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Criticism of capitalism and socialism in the philosophy of Nikolai Berdyaev 别尔嘉耶夫哲学中对资本主义和社会主义的批判
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-24 DOI: 10.18500/1819-7671-2021-21-3-263-267
Anna F. Makarova
Philosophical understanding of the economy and economics is not the main, but significant topic of the reflections of Russian religious philosophers. It is important to trace the specifics of the formation of the Russian view on the economy and economics, on the basic principles of the economic systems’ structure (among which we can single out capitalism and socialism), since the interpretation of Russian thinkers, including N. А. Berdyaev, cannot be included in the mainstream of Western economic thought. The article examines the criticism of capitalism and socialism in the post-revolutionary works of Nikolai Berdyaev, highlights the key contradictions of the two basic principles of economic organization with the post-revolutionary views of the thinker, which were significantly strengthened after the revolutionary events of 1917; these views can be conditionally called socialist-personalistic. Inheriting the tradition of Russian thought, Berdyaev unequivocally rejects the capitalist principles (in many respects this attitude was formed by the period of his legal Marxism), while he assesses socialist concepts ambiguously, with a certain amount of sympathy for the very socialist formulation of the problem of justice and the fight against “slavery”, exploitation of a man by a man. The article indicates the main line of criticism of Christian socialism by Berdyaev, and also describes his preferred variant of socialism, that he called “social personalism”.
对经济和经济学的哲学理解不是俄罗斯宗教哲学家反思的主要但重要的话题。重要的是追溯俄罗斯经济和经济学观形成的具体细节,以及经济体系结构的基本原则(其中我们可以挑选出资本主义和社会主义),因为包括N. А在内的俄罗斯思想家的解释。别尔嘉耶夫不能被纳入西方经济思想的主流。本文考察了别尔嘉耶夫后革命时期著作中对资本主义和社会主义的批判,强调了别尔嘉耶夫后革命时期经济组织的两种基本原则与他的后革命时期观点的主要矛盾,这种矛盾在1917年革命事件后得到了显著加强;这些观点可以有条件地称为社会主义个人主义。继承了俄罗斯思想的传统,别尔嘉耶夫毫不含糊地拒绝资本主义原则(在许多方面,这种态度是由他的法律马克思主义时期形成的),而他对社会主义概念的评价含糊不清,对正义问题的社会主义表述和反对“奴隶制”的斗争有一定程度的同情,一个人剥削一个人。文章指出别尔嘉耶夫批判基督教社会主义的主要路线,并描述了他所偏爱的社会主义变体,他称之为“社会人格主义”。
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引用次数: 0
Theoretical study of the definitions of the concepts “psychomotor skills” and “psychomotor abilities” “精神运动技能”和“精神运动能力”概念定义的理论研究
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-24 DOI: 10.18500/1819-7671-2021-21-3-314-319
T. Naumova
In the article the author presents a description of the historical and theoretical analysis of the changing views of scientists – from classics to contemporaries-on the content of the conceptual and terminological apparatus for studying psychomotor phenomena. The purpose of the work is to study and analyze scientific approaches to the definition of the concepts of “psychomotor” and “psychomotor abilities”, as well as to identify the constituent and system-forming components of the phenomena behind them. The author raises the question of the need to introduce a generally accepted definition of the concepts under study. The study also identifies the main scientific directions of the problem of the development of human psychomotor abilities. The author has built a logical and historical sequence in the development of this problem, as well as considered various theoretical and applied aspects of the study of the phenomena of psychomotor and psychomotor abilities. The content of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of the definitions “psychomotor” and “psychomotor abilities” is specified. The article analyzes more than two dozen definitions of reflexive concepts, which reflects the most complete picture of the currently existing theoretical developments in the description of the studied problem of psychomotor phenomena and emphasizes its relevance.
