Background: Hematological disorder has been shown to be one of the leading manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This could be from the virus itself or the accompanying opportunistic infections including malignancies. The manifestations include among others, anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia as well as assessing the relationship between antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen and anemia. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective study among HIV-infected children and adolescents aged 2 years to <18 years receiving ART at the Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia Nasarawa State. A total of 263 clients were recruited consecutively. Known sickle-cell disease patients, those with ongoing sepsis and or those recently transfused were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0 through a univariate and multivariate analysis, and reporting was done in tables and figure. Results: There are slightly more males than females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.02:1. Children aged between 2 and 9 years accounted for over two-third of the study population. The prevalence of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia was 32.7%, 11.4%, and 3.04%, respectively. More than two-third of the participants was on zidovudine-based regimen, and there is a statistically significant association between anemia and the use of zidovudine-based ART regimen. Conclusion: Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality among HIV-infected children and adolescents. There is an association between the use of zidovudine and occurrence of anemia. The use of alternative drug to zidovudine is advocated.
{"title":"Hematological profile of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children","authors":"S. Bello, E. Audu, I. Hassan","doi":"10.4103/smj.smj_32_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_32_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hematological disorder has been shown to be one of the leading manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This could be from the virus itself or the accompanying opportunistic infections including malignancies. The manifestations include among others, anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia as well as assessing the relationship between antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen and anemia. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective study among HIV-infected children and adolescents aged 2 years to <18 years receiving ART at the Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia Nasarawa State. A total of 263 clients were recruited consecutively. Known sickle-cell disease patients, those with ongoing sepsis and or those recently transfused were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0 through a univariate and multivariate analysis, and reporting was done in tables and figure. Results: There are slightly more males than females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.02:1. Children aged between 2 and 9 years accounted for over two-third of the study population. The prevalence of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia was 32.7%, 11.4%, and 3.04%, respectively. More than two-third of the participants was on zidovudine-based regimen, and there is a statistically significant association between anemia and the use of zidovudine-based ART regimen. Conclusion: Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality among HIV-infected children and adolescents. There is an association between the use of zidovudine and occurrence of anemia. The use of alternative drug to zidovudine is advocated.","PeriodicalId":52324,"journal":{"name":"Sahel Medical Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"36 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41381354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Body adiposity is a known factor in the development of insulin resistance. Not much is known on the association between insulin resistance and indices of obesity in type 2 diabetic African population. Objective: This study investigated the relationship between insulin resistance and anthropometric measurements in the black African population using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to study a random sample of 183 type 2 diabetic patients and 96 nondiabetic controls. Anthropometric parameters were measured using an appropriate technique. Fasting blood glucose was estimated using a glucose oxidase method. Serum insulin level was estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23.0. HOMA-IR score was used to determine insulin resistance. Results: Diabetic males had greater waist–hip ratio than their normal controls (percentage difference: −3.23, P = 0.02) while diabetic females had greater body mass index (BMI) (percentage difference: 7.62, P = 0.04) and waist circumference (percentage difference: 10.6, P = 0.001) than their normal controls. There were a negative correlation between hip circumference (HC) and insulin resistance in the type 2 diabetic patients and a positive correlation between BMI and insulin resistance in the nondiabetic controls. However, there was no significant correlation between other anthropometric parameters and insulin resistance in both the type 2 diabetic and control groups. Conclusion: HC has a negative correlation with insulin resistance in the black African type 2 diabetic patients. There is a need for further research in this area to reduce diagnostic costs in low-resource settings.
