary due to sex, age, and comorbidities. Animal studies suggest that CYP46A1 and its product 24-OH support cognitive function, reduce neuroinflammation, and attenuate AD pathology, especially in females. Conversely, increased 27-OH is linked to metabolic dysfunction, synaptic deficits, and memory loss, possibly bridging peripheral hypercholesterolemia and AD risk. This review summarizes recent advances in oxysterol research and their implications for AD, emphasizing sex-specific effects and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
由于血脑屏障（BBB），大脑中的胆固醇代谢受到严格调节，与外周不同。氧化胆固醇代谢物氧化甾醇可以穿过血脑屏障，在脑胆固醇稳态和神经变性中发挥关键作用，特别是在阿尔茨海默病（AD）中。本文综述了两种主要的氧甾醇：脑源性24s -羟基胆固醇（24-OH）和外周性27-羟基胆固醇（27-OH）。两者都作为潜在的阿尔茨海默病生物标志物进行了研究，在脑脊液和血浆中观察到水平改变，尽管结果因性别、年龄和合并症而异。动物研究表明CYP46A1及其产物24-OH支持认知功能，减少神经炎症，减轻AD病理，尤其是在女性中。相反，27-OH的增加与代谢功能障碍、突触缺陷和记忆丧失有关，可能是外周高胆固醇血症和AD风险的桥梁。本文综述了近年来羟甾醇的研究进展及其对阿尔茨海默病的影响，强调了其性别特异性作用及其作为生物标志物和治疗靶点的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD): A systematic literature review 内分泌干扰物（EDCs）与自身免疫性甲状腺疾病（AITD）：系统的文献综述
Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research
Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2025.100585
Mathilda Monaghan , Sonia Rodrigues , Shiven Sharma , Angela M. Leung , Maaike van Gerwen
The association between endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) has not been well established. This systematic review aimed to summarize existing literature and provide an up-to-date overview of EDCs and their association with AITD. A search of the National Library of Medicine PubMed and Scopus databases was completed to identify relevant articles published in English through September 2024. A total of 4 studies met inclusion criteria. Results of the included studies varied, ranging from significant positive to significant negative associations with AITD for different EDCs. This comprehensive review highlights the limited knowledge of this association. Besides investigating individual EDCs, it is important to include dose–response studies and exposures to EDC mixtures.
内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）与自身免疫性甲状腺疾病（AITD）之间的关系尚未得到很好的证实。本系统综述旨在总结现有文献，并提供最新的EDCs及其与AITD的关系综述。对美国国家医学图书馆PubMed和Scopus数据库进行检索，以确定截至2024年9月发表的相关英文文章。共有4项研究符合纳入标准。纳入的研究结果各不相同，不同EDCs与AITD的相关性从显著正相关到显著负相关不等。这篇全面的综述强调了这种关联的有限知识。除了调查个别EDC外，重要的是纳入剂量反应研究和暴露于EDC混合物。
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引用次数: 0
Psychological outcomes of gender-affirming medical treatment in transgender youth 变性青年性别肯定医疗的心理结果
Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research
Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2025.100584
Puja Singh , Ximena Lopez
The evaluation and management for transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth is multidisciplinary, and treatment involves social support, mental health care, and gender affirming medical care such as use of puberty suppression and/or gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAH). Gender-affirming medical care has been proven to improve psychosocial outcomes in TGD youth. This includes decreased rates of depression and anxiety and decreased suicidal ideation. Furthermore, youth who receive GAH have improvements in experienced body dysphoria, general well-being, and quality of life. Available studies show that rates of regret are low. The goal of this article is to highlight the most significant research on the effects of gender-affirming medical treatments on the psychosocial health of TGD youth.
对跨性别和性别多样化（TGD）青年的评估和管理是多学科的，治疗涉及社会支持、精神卫生保健和性别肯定医疗护理，如使用青春期抑制和/或性别肯定激素治疗（GAH）。性别肯定医疗保健已被证明可改善TGD青年的社会心理结果。这包括抑郁、焦虑和自杀意念的减少。此外，接受GAH治疗的青少年在经历过的身体不安、总体幸福感和生活质量方面都有所改善。现有的研究表明，后悔的比率很低。本文的目的是强调性别肯定医学治疗对TGD青年心理社会健康影响的最重要研究。
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