在这篇文章中,作者描述了从古典到当代科学家对研究精神运动现象的概念和术语工具的内容的观点变化的历史和理论分析。这项工作的目的是研究和分析“精神运动”和“精神运动能力”概念定义的科学方法,并确定其背后的现象的组成部分和系统形成部分。作者提出了一个问题,即需要对所研究的概念引入一个普遍接受的定义。该研究还确定了人类精神运动能力发展问题的主要科学方向。作者在这一问题的发展过程中建立了一个逻辑和历史的序列,并考虑了精神运动现象和精神运动能力研究的各个理论和应用方面。明确了“精神运动”和“精神运动能力”的概念和术语结构的内容。本文分析了二十多个反身性概念的定义,反映了目前在描述精神运动现象所研究问题的理论发展的最完整的图景,并强调了其相关性。
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引用次数: 0
Homo Digitalis: Request for a new personality configuration Digitalis:请求一个新的人格配置
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-24 DOI: 10.18500/1819-7671-2021-21-3-320-325
E. Ryaguzova
The article presents the results of scientific reflection, the object of which is Homo Digitalis as a representative of the modern digital society. The aim of the article is to study the emerging configuration of the individuality of Homo Digitalis as a response to the demand of the digital world. Based on the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of individuality in the context of different directions and approaches, the definition of individuality is formulated as a complex hierarchically organized system of interconnections of different levels in the sovereign, original and reflected subjective world of a person, based on a constructed picture of the world, value-appropriated and meaningful mastered form of being. The article shows the transformations of individuality representations caused by the development of information and communication technologies, a change in the ontological status of digital devices and a person’s dependence on them, the frequency and density of personal interactions with various Others in the digital environment and the discrepancy between the real and digital personality, digital and personal identity, as well as specific features digital subjectivity. It is established that the newly formed personality configuration of Homo Digitalis acts as a response of Homo Vitrualis to the request of a rapidly developing digital society. The applied aspect of the problem under study is the possibility of using the results of the conducted scientific reflection in the educational process, as well as in consulting practice.
本文提出了科学反思的结果,其对象是作为现代数字社会代表的Digitalis。本文的目的是研究作为对数字世界需求的回应,数码人的个性的新兴配置。基于在不同方向和方法的背景下研究个性的理论和方法论基础,个性的定义被制定为一个复杂的等级组织系统,在一个人的主权、原始和反映的主观世界中,基于一个构建的世界图景,价值占有和有意义的存在形式。文章从信息通信技术的发展、数字设备本体地位的变化和对数字设备的依赖、数字环境中个人与各种他者互动的频率和密度、真实人格与数字人格、数字身份与个人身份的差异、数字主体性的具体特征等方面阐述了个性表征的转变。Digitalis新形成的人格形态是Vitrualis对快速发展的数字社会要求的一种回应。所研究的问题的应用方面是在教育过程中以及在咨询实践中使用所进行的科学反思结果的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
On the formulation of the subject matter of social phenomenology 论社会现象学主题的表述
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-24 DOI: 10.18500/1819-7671-2021-21-3-293-297
O. A. Somova
The article is devoted to the formation of the problem field of social phenomenology. The author analyzed the works of the phenomenological and socio-constructivist directions of research and identified a common conceptual core. The authors (T. Luckman, M. Merleau-Ponty, M. Eldred) distinguish a previously undifferentiated communicative horizon in the field of interaction. The communicative horizon belongs to the primordial sphere of the subject and is the result of the demarcation of the homogeneous world according to the criterion of ability to communicate. The line of demarcation is determined by the behavior of beings and does not necessarily cover only the zone of human embodiment. It was established that the communicative aspect and the aspect of asking about oneself as a human being are closely related. The mobility of the boundaries of the meanings of the world objects, the subjectivity of judgment, the possibility of correlating with the help of socio-historical reality comprise the aggregate subject matter of social phenomenology. The author concludes that due to the lack of unambiguous criteria for establishing the framework of the social world, one should resort to the description of the phenomenal plan of sociality, which can help to qualitatively distinguish the levels of social reality in the long term.
