Pub Date : 2022-07-25eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/24705470221100987
Noa Magal, Sharona L Rab, Pavel Goldstein, Lisa Simon, Talita Jiryis, Roee Admon
Background: Chronic stress is a highly prevalent condition that may stem from different sources and can substantially impact physiology and behavior, potentially leading to impaired mental and physical health. Multiple physiological and behavioral lifestyle features can now be recorded unobtrusively in daily-life using wearable sensors. The aim of the current study was to identify a distinct set of physiological and behavioral lifestyle features that are associated with elevated levels of chronic stress across different stress sources.
Methods: For that, 140 healthy female participants completed the Trier inventory for chronic stress (TICS) before wearing the Fitbit Charge3 sensor for seven consecutive days while maintaining their daily routine. Physiological and lifestyle features that were extracted from sensor data, alongside demographic features, were used to predict high versus low chronic stress with support vector machine classifiers, applying out-of-sample model testing.
Results: The model achieved 79% classification accuracy for chronic stress from a social tension source. A mixture of physiological (resting heart-rate, heart-rate circadian characteristics), lifestyle (steps count, sleep onset and sleep regularity) and non-sensor demographic features (smoking status) contributed to this classification.
Conclusion: As wearable technologies continue to rapidly evolve, integration of daily-life indicators could improve our understanding of chronic stress and its impact of physiology and behavior.
{"title":"Predicting Chronic Stress among Healthy Females Using Daily-Life Physiological and Lifestyle Features from Wearable Sensors.","authors":"Noa Magal, Sharona L Rab, Pavel Goldstein, Lisa Simon, Talita Jiryis, Roee Admon","doi":"10.1177/24705470221100987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221100987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic stress is a highly prevalent condition that may stem from different sources and can substantially impact physiology and behavior, potentially leading to impaired mental and physical health. Multiple physiological and behavioral lifestyle features can now be recorded unobtrusively in daily-life using wearable sensors. The aim of the current study was to identify a distinct set of physiological and behavioral lifestyle features that are associated with elevated levels of chronic stress across different stress sources.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For that, 140 healthy female participants completed the Trier inventory for chronic stress (TICS) before wearing the Fitbit Charge3 sensor for seven consecutive days while maintaining their daily routine. Physiological and lifestyle features that were extracted from sensor data, alongside demographic features, were used to predict high versus low chronic stress with support vector machine classifiers, applying out-of-sample model testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The model achieved 79% classification accuracy for chronic stress from a social tension source. A mixture of physiological (resting heart-rate, heart-rate circadian characteristics), lifestyle (steps count, sleep onset and sleep regularity) and non-sensor demographic features (smoking status) contributed to this classification.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As wearable technologies continue to rapidly evolve, integration of daily-life indicators could improve our understanding of chronic stress and its impact of physiology and behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221100987"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f4/d1/10.1177_24705470221100987.PMC9329827.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40573866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/24705470221111094
Lyonna F Parise, Eric M Parise, Omar K Sial, Carlos A Bolaños-Guzmán
Background Individuals who experience emotional, physical, or sexual abuse as children suffer from higher rates of major depressive disorder, drug abuse, and suicide. Early life interventions such as peer support groups can be beneficial to adolescents who experience trauma, suggesting that social support is important in facilitating rehabilitation and promoting resiliency to stress. Although there are some animal paradigms that can model how peer-peer interactions influence stress-reactivity, less is known about how individual stress experiences influence the effectiveness of social buffering. Methods The vicarious social defeat stress (VSDS) paradigm allows for the assessment of two different stress modalities, physical (PS) and emotional (ES) stress, which confer different levels of stress with similar biological and behavioral outcomes. Using a modified VSDS paradigm in which pairs of mice experience ES and PS together we can begin to evaluate how stress exposure influences the buffering efficacy of social relationships. Adolescent mice (postnatal day 35) were randomly combined into dyads and were allocated into either mutual experience or cohabitation pairs. Within each dyad, one mouse was assigned to the physically stressed (PS) condition and was repeatedly exposed to an aggressive CD1 mouse while the other mouse was designated as the partner. In the mutual experience dyads the partner mice witnessed the defeat bout (ES) while in the cohabitation dyads the partner was separated from the PS mouse and returned after the 10 min defeat bout was terminated (non-stressed). After 10 days of defeat, mice were tested in the social interaction test (SIT), the elevated plus maze (EPM), and the forced swim test (FST). Results PS-exposed mice in the cohabitation dyads, but not those in the mutual experience dyads, showed significantly more avoidance of a novel CD1 aggressor or c57BL/6 mouse, in the SIT. Surprisingly, both partner conditions showed avoidance to a CD1. Interestingly, non-stressed partner mice spent less time in the open arms of the EPM, suggesting increased anxiety; only PS-exposed mice in cohabitation dyads showed more time spent immobile in the FST, indicative of increased learned helplessness. Conclusions These data suggest that the efficacy of social buffering can be mediated by individual stress experience.