{"title":"Hip circumference correlates negatively with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients","authors":"N. Wali, M. Gwarzo, S. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4103/smj.smj_14_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_14_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Body adiposity is a known factor in the development of insulin resistance. Not much is known on the association between insulin resistance and indices of obesity in type 2 diabetic African population. Objective: This study investigated the relationship between insulin resistance and anthropometric measurements in the black African population using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to study a random sample of 183 type 2 diabetic patients and 96 nondiabetic controls. Anthropometric parameters were measured using an appropriate technique. Fasting blood glucose was estimated using a glucose oxidase method. Serum insulin level was estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23.0. HOMA-IR score was used to determine insulin resistance. Results: Diabetic males had greater waist–hip ratio than their normal controls (percentage difference: −3.23, P = 0.02) while diabetic females had greater body mass index (BMI) (percentage difference: 7.62, P = 0.04) and waist circumference (percentage difference: 10.6, P = 0.001) than their normal controls. There were a negative correlation between hip circumference (HC) and insulin resistance in the type 2 diabetic patients and a positive correlation between BMI and insulin resistance in the nondiabetic controls. However, there was no significant correlation between other anthropometric parameters and insulin resistance in both the type 2 diabetic and control groups. Conclusion: HC has a negative correlation with insulin resistance in the black African type 2 diabetic patients. There is a need for further research in this area to reduce diagnostic costs in low-resource settings.","PeriodicalId":52324,"journal":{"name":"Sahel Medical Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"12 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44997046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Disclosing a positive Human Immunode ciency Virus (HIV)-infection status to a child pose major challenges to caregivers for various reasons. Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence, pattern and effect of disclosure among HIV-infected adolescents attending a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study among adolescents attending the HIV Paediatric clinic at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada. A questionnaire was administered after ethically age-appropriate consent and assent had been obtained from the adolescents or adolescent/caregiver pairs. Blood was also drawn for CD4 count and viral load assay. Results: One hundred and forty-five adolescents participated in the study. Eighty (55.2%) were males, 78(53.8%) aged 10-13 years while 91(62.7%) had secondary level of education. Fifty-nine (40.7%) adolescents had been disclosed to. The mean age of disclosure was 14.6±2.2. Disclosure was mostly by mothers (n = 32; 22.1%), at home (n = 43; 29.7%) and their status revealed by 14 (23.7%) of the adolescents to mainly their siblings (n = 10; 6.9%). At disclosure, 19 (13.1%) felt bad/sad while 18 (12.4%) were indifferent. The preferred age for disclosure was 14–16 years (n = 33; 22.8%). There was a statistically significant relationship between disclosure and; adolescents' age (P = <0.001), mean age of disclosure (P = <0.001); social class (P = 0.046); caregivers' educational level (P = < 0.01) and CD4 count (P = 0.003) but none for gender (P = 0.59), type of ARV medication (P = 0.519), self-reported adherence (P = 0.476) and viral load (P = 0.729). Conclusion: Disclosure prevalence was low. Caregivers should be better counseled and encouraged on the importance of early disclosure.
{"title":"Disclosure of status among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected adolescents","authors":"E. Ekop, A. Okechukwu","doi":"10.4103/smj.smj_66_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_66_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Disclosing a positive Human Immunode ciency Virus (HIV)-infection status to a child pose major challenges to caregivers for various reasons. Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence, pattern and effect of disclosure among HIV-infected adolescents attending a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study among adolescents attending the HIV Paediatric clinic at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada. A questionnaire was administered after ethically age-appropriate consent and assent had been obtained from the adolescents or adolescent/caregiver pairs. Blood was also drawn for CD4 count and viral load assay. Results: One hundred and forty-five adolescents participated in the study. Eighty (55.2%) were males, 78(53.8%) aged 10-13 years while 91(62.7%) had secondary level of education. Fifty-nine (40.7%) adolescents had been disclosed to. The mean age of disclosure was 14.6±2.2. Disclosure was mostly by mothers (n = 32; 22.1%), at home (n = 43; 29.7%) and their status revealed by 14 (23.7%) of the adolescents to mainly their siblings (n = 10; 6.9%). At disclosure, 19 (13.1%) felt bad/sad while 18 (12.4%) were indifferent. The preferred age for disclosure was 14–16 years (n = 33; 22.8%). There was a statistically significant relationship between disclosure and; adolescents' age (P = <0.001), mean age of disclosure (P = <0.001); social class (P = 0.046); caregivers' educational level (P = < 0.01) and CD4 count (P = 0.003) but none for gender (P = 0.59), type of ARV medication (P = 0.519), self-reported adherence (P = 0.476) and viral load (P = 0.729). Conclusion: Disclosure prevalence was low. Caregivers should be better counseled and encouraged on the importance of early disclosure.","PeriodicalId":52324,"journal":{"name":"Sahel Medical Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"60 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44508222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Umar, M. Oripelaye, F. Olanrewaju, O. Onayemi, O. Olasode, O. Oninla