本文主要探讨社会现象学问题场的形成。作者分析了现象学和社会建构主义的研究方向,并确定了一个共同的概念核心。作者(T. Luckman, M. Merleau-Ponty, M. Eldred)在互动领域中区分了先前未分化的交际视界。交际视界属于主体的原始领域,是根据交际能力的标准对同质世界进行划分的结果。这条分界线是由人类的行为决定的,并不一定只涵盖人类体现的区域。研究表明,交际方面和询问作为一个人的自我方面是密切相关的。世界客体意义边界的移动性、判断的主观性、在社会历史现实的帮助下相互关联的可能性,构成了社会现象学的总体主题。作者的结论是,由于缺乏建立社会世界框架的明确标准,人们应该求助于对社会现象计划的描述,这有助于定性地区分长期的社会现实水平。
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引用次数: 0
Risks of religious socialization in a post-secular society 后世俗社会中宗教社会化的风险
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-24 DOI: 10.18500/1819-7671-2021-21-3-288-292
V. Ruchin, A. V. Ruchin
The article presents the search for effective steps to minimize interfaith tension. The authors reveal the essence of traditional introduction to religion in the modern information environment. Digital technologies, on the one hand, expand the horizons of the possible, but on the other hand, the personality breaks away from natural communication, and as a result, the internal system of spiritual landmarks is disturbed. And then the human sensible world easily switches to another type of communication due to his or her natural need for sympathy and care – to virtual communication. The current situation related to the digital technologies is exacerbated by the consequences of the cultural disruption of the past century and by the hyperactivity of aggressive liberal missionary work. Russian society is forced not only to take into account, but also to resist sectarian attacks on the images of national cultures. The system of values of Russian culture traditionally represents the space for the struggle between good and evil in the name of achieving the spiritual ideal. An elusive ideal in a transitive postsecular society poses significant risks of harmonization of cultural and religious traditions. That is why the main focus of the article is on the stabilization of social life through the development of the principles of the optimal model of religious socialization.
本文介绍了如何寻找有效的措施来减少宗教间的紧张关系。揭示了传统宗教导论在现代信息环境下的本质。数字技术一方面拓展了可能性的视野,但另一方面,人格脱离了自然交流,因此,精神地标的内部系统受到了干扰。然后,人类的感性世界很容易切换到另一种类型的交流,因为他或她天生需要同情和关心——虚拟交流。由于上个世纪的文化破坏和激进的自由主义传教工作的过度活跃,与数字技术有关的现状更加恶化了。俄罗斯社会被迫不仅要考虑,而且要抵制宗派对民族文化形象的攻击。传统上,俄罗斯文化的价值体系代表着以实现精神理想为名义进行善恶斗争的空间。在过渡的后世俗社会中,难以捉摸的理想会给文化和宗教传统的和谐带来重大风险。这就是为什么本文的重点是通过发展宗教社会化的最佳模式的原则来稳定社会生活。
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引用次数: 0
Women in the social life of a medieval town (based on the material of London in the 14th–15th centuries) 中世纪城镇社会生活中的妇女(取材于14 - 15世纪的伦敦)
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-24 DOI: 10.18500/1819-4907-2021-21-3-320-329
L. Chernova
The article examines the place and role of women in the social life of London in the 14th–15th centuries based on the material of the original sources. It is shown that, despite the restrictions fixed by custom and laws on the social activity of women, the range of occupations of the townsmen –wives and widows – was unusually wide. It is craft and trade, including the right to take apprentices, real estate transactions, and financial deals. Women did not just help men in the craft or trade shops, but also worked independently. The status of women, especially married women, who chose to participate in trade or in town production as their main occupation, was never fully developed. A significant degradation in the position of women in the public sphere in London occurred in the 16th century. The author concludes that, despite all the difficulties, a new type of woman was gradually developed in the city – energetic, enterprising, educated, who acts in society as an independent head of the family and business.
