Chronic Stress最新文献

Background: Rural areas in the United States have been disproportionately burdened with high rates of substance use, mental health challenges, chronic stress, and suicide behaviors. Factors such as a lack of mental health services, decreased accessibility to public health resources, and social isolation contribute to these disparities. The current study explores risk factors to suicidal ideation, using emergency room discharge data from Maryland.

Methods: The current study used data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Emergency Department Databases (SEDD) from the State of Maryland. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between ICD-10 coded opioid use disorder, alcohol use disorder, cannabis use disorder, major depressive disorder, and the outcome variable of suicidal ideation discharge. We controlled for income, race, age, and gender.

Results: Lifetime major depressive disorder diagnosis (odds ration [OR] = 79.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] 51.91-121.15), alcohol use disorder (OR = 6.87; 95% CI 4.97-9.51), opioid use disorder (OR = 5.39; 95% CI 3.63-7.99), and cannabis use disorder (OR = 2.67; 95% CI 1.37-5.18) were all positively associated with suicidal ideation.

Conclusions: The study highlights the strong link between prior substance use disorder, depression, and suicidal ideation visit to the emergency room, indicating the need for prevention and intervention, particularly among those in rural areas where the burden of suicidal ideation and chronic stress are high. As health disparities between rural and urban areas further widened during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need to address these issues.

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, exhibiting strong female bias. Clinical studies implicate declining estradiol levels in the exacerbation of anxiety symptoms in the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle. This study aimed to simulate estradiol fluctuation-linked anxiety behavior in larval zebrafish, using an estradiol treatment withdrawal model. Contrary to model aims, estradiol treatment withdrawal decreased both basal activity and anxiety-like hyperlocomotion (ANOVA main effect of dose, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01, respectively) in the light/dark transition test. The accuracy of the estradiol washout model was not improved by longer durations of treatment or withdrawal. Basal activity was slightly altered by supraphysiological concentrations of WAY-200070 in the absence of added estradiol. Estrogen receptor (ER) β expression was not upregulated in larvae exposed to physiologically relevant, low concentrations of estradiol. Longer exposure to low concentrations of estradiol increased antioxidant capacity (P < 0.01). In addition, acute exposure to low concentrations of estradiol increased basal activity. Data suggest that in the current models, estradiol-associated altered activity levels were linked to more favorable redox status, rather than reflecting altered anxiety levels. As such, it is recommended that zebrafish larval behavioral analysis be conducted in parallel with mechanistic studies such as redox indicators, for investigations focused on ER signaling.

Background: Evaluation stress can impair inhibitory control, limiting the ability of children to perform cognitively. However, evidence on protective factors is lacking as stress-induced cognitive impairments are poorly understood. High physical activity has been related to better inhibitory control and has the potential to buffer the response to a stressor. We investigated the association of physical activity and stress-induced changes in inhibitory control as well as its underlying cognitive control processes (i.e., conflict monitoring and resolution).

Method: Participants (10 to 13 y) with either low (N = 55) or high moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (N = 55) completed the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C) and a control task in a randomized order. During both conditions, salivary cortisol was collected. Additionally, a computerized Stroop task was administered before and after the experimental conditions. The N200 and positive slow wave (PSW) components of event-related potentials elicited by the Stroop task were recorded using electroencephalography.

Results: In comparison to the control task, the TSST-C elicited a pre-to post-test decrease of accuracy on incompatible trials. Path-analyses further revealed that this decrease was related to low physical activity and a reduced PSW amplitude. However, both the N200 and PSW amplitudes did not mediate the relation between physical activity groups and performance on the Stroop task.

Conclusion: In children, evaluation stress decreases inhibitory control partly due to a reduced effectiveness of conflict resolution processes. Only children with high physical activity maintain inhibitory control after facing the stressor. However, this protective effect cannot be attributed to changes in conflict monitoring and resolution.