{"title":"Social Buffering is Dependent on Mutual Experience in Adolescent Male Mice Exposed to Social Defeat Stress.","authors":"Lyonna F Parise, Eric M Parise, Omar K Sial, Carlos A Bolaños-Guzmán","doi":"10.1177/24705470221111094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221111094","url":null,"abstract":"Background Individuals who experience emotional, physical, or sexual abuse as children suffer from higher rates of major depressive disorder, drug abuse, and suicide. Early life interventions such as peer support groups can be beneficial to adolescents who experience trauma, suggesting that social support is important in facilitating rehabilitation and promoting resiliency to stress. Although there are some animal paradigms that can model how peer-peer interactions influence stress-reactivity, less is known about how individual stress experiences influence the effectiveness of social buffering. Methods The vicarious social defeat stress (VSDS) paradigm allows for the assessment of two different stress modalities, physical (PS) and emotional (ES) stress, which confer different levels of stress with similar biological and behavioral outcomes. Using a modified VSDS paradigm in which pairs of mice experience ES and PS together we can begin to evaluate how stress exposure influences the buffering efficacy of social relationships. Adolescent mice (postnatal day 35) were randomly combined into dyads and were allocated into either mutual experience or cohabitation pairs. Within each dyad, one mouse was assigned to the physically stressed (PS) condition and was repeatedly exposed to an aggressive CD1 mouse while the other mouse was designated as the partner. In the mutual experience dyads the partner mice witnessed the defeat bout (ES) while in the cohabitation dyads the partner was separated from the PS mouse and returned after the 10 min defeat bout was terminated (non-stressed). After 10 days of defeat, mice were tested in the social interaction test (SIT), the elevated plus maze (EPM), and the forced swim test (FST). Results PS-exposed mice in the cohabitation dyads, but not those in the mutual experience dyads, showed significantly more avoidance of a novel CD1 aggressor or c57BL/6 mouse, in the SIT. Surprisingly, both partner conditions showed avoidance to a CD1. Interestingly, non-stressed partner mice spent less time in the open arms of the EPM, suggesting increased anxiety; only PS-exposed mice in cohabitation dyads showed more time spent immobile in the FST, indicative of increased learned helplessness. Conclusions These data suggest that the efficacy of social buffering can be mediated by individual stress experience.","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221111094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f7/b7/10.1177_24705470221111094.PMC9305802.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40645338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-18eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/24705470221114787
Emma M Bryant, Rick Richardson, Bronwyn M Graham
Background: Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) is a neurotrophic protein that has been implicated as a biomarker for anxiety and depressive disorders, which comprise a significant component of the global burden of disease. Research using rodents has indicated that FGF2 is part of the stress response, but whether this translates to humans has yet to be investigated. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential role of FGF2 in the human stress response by examining its association with physiological and psychological processes during and following the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST).
Methods: Participants in the active stress experiment (N = 87) underwent the TSST, provided saliva samples to obtain levels of cortisol and FGF2, and reported on post-event rumination related to the TSST task over the following week. Participants in the no-stress experiment (N = 25) provided saliva samples for measurement of FGF2 and cortisol across a corresponding time period.
Results: Salivary FGF2 levels changed after the TSST and were associated with the pattern of change in salivary cortisol. Cortisol responses in the active stress condition were blunted in females (relative to males), however, sex did not interact with any other effect. FGF2 reactivity (ie, the magnitude of change over time) was not correlated with cortisol reactivity. Lower FGF2 reactivity following the TSST, but not overall FGF2 levels, or cortisol, was associated with higher fear of negative evaluation, repetitive negative thinking and post-event processing, as well as repetitive negative thinking in the week following the TSST. Participants in the no-stress experiment showed a decrease in cortisol, yet no change in their FGF2 levels.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that FGF2 is involved in the human stress response and higher levels of FGF2 reactivity may be associated with protective cognitive processes following stress exposure.
