Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research最新文献

Bacteria–host communication plays a crucial role in symbiosis and pathogenesis. Investigations of pathogenic bacterial responses to host neurotransmitters, including catecholamines, have been the subject of several studies. Both Epinephrine (Epi) and Norepinephrine (NE) catecholamines can modulate bacterial physiology, affecting growth, motility, biofilm formation, virulence, and interactions with eukaryotic cells. This has been widely described in Gram-negative bacteria and mostly for pathogens (i.e. Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica, and Vibrio cholerae). In this review, we focused on whole and targeted bacterial gene expression that have been modulated upon exposure to Epi and NE catecholamines. A wide range of these genes were involved in various physiological aspects (i.e. general metabolism, stress responses, uptake/transport, motility, biofilm, and virulence).

Bilateral adrenal cortex hyperplasias can present in various forms and are divided as either macronodular or micronodular. This review presents the recent identifications of the genetic alterations responsible for the various forms of cortisol-secreting adrenal hyperplasias. These include the tumor suppressor genes ARMC5 in bilateral primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) and KDM1A in GIP-dependent PBMAH with Cushing’s syndrome. Other genetic alterations are found in PBMAH associated with rare syndromic forms and various cAMP/PKA pathway gene mutations are involved in both macronodular and micronodular adrenal hyperplasias. We present as well certain clinical recommendations for each genetic etiology, including that ARMC5 or KDM1A genetic testing should be offered to all patients with PBMAH, depending on the Cushing syndrome’s GIP-dependence or not.

The adaptation to changing environmental cues represents a key prerequisite for the survival of an organism. Mammals, including humans, have evolved intricate endocrine signals to convey information about the nutritional status to individual organs, cells, and eventually the cell nucleus, to trigger appropriate molecular-metabolic responses. To this end, mounting a proper fasting response is determined by not only intra-organ adaptations but also inter-tissue crosstalk mechanisms that orchestrate whole-body energy homeostasis under nutrient-deprived conditions. Here, we shortly summarize recent advances in our current understanding of the key processes driving the adaptive response to fasting with a focus on the crosstalk between the adipose tissue and liver ketogenesis.

Adipose tissue inflammation drives systemic pathophysiology, for instance, obesity-related cardiometabolic disease. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators are a superfamily of endogenously produced lipids that promote the resolution of inflammation, an actively regulated process. New evidence suggests that such lipids (e.g. lipoxins) could resolve adipose tissue inflammation and, thus, subvert obesity-related diseases. A key feature of pro-resolving lipids is their ability to promote an M2-like macrophage phenotype and enhance efferocytosis while avoiding adverse side-effects typically associated with anti-inflammatory drugs, such as increased sensitivity to infections. This brief review discusses the therapeutic potential of pro-resolving lipid mediators in mitigating systemic disease fueled by adipose tissue inflammation in both experimental and human disease models.

Obesity is a significant global burden for individuals and healthcare systems with its array of associated chronic cardiometabolic diseases. While lifestyle modifications such as dietary interventions and increased physical activity are effective in weight management, recent investigations highlight the critical role of timing these interventions in accordance with our body's circadian clock. Over the past decade, multiple studies and meta analyses have investigated how the timing of exercise training influences white adipose tissue (WAT) biology, fat mass loss, and obesity, but physical activity guidelines have not yet adopted a recommendation for exercise timing due to conflicting conclusions. This review aims to summarize the latest findings in this field and touches upon contributing factors such as sex disparities and nutrition timing.