Background: The introduction and wide use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have significantly resulted in decline in morbidity and mortality from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its related complications. These drugs can effectively induce virological suppression of the HIV-RNA replication to below the level of quantification, with eventual rise in the CD4+ cells counts. This is the therapeutic goal of using HAART in HIV-infected patients. However, some HIV-infected patients commencing HAART might have adequate virological suppression without a corresponding rise in CD4+ cells count-a phenomenon referred to as discordant immune response (DIR) or immunological nonresponse. Objective: The objective is to determine the factors associated with DIR among HIV-infected patients with adequate virological suppression, after initiating HAART. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study that analyzed data from 200 HIV-infected adults that have been on HAART for 12 months descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic profile of the participants, and binary logistic regression was used to assess the factors predicting DIR among the studied population. Results: One hundred and thirty-six (68%) were female with a mean age of 40.5 ± 10.9 years. The mean baseline CD4+ cells count was 162 ± 95.9 cells/mm3. Twelve months after HAART initiation, 64 (32%) of patients were immunological nonresponders. On multivariate analysis (logistics regression), patients initiating treatment at a higher CD4+ cells count >200 cells/mm3 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.89; confidence interval [CI]: 1.64–9.22; P = 0.002), the presence of anemia (hemoglobin <11.0 g/dl) (AOR 2.58; CI: 1.11–5.98; P = 0.027), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) positivity (AOR 9.84; CI: 3.10–18.12; P = 0.003) were independently associated with the development of DIR among the studied population. Conclusion: DIR among the studied population was common and associated with high baseline CD4+ cells count, baseline anemia, and HCV positivity from our HIV-infected patients. Thus, there is a need for adequate evaluation and monitoring of at-risk individuals to improve clinical outcomes.
{"title":"Determinants of discordant immune response in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy","authors":"A. Umar, M. Oripelaye, F. Olanrewaju, O. Onayemi, O. Olasode, O. Oninla","doi":"10.4103/smj.smj_1_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_1_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The introduction and wide use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have significantly resulted in decline in morbidity and mortality from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its related complications. These drugs can effectively induce virological suppression of the HIV-RNA replication to below the level of quantification, with eventual rise in the CD4+ cells counts. This is the therapeutic goal of using HAART in HIV-infected patients. However, some HIV-infected patients commencing HAART might have adequate virological suppression without a corresponding rise in CD4+ cells count-a phenomenon referred to as discordant immune response (DIR) or immunological nonresponse. Objective: The objective is to determine the factors associated with DIR among HIV-infected patients with adequate virological suppression, after initiating HAART. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study that analyzed data from 200 HIV-infected adults that have been on HAART for 12 months descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic profile of the participants, and binary logistic regression was used to assess the factors predicting DIR among the studied population. Results: One hundred and thirty-six (68%) were female with a mean age of 40.5 ± 10.9 years. The mean baseline CD4+ cells count was 162 ± 95.9 cells/mm3. Twelve months after HAART initiation, 64 (32%) of patients were immunological nonresponders. On multivariate analysis (logistics regression), patients initiating treatment at a higher CD4+ cells count >200 cells/mm3 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.89; confidence interval [CI]: 1.64–9.22; P = 0.002), the presence of anemia (hemoglobin <11.0 g/dl) (AOR 2.58; CI: 1.11–5.98; P = 0.027), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) positivity (AOR 9.84; CI: 3.10–18.12; P = 0.003) were independently associated with the development of DIR among the studied population. Conclusion: DIR among the studied population was common and associated with high baseline CD4+ cells count, baseline anemia, and HCV positivity from our HIV-infected patients. Thus, there is a need for adequate evaluation and monitoring of at-risk individuals to improve clinical outcomes.","PeriodicalId":52324,"journal":{"name":"Sahel Medical Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"22 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45791396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Neonatal period is the first 28 days after birth. It carries high risk of morbidity and mortality. This risk is higher in developing countries. Nigeria, where about 700 babies die daily, contributes about 8% of the world's annual neonatal deaths. There is a paucity of published study of neonatal morbidity and mortality in this part of Nigeria. Objectives: We determined the pattern of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and neonatal mortality rate in a public tertiary health facility in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: We conducted a hospital-based retrospective study of all babies admitted during the neonatal period between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2017. Data on the patients' age, weight, diagnosis, and outcome were extracted from their file and analyzed. Ethical clearance was obtained before the commencement of the study. Results: Records of 522 newborns were analyzed. Common morbidities were neonatal sepsis, prematurity, and birth asphyxia. The mortality rate was 13.2%. Highest mortality (44.8%) occurred within 24 h of admission, and neonatal tetanus had the highest case fatality rate of 42.8%. Conclusions: Neonatal sepsis, prematurity, and birth asphyxia were the major causes of morbidity. Mortality rate was high (13.2%), and tetanus had the highest case fatality rate. These can be prevented.