{"title":"The Association Between Salivary FGF2 and Physiological and Psychological Components of the Human Stress Response.","authors":"Emma M Bryant, Rick Richardson, Bronwyn M Graham","doi":"10.1177/24705470221114787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221114787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) is a neurotrophic protein that has been implicated as a biomarker for anxiety and depressive disorders, which comprise a significant component of the global burden of disease. Research using rodents has indicated that FGF2 is part of the stress response, but whether this translates to humans has yet to be investigated. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential role of FGF2 in the human stress response by examining its association with physiological and psychological processes during and following the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants in the active stress experiment (N = 87) underwent the TSST, provided saliva samples to obtain levels of cortisol and FGF2, and reported on post-event rumination related to the TSST task over the following week. Participants in the no-stress experiment (N = 25) provided saliva samples for measurement of FGF2 and cortisol across a corresponding time period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Salivary FGF2 levels changed after the TSST and were associated with the pattern of change in salivary cortisol. Cortisol responses in the active stress condition were blunted in females (relative to males), however, sex did not interact with any other effect. FGF2 reactivity (ie, the magnitude of change over time) was not correlated with cortisol reactivity. Lower FGF2 reactivity following the TSST, but not overall FGF2 levels, or cortisol, was associated with higher fear of negative evaluation, repetitive negative thinking and post-event processing, as well as repetitive negative thinking in the week following the TSST. Participants in the no-stress experiment showed a decrease in cortisol, yet no change in their FGF2 levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that FGF2 is involved in the human stress response and higher levels of FGF2 reactivity may be associated with protective cognitive processes following stress exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221114787"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a1/24/10.1177_24705470221114787.PMC9297468.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40645341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-21eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/24705470221108144
Marie-Michèle Dufour, Nicolas Bergeron, Stéphane Guay, Steve Geoffrion
Background: Health care workers (HCW) exposed to COVID-19 risk experiencing psychological distress. Little is known regarding longitudinal perspectives and evolutions of psychological distress within this population. The objective of this study is to extend the results of our previous study to the pandemic's second wave.
Method: This prospective cohort study was conducted from May 8, 2020, to January 24, 2021, and includes 787 HCW. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed using the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Descriptive statistics illustrated the evolution of psychological distress indicators, whereas latent class analysis helped identify trajectories.
Results: The results showed that a lower proportion of HCW exceeded the clinical threshold during the second wave (36,5% vs. 31,1%). As in the first wave, most of our sample fell onto the resilient trajectory (67.22%). We adapted the name of the remaining trajectories to better suit their evolution: rapid recovery (15.76%), slow recovery (9.66%), and delayed (7.37%).
Conclusion: Approximately two-thirds of the HCW did not manifest significant distress. For those who did, the distress was transient. We observed a trend of positive adaptability among HCW, considering that the proportion of HCW experiencing psychological distress exceeding clinical threshold remained lower than during the first wave. Our data highlight the dynamic nature of psychological distress. To be able to detect psychological distress as it arises, HCW should use self-monitoring as an essential tool. This vigilance would allow institutions to offer timely support and resources for those experiencing psychological distress.
背景:暴露于COVID-19风险的卫生保健工作者(HCW)存在心理困扰。在这一人群中，人们对心理困扰的纵向观点和演变知之甚少。这项研究的目的是将我们以前的研究结果扩展到大流行的第二波。方法:本前瞻性队列研究于2020年5月8日至2021年1月24日进行，纳入787例HCW患者。使用广泛性焦虑障碍-7 (GAD-7)和患者健康问卷-9 (PHQ-9)评估焦虑和抑郁症状。描述性统计说明了心理困扰指标的演变，而潜在阶级分析有助于确定轨迹。结果:第二波HCW超过临床阈值的比例较低(36.5% vs. 31.1%)。与第一波一样，我们的大多数样本落入了弹性轨迹(67.22%)。我们调整了其余轨迹的名称，以更好地适应它们的演变:快速恢复(15.76%)，缓慢恢复(9.66%)和延迟(7.37%)。结论:大约三分之二的HCW没有表现出明显的痛苦。对那些做了这件事的人来说，痛苦是短暂的。考虑到心理困扰超过临床阈值的比例仍低于第一波，我们观察到HCW的积极适应趋势。我们的数据强调了心理困扰的动态本质。为了能够在心理困扰出现时发现它，HCW应该将自我监控作为一种基本工具。这种警惕将使机构能够为那些经历心理困扰的人提供及时的支持和资源。
{"title":"Assessment of Psychological Distress in Health Care Workers During the First two Waves of COVID-19: A Follow-up of a Canadian Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Marie-Michèle Dufour, Nicolas Bergeron, Stéphane Guay, Steve Geoffrion","doi":"10.1177/24705470221108144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221108144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health care workers (HCW) exposed to COVID-19 risk experiencing psychological distress. Little is known regarding longitudinal perspectives and evolutions of psychological distress within this population. The objective of this study is to extend the results of our previous study to the pandemic's second wave.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This prospective cohort study was conducted from May 8, 2020, to January 24, 2021, and includes 787 HCW. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed using the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Descriptive statistics illustrated the evolution of psychological distress indicators, whereas latent class analysis helped identify trajectories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that a lower proportion of HCW exceeded the clinical threshold during the second wave (36,5% vs. 31,1%). As in the first wave, most of our sample fell onto the resilient trajectory (67.22%). We adapted the name of the remaining trajectories to better suit their evolution: rapid recovery (15.76%), slow recovery (9.66%), and delayed (7.37%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Approximately two-thirds of the HCW did not manifest significant distress. For those who did, the distress was transient. We observed a trend of positive adaptability among HCW, considering that the proportion of HCW experiencing psychological distress exceeding clinical threshold remained lower than during the first wave. Our data highlight the dynamic nature of psychological distress. To be able to detect psychological distress as it arises, HCW should use self-monitoring as an essential tool. This vigilance would allow institutions to offer timely support and resources for those experiencing psychological distress.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221108144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2d/40/10.1177_24705470221108144.PMC9228638.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40401740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-08eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/24705470221076390
Martin J Page, Douglas B Kell, Etheresia Pretorius
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main structural component of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria and has diverse immunostimulatory and procoagulant effects. Even though LPS is well described for its role in the pathology of sepsis, considerable evidence demonstrates that LPS-induced signalling and immune dysregulation are also relevant in the pathophysiology of many diseases, characteristically where endotoxaemia is less severe. These diseases are typically chronic and progressive in nature and span broad classifications, including neurodegenerative, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. This Review reappraises the mechanisms of LPS-induced signalling and emphasises the crucial contribution of LPS to the pathology of multiple chronic diseases, beyond conventional sepsis. This perspective asserts that new ways of approaching chronic diseases by targeting LPS-driven pathways may be of therapeutic benefit in a wide range of chronic inflammatory conditions.