本文以原始资料为基础,考察了14 - 15世纪伦敦社会生活中女性的地位和角色。这表明,尽管习俗和法律对妇女的社会活动有一定的限制,但城镇男子的职业范围——妻子和寡妇——却异常广泛。它是手艺和贸易,包括接受学徒的权利、房地产交易和金融交易。女性不仅在手工或贸易商店里帮助男性,而且还独立工作。选择参加贸易或城镇生产作为主要职业的妇女,特别是已婚妇女的地位从未得到充分发展。16世纪,伦敦女性在公共领域的地位显著下降。作者的结论是,尽管困难重重,一种新型的女性在城市中逐渐发展起来——她们精力充沛,有进取心,受过教育,在社会上作为家庭和企业的独立负责人。
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引用次数: 0
International participation in the resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1990–2020 1990-2020年国际社会参与解决纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-24 DOI: 10.18500/1819-4907-2021-21-3-365-378
Vachagan A. Cholakhyan
The article analyzes the mediation activities of international organizations in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict from 1992 to 2020. The positions of the OSCE, the United States, Russia, as well as Armenia, Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh regarding the plans for a peaceful settlement of the conflict are examined. The key role of the Russian Federation as a major regional factor in the reconciliation of the warring parties and the resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh problem is considered.
本文分析了1992年至2020年国际组织在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突中的调解活动。审查了欧安组织、美国、俄罗斯以及亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆和纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫关于和平解决冲突计划的立场。会议审议了俄罗斯联邦作为交战各方和解和解决纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫问题的主要区域因素所发挥的关键作用。
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引用次数: 2
Mass Media Missions in people’s psychological education and mediatization of University's Scientific and Educational Activities (on the example of Saratov State University's Regional Center of practical psychology) 大众心理教育的传媒使命与大学科教活动的媒介化(以萨拉托夫国立大学实践心理学区域中心为例)
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-24 DOI: 10.18500/1819-7671-2021-21-3-309-313
M. V. Zhizhina
This article is looking into mass media’s missions in people’s psychological education on the example of media projects of the Center of Practical Psychology of the Saratov State University. It outlines two leading directions in arranging the center’s practical activities: the first one is directly related to psychological assistance and support rendered to people; the second one is focused on personal and professional development and self-improvement of university students, on shaping a developing educational environment that contributes to the disclosure of students’ potential personality resources and students’ increased involvement in university life, in communication with fellow students, teachers, and university staff. At the same time, the second direction is directly related to implementing the goals of university education aiming at mediatization of the scientific and educational activities of the university. The author actualizes the practical significance of mass media in psychological education and supporting people in conditions of increasing stress. Highlighted here are the theoretical prerequisites for the controversial nature of the issue of mass media’s positive missions and in particular, the use of the media’s psychotherapeutic potential in order to reduce and minimize the negative effects of not only the mass media themselves, but also the consequences of crises.
本文以萨拉托夫国立大学实践心理学中心的传媒项目为例,探讨大众传媒在人们心理教育中的使命。它概述了安排中心实践活动的两个主要方向:第一个方向与向人们提供的心理援助和支持直接相关;二是关注大学生的个人和专业发展和自我完善,塑造一个发展的教育环境,有助于学生潜在的个性资源的披露,学生更多地参与大学生活,与同学、老师和大学工作人员交流。与此同时,第二个方向直接关系到实现大学科教活动的媒介化这一大学教育目标。通过对大众传媒在心理教育和支持压力日益增加的人们方面的现实意义进行了实践。这里强调的是大众媒体积极使命问题的争议性的理论先决条件,特别是利用媒体的心理治疗潜力,以减少和最大限度地减少大众媒体本身的负面影响,以及危机的后果。
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引用次数: 0
Ichthyofauna of the border sediments of the Severodvinsky and Vyatsky stages in the Late Permian localities in the west of the Orenburg region (Samara river basin) 奥伦堡地区(萨马拉斯河流域)西部晚二叠世地区Severodvinsky和Vyatsky阶段边界沉积物的鱼系动物
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-24 DOI: 10.18500/1819-7663-2021-21-3-179-185
A. V. Minikh, D. I. Yankevich, S. O. Andrushkevich, O. Andrushkevich
A detailed study of the section of the severodvinsky and vyatsky stages of the Upper Permian with layer-by-layer sampling of ichthyofauna in the western part of the Orenburg region (basin of the lower reaches of the Samara River) was carried out. Based on the fish complexes, a paleontological justification of the stratigraphic boundary between the severodvinsky and vyatsky stages was obtained in the region for the first time.