Purpose: Currently, 1 in 5 college students struggle with suicidal ideation while 7% to 44% engage in nonsuicidal self-injury. Illinois has one of the highest teenage and college student suicide rates in the United States. This pilot study assessed suicide ideation and self-harm behaviors at a public Illinois university. This is the first study to use 5 standardized psychological instruments to investigate these 2 crises in freshmen college students who are all required to reside in dormitories. The main hypothesis was to determine if the independent effects of freshmen students' depression, Five-Factor Model, and Reasons for Living affected the dependent variables, self-harm behaviors and suicide ideation. Methods: Forty first-year college dormitory students completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Scale of Suicidal Ideation, Five-Factor Model, Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury, and Reasons for Living Scale in person. Results: Participants were 18 to 19 years old, predominantly female (65%), and non-White (62%). Forty percent reported self-harm behaviors and 19% reported suicidal ideation. The top reasons for contemplated suicide attempts included the inability to solve problems (33%) and attention/revenge (28%). Students experienced high levels of anxiety (55%), self-consciousness (43%), and depression (18%). Depression was associated with suicide ideation (β = 0.05, P = .006), while neuroticism and openness were associated with self-harm behaviors (aOR = 3.36, P = .02, aOR = 0.48, P = .047, respectively). Ninety-five percent reported "responsibility to family" as a Reason for Living. Conclusions: Preliminary evidence necessitates an examination of self-harm and suicide ideation among all freshmen, investigating both risk and protective factors. In the future, a prevention intervention should be implemented campus-wide (and eventually nationwide) for all first-year dormitory students to enhance their mental well-being.

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a significant health problem, and trauma exposure is a known risk factor for the escalation of substance use. However, the shared neural mechanisms through which trauma is associated with substance use are still unknown. Therefore, we systematically review neuroimaging studies focusing on three domains that may contribute to the overlapping mechanisms of SUD and trauma-reward salience, negative emotionality, and inhibition. Using PRISMA guidelines, we identified 45 studies utilizing tasks measuring these domains in alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use groups. Greater reward, lesser regulation of inhibitory processes, and mixed findings of negative emotionality processes in individuals who use substances versus controls were found. Specifically, greater orbitofrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, striatum, amygdala, and hippocampal activation was found in response to reward-related tasks, and reduced activation was found in the inferior frontal gyrus and hippocampus in response to inhibition-related tasks. Importantly, no studies in trauma-exposed individuals met our review criteria. Future studies examining the role of trauma-related factors are needed, and more studies should explore inhibition- and negative-emotionality domains in individuals who use substances to uncover clinically significant alterations in these domains that place an individual at greater risk for developing a SUD.

Objective: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that manifests after exposure to a stressful traumatic event, such as combat experience. Accumulated evidence indicates an important genetic influence in the development of PTSD. The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene has been identified as a candidate for PTSD and a polymorphism of the serotonin transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) is associated with the disorder in the general population. However, whether it is associated with PTSD in active military service members has not been investigated. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between 5-HTTLPR and PTSD in service members.

Methods: Leucocyte genomic DNA was extracted from service members, including those with PTSD (n = 134) or without PTSD (n = 639). The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was detected by means of 2 stages of TaqMan fluorescent PCR assay. PTSD symptoms and symptom severity were assessed using the PTSD Checklist (PCL), a 17-item, DSM-based, self-report questionnaire with well-established validity and reliability. PTSD was determined based on endorsement of DSM-IV criteria and a PCL total score ≥ 44.

Results: Significant differences in biallele distribution were observed between PTSD and controls (χ2 = 7.497, P = .024). The frequency of SS, SL, and LL genotypes in the PTSD group was 0.17, 0.56, and 0.27 respectively, compared to the frequencies of 0.27, 0.43, and 0.29 in non-PTSD controls. Carriers of the L allele had higher scores for reexperiencing and arousal symptoms on the PCL, compared to SS homozygote carriers (P < .05). The triallele genotypes showed no significant differences in distribution between the PTSD and control groups (P > .05) and no relationship with PTSD symptom severity. The interaction of triallelic genotypes of 5-HTTLPR and traumatic life events was associated with re-experiencing, avoidance, and arousal (P < .05 for all). Multiple regression analysis revealed significant correlations between both biallelic and triallelic genotypes of 5-HTTLPR, the interaction of the number of stressful lifetime events, and 5-HTTLPR genotypes with PCL total score (P < .001).

Conclusion: Our findings suggested that 5-HTT might play a minor role in PTSD, and the interaction between 5-HTTLPR and the environment had effects on PCL score, complementing and emphasizing 5-HTT for PTSD, especially in the military population.