{"title":"The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation.","authors":"Martin J Page, Douglas B Kell, Etheresia Pretorius","doi":"10.1177/24705470221076390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main structural component of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria and has diverse immunostimulatory and procoagulant effects. Even though LPS is well described for its role in the pathology of sepsis, considerable evidence demonstrates that LPS-induced signalling and immune dysregulation are also relevant in the pathophysiology of many diseases, characteristically where endotoxaemia is less severe. These diseases are typically chronic and progressive in nature and span broad classifications, including neurodegenerative, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. This Review reappraises the mechanisms of LPS-induced signalling and emphasises the crucial contribution of LPS to the pathology of multiple chronic diseases, beyond conventional sepsis. This perspective asserts that new ways of approaching chronic diseases by targeting LPS-driven pathways may be of therapeutic benefit in a wide range of chronic inflammatory conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221076390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8e/d4/10.1177_24705470221076390.PMC8829728.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39778061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-31eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/24705470211069904
David C Rettew, Dustin Freckleton, Nicholas Schork, Arnulf Graf, Zoe Morrell, Lucy Lincoln, Susan Smalley, James J Hudziak
Background: Personality traits are important factors with regard to the tendency to experience and response to stress. This study introduces and tests a new stress-related personality scale called the Virtual Inventory of Behavior and Emotions (VIBE).
Methods: Two samples totaling 5512 individuals (with 66% between the ages of 18 and 34) completed the VIBE along with other measures of personality, stress, mood, and well-being.
Results: Exploratory factor analyses revealed a four-factor structure for the instrument with dimensions labeled: 1) stressed; 2) energetic; 3) social; and 4) disciplined. Confirmatory factor analytic procedures on the final 23-item version showed good psychometric properties and data fit while machine learning analyses demonstrated the VIBE's ability to distinguish between groups with similar patterns of response. Strong convergent validity was suggested through robust correlations between the dimensions of the VIBE and other established rating scales.
Conclusion: Overall, the data suggest that the VIBE is a promising tool to help advance understanding of the relations between stress, personality, and related constructs.
{"title":"Psychometric Properties of a New Stress-Related Personality Scale: The Virtual Inventory of Behavior and Emotions (VIBE).","authors":"David C Rettew, Dustin Freckleton, Nicholas Schork, Arnulf Graf, Zoe Morrell, Lucy Lincoln, Susan Smalley, James J Hudziak","doi":"10.1177/24705470211069904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470211069904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Personality traits are important factors with regard to the tendency to experience and response to stress. This study introduces and tests a new stress-related personality scale called the Virtual Inventory of Behavior and Emotions (VIBE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two samples totaling 5512 individuals (with 66% between the ages of 18 and 34) completed the VIBE along with other measures of personality, stress, mood, and well-being.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exploratory factor analyses revealed a four-factor structure for the instrument with dimensions labeled: 1) stressed; 2) energetic; 3) social; and 4) disciplined. Confirmatory factor analytic procedures on the final 23-item version showed good psychometric properties and data fit while machine learning analyses demonstrated the VIBE's ability to distinguish between groups with similar patterns of response. Strong convergent validity was suggested through robust correlations between the dimensions of the VIBE and other established rating scales.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, the data suggest that the VIBE is a promising tool to help advance understanding of the relations between stress, personality, and related constructs.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470211069904"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ae/5e/10.1177_24705470211069904.PMC8808042.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39895467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/24705470221107290
N. Leen, A. D. de Weijer, S.J.H. van Rooij, M. Kennis, J. Baas, E. Geuze