对奥伦堡地区西部(萨马拉河下游盆地)的上二叠统severodvinsky和vyatsky期剖面进行了详细的研究,并对鱼系进行了逐层取样。在鱼类复合体的基础上,首次从古生物学角度证明了该地区北德文斯基期和维亚茨基期的地层界线。
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引用次数: 0
Severity of self-regulation processes in teachers with different types of professional self-attitude 不同类型专业自我态度教师自我调节过程的严重程度
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-24 DOI: 10.18500/1819-7671-2021-21-3-304-308
S. Dukhnovsky
The article, based on the presented empirical material, reveals the problem of professional self-attitude and its types among teachers with different levels of expression of conscious self-regulation. The study covered 157 teachers of comprehensive schools of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Ugra. The age of the examined is from 31 to 45 years. We used the technique “Attitude to yourself as a professional” and the questionnaire “Style of self-regulation of behavior”. On the basis of the obtained results, it was proved that the processes of conscious self-regulation are interconnected with the magnitude of activity and positivity of professional self-attitude of teachers, as well as that subjects with different levels of self-regulation (high, medium and low) differ in the dominant types of attitudes to themselves as a professional. It has been shown that the more developed regulatory processes are, the more active and positive the professional self-presentation of teachers is – a higher level of claims, combined with a positive representation and acceptance of a professional, expressed by the installation on professional self-development. It was revealed that teachers with a low level of self-regulation are distinguished by a passive-negative attitude towards themselves as a professional, while teachers with a high level are characterized by an active-positive attitude towards themselves, with the dominance of positivity, and teachers with an average level of self-regulation have a pronounced balanced professional self-attitude. It has been established that for the regulatory process of “programming”, the installation on professional self-development is of leading importance, while for the regulatory process, “flexibility” is a significant indicator - the idea of oneself as a professional.
本文以所提供的实证资料为基础,揭示了不同自觉自我调节表现水平教师的专业自我态度问题及其类型。这项研究涵盖了汉特-曼西斯克自治区-尤格拉综合学校的157名教师。被调查者的年龄在31岁到45岁之间。我们使用了“作为专业人士对待自己的态度”和“行为自律的方式”问卷。在获得的结果的基础上,我们证明了有意识的自我调节过程与教师专业自我态度的活动性和积极性的大小是相互关联的,并且不同水平的自我调节(高、中、低)的被试对自己作为专业人员的主要态度类型是不同的。研究表明,监管过程越发达,教师的专业自我呈现就越活跃和积极——更高层次的要求,结合对专业的积极表现和接受,通过对专业自我发展的安装来表达。研究发现,自我调节水平低的教师对自己的专业态度表现为被动-消极;自我调节水平高的教师对自己的专业态度表现为主动-积极,以积极为主;自我调节水平中等的教师对自己的专业态度表现为明显的平衡。研究发现,在“程序化”的监管过程中,专业自我发展的安装是最重要的,而在监管过程中,“灵活性”是一个重要的指标——自我作为一个专业人士的想法。
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引用次数: 0
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Izvestiya of Saratov University, New Series: Physics
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