Background: Understanding distinct neurobiological mechanisms underlying bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) is crucial for accurate diagnosis and the discovery of novel and more effective targeted treatments. Previous diffusion-weighted MRI studies have suggested some common frontotemporal corticolimbic system white matter (WM) abnormalities across the disorders. However, critical to the development of more precise diagnosis and treatment is identifying distinguishing abnormalities. Promising candidates include more prominent frontotemporal WM abnormalities observed in BD in the uncinate fasciculus (UF) that have been associated with frontal-amygdala functional dysconnectivity, and with suicide that is especially high in BD. Prior work also showed differentiation in metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) abnormalities in BD versus MDD, which could be a mechanism affected in the frontotemporal system. However, associations between WM and mGlu5 have not been examined previously as a differentiator of BD. Using a multimodal neuroimaging approach, we examined WM integrity alterations in the disorders and their associations with mGluR5 levels.

Methods: Individuals with BD (N = 21), MDD (N = 10), and HC (N = 25) participated in structural and diffusion-weighted MRI scanning, and imaging with [¹⁸F]FPEB PET for quantification of mGlu5 availability. Whole-brain analyses were used to assess corticolimbic WM matter fractional anisotropy (FA) across BD and MDD relative to HC; abnormalities were tested for associations with mGlu5 availability.

Results: FA corticolimbic reductions were observed in both disorders and altered UF WM integrity was observed only in BD. In BD, lower UF FA was associated with lower amygdala mGlu5 availability (p < .05).

Conclusions: These novel preliminary findings suggest important associations between lower UF FA and lower amygdala mGlu5 levels that could represent a disorder-specific neural mechanism in which mGluR5 is associated with the frontotemporal dysconnectivity of the disorder.

Introduction: The scientific literature argues the urgent need for adequate tools to assess burnout in human service professionals, however, little progress has been made on this in university teachers in hybrid environments, even though after the pandemic, these work scenarios are predominant.

Objective: To determine the psychometric properties of invariance between male and female teachers of hybrid education in the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI).

Method: The anonymous, self-administered SBI was administered to 1060 university teachers in Lima, Peru, from online random sampling. Of the total number of participants, 626 were women (59.1%) and 434 were men (40.9%), with an age range of 22 to 76 years, with a mean of 46.97 and a standard deviation of 10.256. It should be noted that 74.5% of the teachers worked full time. The analysis used the statistical programs AMOS v24, SPSS v26 and R-Project v4.1.2. First, a descriptive analysis of the data was performed, as well as a multivariate normality test of the data. Secondly, confirmatory factor analysis was performed; finally, a factorial invariance test was performed.

Results: Cronbach's alpha of the SBI was 0.827, and for each subscale: Enthusiasm toward the job (0.742), Psychological exhaustion (0.889), Indolence (0.819), Guilt (0.816). According to the fit indicators, the confirmatory factor model is adequate. The results supported configural invariance, metric invariance, scalar invariance, and strict invariance in the male and female groups, although further investigation of some items specific to the indolence factor is needed.

Conclusion: The SBI is a valid instrument to assess burnout in university teachers in hybrid environments. Studies associated with the SBI focus on its psychometric properties, burnout prevalence, related variables, and literature reviews. The validation of the SBI in various countries and service areas is discussed, as well as future implications for intervention in burnout prevention and mastery.

Background: Females are twice as likely to experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than males, yet specific factors contributing to this greater risk are not fully understood. Our clinical and recent preclinical findings suggest a role for the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) in PTSD and differential involvement between males and females.

Methods: Here, we further investigate whether mGlu5 receptor availability may contribute to individual and sex differences in PTSD susceptibility by quantifying receptor availability using the mGlu5 receptor-specific radiotracer, [¹⁸F]FPEB, and positron emission tomography in male (n = 16) and female (n = 16) rats before and after traumatic footshock exposure (FE) and assessment of stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) susceptibility, as compared with no-shock controls (CON; n = 7 male; n = 8 female).

Results: Overall, FE rats displayed greater fear generalization as compared with CON (p < .001). Further, greater mGlu5 receptor availability at baseline (p = .003) and post-test (p = .005) was significantly associated with expression of the SEFL phenotype. Notably, FE female rats displayed a shift to more passive coping (ie, freezing), and displayed greater SEFL susceptibility (p = .01), and had lower baseline mGlu5 availability (p = .03) relative to their FE male rat counterparts.

Conclusion: Results are consistent with clinical findings of higher mGlu5 receptor availability in PTSD, and add to growing evidence implicating these receptors in the pathophysiology of PTSD and sex-differences in susceptibility for this disorder.