Background Although current treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in war veterans are effective, unfortunately 30–50% still do not benefit from these treatments. Trauma-focused therapies, eg exposure therapy, are primarily based on extinction processes in which the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a significant role. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that poor treatment response on trauma-focused therapy due to extinction deficits may be associated with a poorly functioning ECS. The present study examined whether the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) are associated with post-treatment symptom reduction. Methods Blood plasma levels of AEA and 2-AG were determined in war veterans with a PTSD diagnosis (n = 54) and combat controls (n = 26) before and after a 6–8 month interval. During this period veterans with PTSD received trauma-focused therapy (eg cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure or eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing). Clinical symptoms were assessed before and after therapy with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ). Results Regression analysis demonstrated that pretreatment endocannabinoid levels were not predictive of PTSD symptom reduction. Additionally, baseline endocannabinoid levels did not differ between either PTSD and combat controls or between combat controls, treatment responders, and non-responders. Only cortisol levels significantly decreased over time from pre- to posttreatment (p = .041). Endocannabinoid levels were significantly lower in individuals who reported cannabis use during their lifetime, independent of PTSD diagnosis. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that pretreatment 2-AG levels in PTSD were positively correlated with anxious arousal (r = .354, p = .015) and negatively with avoidance symptoms (r = -.271, p = .048). Both posttreatment AEA and 2-AG were positively correlated with trait anxiety (AEA r = .459, p = .003; 2-AG r = .423, p = .006), anxious arousal (AEA r = .351, p = .024; 2-AG r = .311, p = .048) and general distress depression symptoms (AEA r = .414, p = .007; 2-AG r = .374, p = .016). Conclusion Since endocannabinoids are mainly generated ‘on demand’, future work could benefit by investigating endocannabinoid circulation under both baseline and stressful conditions. In line with previous research cannabis use was associated with lower endocannabinoid levels. The correlation analysis between pre- and posttreatment endocannabinoid levels and pre- and posttreatment clinical symptomatology were exploratory analysis and should be replicated in future research.
背景尽管目前对退伍军人创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的治疗是有效的，但不幸的是，30-50%的人仍然没有从这些治疗中受益。创伤治疗，如暴露治疗，主要基于内源性大麻素系统（ECS）发挥重要作用的消退过程。因此，可以假设，由于消光缺陷导致的创伤集中治疗反应不佳可能与ECS功能不佳有关。本研究检测了内源性大麻素阿那达明（AEA）和2-花生酰甘油（2-AG）是否与治疗后症状减轻有关。方法对经诊断为创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的退伍军人（n = 54）和作战控制（n = 26）。在此期间，患有创伤后应激障碍的退伍军人接受了以创伤为重点的治疗（如暴露或眼动脱敏和再处理的认知行为治疗）。采用临床医生管理的创伤后应激障碍量表（CAPS）、状态特质焦虑量表（STAI）和情绪焦虑症状问卷（MASQ）对治疗前后的临床症状进行评估。结果回归分析表明，治疗前内源性大麻素水平不能预测PTSD症状的减轻。此外，基线内源性大麻素水平在创伤后应激障碍和战斗对照组之间，或在战斗对照组、治疗应答者和非应答者之间没有差异。从治疗前到治疗后，只有皮质醇水平随着时间的推移而显著下降（p = .041）。报告在其一生中使用大麻的个体的内源性大麻素水平显著较低，与PTSD诊断无关。相关分析显示，PTSD患者治疗前2-AG水平与焦虑觉醒呈正相关（r = .354，p = .015），与回避症状呈负相关（r = -.271，p = .048）。治疗后AEA和2-AG均与特质焦虑呈正相关（AEA r = .459页 = .003；2-AG r = .423，第页 = .006）、焦虑性觉醒（AEA r = .351，p = .024；2-AG r = .311，p = .048）和一般痛苦抑郁症状（AEA r = .414，p = .007；2-AG r = .374页 = .016）。结论由于内源性大麻素主要是“按需”产生的，未来的工作可以通过研究基线和压力条件下的内源性大麻脂循环来受益。与之前的研究一致，大麻的使用与较低的内源性大麻素水平有关。治疗前后内源性大麻素水平与治疗前后临床症状之间的相关性分析是探索性分析，应在未来的研究中重复。
{"title":"The Role of the Endocannabinoids 2-AG and Anandamide in Clinical Symptoms and Treatment Outcome in Veterans with PTSD","authors":"N. Leen, A. D. de Weijer, S.J.H. van Rooij, M. Kennis, J. Baas, E. Geuze","doi":"10.1177/24705470221107290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290","url":null,"abstract":"Background Although current treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in war veterans are effective, unfortunately 30–50% still do not benefit from these treatments. Trauma-focused therapies, eg exposure therapy, are primarily based on extinction processes in which the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a significant role. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that poor treatment response on trauma-focused therapy due to extinction deficits may be associated with a poorly functioning ECS. The present study examined whether the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) are associated with post-treatment symptom reduction. Methods Blood plasma levels of AEA and 2-AG were determined in war veterans with a PTSD diagnosis (n = 54) and combat controls (n = 26) before and after a 6–8 month interval. During this period veterans with PTSD received trauma-focused therapy (eg cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure or eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing). Clinical symptoms were assessed before and after therapy with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ). Results Regression analysis demonstrated that pretreatment endocannabinoid levels were not predictive of PTSD symptom reduction. Additionally, baseline endocannabinoid levels did not differ between either PTSD and combat controls or between combat controls, treatment responders, and non-responders. Only cortisol levels significantly decreased over time from pre- to posttreatment (p = .041). Endocannabinoid levels were significantly lower in individuals who reported cannabis use during their lifetime, independent of PTSD diagnosis. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that pretreatment 2-AG levels in PTSD were positively correlated with anxious arousal (r = .354, p = .015) and negatively with avoidance symptoms (r = -.271, p = .048). Both posttreatment AEA and 2-AG were positively correlated with trait anxiety (AEA r = .459, p = .003; 2-AG r = .423, p = .006), anxious arousal (AEA r = .351, p = .024; 2-AG r = .311, p = .048) and general distress depression symptoms (AEA r = .414, p = .007; 2-AG r = .374, p = .016). Conclusion Since endocannabinoids are mainly generated ‘on demand’, future work could benefit by investigating endocannabinoid circulation under both baseline and stressful conditions. In line with previous research cannabis use was associated with lower endocannabinoid levels. The correlation analysis between pre- and posttreatment endocannabinoid levels and pre- and posttreatment clinical symptomatology were exploratory analysis and should be replicated in future research.","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42309413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/24705470221101884
Viktor Vus, I. Esterlis
In a view of Population Mental Health (and even Global Mental Health) the Russian-Ukrainian war could be considered in various aspects. This war is not limited only by political and combatant circumstances. We are currently faced with new significant social and psychological phenomena. In contrast to other recent wars (eg, with Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Palestine), Russian-Ukrainian war has a larger global impact. This war affects daily lives of populations in different countries all over the world. Almost each population (on a global scale) is currently facing changes in social interactions, activities in virtual/informational space, and socio-economic wellbeing. In addition to these, we are faced with Global Fear: fear regarding potential nuclear attacks and nuclear war. The Russian-Ukrainian war did not appear suddenly. Psychosocial “pre-history” of this war is also lying in COVID-19 pandemic. Long-termed social restrictions established since 2020 led to aggravation of social aggression on personal, group, national and global levels. Conflicts between couples, family members and relatives, antirestrictions protests, strikes of anti-vaccinators, “new breath” of military conflicts (Israel-Palestine, Azerbaijan-Armenia, Saudi Arabia-Yemen), big social conflict in Kazakhstan, and now Russian-Ukrainian war—all of these could be considered as one chain, one thread of events. The Russian-Ukrainian war has had many effects on the mental health of the Ukrainian people. We can consider these effects as stages in impacts on mental health: acute reactions—acute disorder—chronic stress/disorder both on personal and societal levels. First stage was associated with shock, feeling of “situation of uncertainty”, “wreck”/ “downfall” of personal ideas and opinions, personal worldview. Particularly, for majority of Ukrainians, this war happened as “a remarkable turn of events”. Most of Ukrainians were suddenly met with unpredictable changes in their lifestyle, in their attitudes towards society and politics, new faces/images in front of them (new “spectrum” of personal behavioral reactions) of relatives, friends, colleagues, other people. Traffic jams, military troops, explosions, attacks, official and unofficial news/information, bomb shelters, restrictions and new rules ... all of these became a new reality of their life. How long this war will continue? What should they do? What is “right” and what is “wrong” in many aspects of their life? Second stage was associated with acute reactions, active searching (searching of new personal senses and values, searching of new forms of social interactions), and rapid changing conditions. They were met with new phenomena: active volunteer movement and self-organization movement in communities. Territorial self-defense organizations, local community patrols (apartment/condominium, house, living district, city/amalgamated territorial community), local community volunteer movements, national and international volunteer mov
{"title":"Support of the Population Within the Russian-Ukrainian war: Insider’s Perspective","authors":"Viktor Vus, I. Esterlis","doi":"10.1177/24705470221101884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221101884","url":null,"abstract":"In a view of Population Mental Health (and even Global Mental Health) the Russian-Ukrainian war could be considered in various aspects. This war is not limited only by political and combatant circumstances. We are currently faced with new significant social and psychological phenomena. In contrast to other recent wars (eg, with Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Palestine), Russian-Ukrainian war has a larger global impact. This war affects daily lives of populations in different countries all over the world. Almost each population (on a global scale) is currently facing changes in social interactions, activities in virtual/informational space, and socio-economic wellbeing. In addition to these, we are faced with Global Fear: fear regarding potential nuclear attacks and nuclear war. The Russian-Ukrainian war did not appear suddenly. Psychosocial “pre-history” of this war is also lying in COVID-19 pandemic. Long-termed social restrictions established since 2020 led to aggravation of social aggression on personal, group, national and global levels. Conflicts between couples, family members and relatives, antirestrictions protests, strikes of anti-vaccinators, “new breath” of military conflicts (Israel-Palestine, Azerbaijan-Armenia, Saudi Arabia-Yemen), big social conflict in Kazakhstan, and now Russian-Ukrainian war—all of these could be considered as one chain, one thread of events. The Russian-Ukrainian war has had many effects on the mental health of the Ukrainian people. We can consider these effects as stages in impacts on mental health: acute reactions—acute disorder—chronic stress/disorder both on personal and societal levels. First stage was associated with shock, feeling of “situation of uncertainty”, “wreck”/ “downfall” of personal ideas and opinions, personal worldview. Particularly, for majority of Ukrainians, this war happened as “a remarkable turn of events”. Most of Ukrainians were suddenly met with unpredictable changes in their lifestyle, in their attitudes towards society and politics, new faces/images in front of them (new “spectrum” of personal behavioral reactions) of relatives, friends, colleagues, other people. Traffic jams, military troops, explosions, attacks, official and unofficial news/information, bomb shelters, restrictions and new rules ... all of these became a new reality of their life. How long this war will continue? What should they do? What is “right” and what is “wrong” in many aspects of their life? Second stage was associated with acute reactions, active searching (searching of new personal senses and values, searching of new forms of social interactions), and rapid changing conditions. They were met with new phenomena: active volunteer movement and self-organization movement in communities. Territorial self-defense organizations, local community patrols (apartment/condominium, house, living district, city/amalgamated territorial community), local community volunteer movements, national and international volunteer mov","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43987297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/24705470221122898
Marin M. Kautz, A. Collins, Clyde B. Schechter, Ryan Salim, Janice Rodriguez, Ritika Singh, C. Dasaro, A. Todd, M. Crane, J. Moline, I. Udasin, D. Harrison, B. Luft, S. Southwick, R. Pietrzak, A. Feder
Background Prior research has indicated that posttraumatic growth (PTG) often co-occurs with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it is yet unclear what longitudinal patterns of posttraumatic symptom levels may predict the development of PTG. Methods World Trade Center (WTC) rescue and recovery workers (2038 police and 2103 non-traditional responders) were assessed an average of 3, 6, 8, and 12 years post-9/11/2001. Responders’ WTC-related PTSD symptoms were characterized by No/Low Symptom, Worsening/Subtly Worsening, Steeply Worsening (only for non-traditional responders), Improving, and Chronic trajectories. PTSD symptom trajectories were examined as predictors of PTG, which was assessed using total scores on the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form. Results Across both occupational groups, being female, older, Hispanic, and experiencing more post-9/11 traumatic events were independently associated with self-reported PTG. Among police responders, a greater number of WTC exposures and supportive family members while working at the WTC site were linked to higher PTG. Among non-traditional responders, Black race/ethnicity, less education, fewer pre-9/11 traumatic events, and the presence of support while working at the WTC site were additionally linked to higher PTG. Only the moderate PTSD symptom trajectories (ie, worsening and improving) for police responders and all symptomatic trajectories for non-traditional responders were associated with higher levels of PTG. Conclusions Symptomatic 12-year trajectories of PTSD symptoms and certain sociodemographic characteristics, stressor exposures, and supportive resources were associated with PTG in traditional and non-traditional WTC responders. Results provide insight into subgroups of WTC responders who may benefit from PTG-promoting interventions, as well as potentially modifiable targets to help foster PTG in this population.
{"title":"Longitudinal Trajectories of PTSD Symptoms Predict Levels of Posttraumatic Growth in World Trade Center Responders","authors":"Marin M. Kautz, A. Collins, Clyde B. Schechter, Ryan Salim, Janice Rodriguez, Ritika Singh, C. Dasaro, A. Todd, M. Crane, J. Moline, I. Udasin, D. Harrison, B. Luft, S. Southwick, R. Pietrzak, A. Feder","doi":"10.1177/24705470221122898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221122898","url":null,"abstract":"Background Prior research has indicated that posttraumatic growth (PTG) often co-occurs with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it is yet unclear what longitudinal patterns of posttraumatic symptom levels may predict the development of PTG. Methods World Trade Center (WTC) rescue and recovery workers (2038 police and 2103 non-traditional responders) were assessed an average of 3, 6, 8, and 12 years post-9/11/2001. Responders’ WTC-related PTSD symptoms were characterized by No/Low Symptom, Worsening/Subtly Worsening, Steeply Worsening (only for non-traditional responders), Improving, and Chronic trajectories. PTSD symptom trajectories were examined as predictors of PTG, which was assessed using total scores on the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form. Results Across both occupational groups, being female, older, Hispanic, and experiencing more post-9/11 traumatic events were independently associated with self-reported PTG. Among police responders, a greater number of WTC exposures and supportive family members while working at the WTC site were linked to higher PTG. Among non-traditional responders, Black race/ethnicity, less education, fewer pre-9/11 traumatic events, and the presence of support while working at the WTC site were additionally linked to higher PTG. Only the moderate PTSD symptom trajectories (ie, worsening and improving) for police responders and all symptomatic trajectories for non-traditional responders were associated with higher levels of PTG. Conclusions Symptomatic 12-year trajectories of PTSD symptoms and certain sociodemographic characteristics, stressor exposures, and supportive resources were associated with PTG in traditional and non-traditional WTC responders. Results provide insight into subgroups of WTC responders who may benefit from PTG-promoting interventions, as well as potentially modifiable targets to help foster PTG in this population.","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43825096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/24705470221092428
Natalie Wright, Ronak Patel, Sarah J. Chaulk, Gillian M. Alcolado, David J. Podnar, Natalie P Mota, C. Monson, T. Girard, J. Ko
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that can result from experiencing traumatic events. Accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment strategies can be difficult to achieve, due to the heterogeneous etiology and symptomology of PTSD, and overlap with other psychiatric disorders. Advancing our understanding of PTSD pathophysiology is therefore critical. While functional connectivity alterations have shown promise for elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms of PTSD, previous findings have been inconsistent. Eleven patients with PTSD in our first cohort (PTSD-A) and 11 trauma-exposed controls (TEC) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. First, we investigated the intrinsic connectivity within known resting state networks (eg, default mode, salience, and central executive networks) previously implicated in functional abnormalities with PTSD symptoms. Second, the overall topology of network structure was compared between PTSD-A and TEC using graph theory. Finally, we used a novel combination of graph theory analysis and scaled subprofile modeling (SSM) to identify a disease-related, covarying pattern of brain network organization. No significant group differences were found in intrinsic connectivity of known resting state networks and graph theory metrics (clustering coefficients, characteristic path length, smallworldness, global and local efficiencies, and degree centrality). The graph theory/SSM analysis revealed a topographical pattern of altered degree centrality differentiating PTSD-A from TEC. This PTSD-related network pattern expression was additionally investigated in a separate cohort of 33 subjects who were scanned with a different MRI scanner (22 patients with PTSD or PTSD-B, and 11 healthy trauma-naïve controls or TNC). Across all participant groups, pattern expression scores were significantly lower in the TEC group, while PTSD-A, PTSD-B, and TNC subject profiles did not differ from each other. Expression level of the pattern was correlated with symptom severity in the PTSD-B group. This method offers potential in developing objective biomarkers associated with PTSD. Possible interpretations and clinical implications will be discussed.
{"title":"Novel Analysis Identifying Functional Connectivity Patterns Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"Natalie Wright, Ronak Patel, Sarah J. Chaulk, Gillian M. Alcolado, David J. Podnar, Natalie P Mota, C. Monson, T. Girard, J. Ko","doi":"10.1177/24705470221092428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221092428","url":null,"abstract":"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that can result from experiencing traumatic events. Accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment strategies can be difficult to achieve, due to the heterogeneous etiology and symptomology of PTSD, and overlap with other psychiatric disorders. Advancing our understanding of PTSD pathophysiology is therefore critical. While functional connectivity alterations have shown promise for elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms of PTSD, previous findings have been inconsistent. Eleven patients with PTSD in our first cohort (PTSD-A) and 11 trauma-exposed controls (TEC) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. First, we investigated the intrinsic connectivity within known resting state networks (eg, default mode, salience, and central executive networks) previously implicated in functional abnormalities with PTSD symptoms. Second, the overall topology of network structure was compared between PTSD-A and TEC using graph theory. Finally, we used a novel combination of graph theory analysis and scaled subprofile modeling (SSM) to identify a disease-related, covarying pattern of brain network organization. No significant group differences were found in intrinsic connectivity of known resting state networks and graph theory metrics (clustering coefficients, characteristic path length, smallworldness, global and local efficiencies, and degree centrality). The graph theory/SSM analysis revealed a topographical pattern of altered degree centrality differentiating PTSD-A from TEC. This PTSD-related network pattern expression was additionally investigated in a separate cohort of 33 subjects who were scanned with a different MRI scanner (22 patients with PTSD or PTSD-B, and 11 healthy trauma-naïve controls or TNC). Across all participant groups, pattern expression scores were significantly lower in the TEC group, while PTSD-A, PTSD-B, and TNC subject profiles did not differ from each other. Expression level of the pattern was correlated with symptom severity in the PTSD-B group. This method offers potential in developing objective biomarkers associated with PTSD. Possible interpretations and clinical implications will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48549290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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