{"title":"Patterns of morbidity and mortality among neonates seen in a tertiary hospital","authors":"Umar Also, G. Gwarzo","doi":"10.4103/smj.smj_21_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_21_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Neonatal period is the first 28 days after birth. It carries high risk of morbidity and mortality. This risk is higher in developing countries. Nigeria, where about 700 babies die daily, contributes about 8% of the world's annual neonatal deaths. There is a paucity of published study of neonatal morbidity and mortality in this part of Nigeria. Objectives: We determined the pattern of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and neonatal mortality rate in a public tertiary health facility in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: We conducted a hospital-based retrospective study of all babies admitted during the neonatal period between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2017. Data on the patients' age, weight, diagnosis, and outcome were extracted from their file and analyzed. Ethical clearance was obtained before the commencement of the study. Results: Records of 522 newborns were analyzed. Common morbidities were neonatal sepsis, prematurity, and birth asphyxia. The mortality rate was 13.2%. Highest mortality (44.8%) occurred within 24 h of admission, and neonatal tetanus had the highest case fatality rate of 42.8%. Conclusions: Neonatal sepsis, prematurity, and birth asphyxia were the major causes of morbidity. Mortality rate was high (13.2%), and tetanus had the highest case fatality rate. These can be prevented.","PeriodicalId":52324,"journal":{"name":"Sahel Medical Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"47 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44837227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background:Blood sampling method is the most common but invasive method for bilirubin estimation. Transcutaneous bilirubin (TCB) estimation, on the other hand is non-invasive. Objectives: The aim was to compare neonatal bilirubin estimation by serum bilirubin and transcutaneous bilirubinometer methods both pre- and during phototherapy and establish the precision of transcutaneous bilirubinometer. Materials and Methods: This prospective hospital-based observational study was conducted on 350 term neonates over a period of 2 years. Bilirubin was estimated in all newborn by both serum bilirubin and transcutaneous method, at the time of admission in nursery (prephototherapy), at 6 h after phototherapy (while neonates were still under phototherapy treatment), and at withholding phototherapy, and a photo opaque patch of 2.5 cm was used to cover the area on midforehead and transcutaneous bilirubin was estimated from this area after removing it during phototherapy. All data were tabulated and analyzed by relevant statistical tests. Results: A total of 350 term healthy newborns with mean gestational age of 38 ± 2 weeks and mean birth weight of 2.97 ± 0.9 kg were studied. Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between total serum bilirubin and transcutaneous method (TCB) measurements of bilirubin. When these methods were compared at pre-phototherapy, at 6 hours after phototherapy and before withholding phototherapy, correlation coefficient(r) of 0.9571, 0.7988, and 0.9206 were seen respectively. The precision levels of transcutaneous bilirubinometer (BiliCheck™) were good because plotting of Bland–Altman graphs showed maximum (>97%) data within agreement limits at all stages of phototherapy. Conclusion: Our study revealed good correlation and precision of transcutaneous bilirubinometer both before and during phototherapy. Thus, it supports the previous studies which justify the use of transcutaneous bilirubinometer in assessing newborn jaundice during phototherapy.
{"title":"Reliability of transcutaneous bilirubin estimation during phototherapy in term infants: A hospital-based observational study","authors":"J. Bhat, S. Sheikh, Z. Wani, Roshan Ara, S. Bhat","doi":"10.4103/smj.smj_11_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_11_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background:Blood sampling method is the most common but invasive method for bilirubin estimation. Transcutaneous bilirubin (TCB) estimation, on the other hand is non-invasive. Objectives: The aim was to compare neonatal bilirubin estimation by serum bilirubin and transcutaneous bilirubinometer methods both pre- and during phototherapy and establish the precision of transcutaneous bilirubinometer. Materials and Methods: This prospective hospital-based observational study was conducted on 350 term neonates over a period of 2 years. Bilirubin was estimated in all newborn by both serum bilirubin and transcutaneous method, at the time of admission in nursery (prephototherapy), at 6 h after phototherapy (while neonates were still under phototherapy treatment), and at withholding phototherapy, and a photo opaque patch of 2.5 cm was used to cover the area on midforehead and transcutaneous bilirubin was estimated from this area after removing it during phototherapy. All data were tabulated and analyzed by relevant statistical tests. Results: A total of 350 term healthy newborns with mean gestational age of 38 ± 2 weeks and mean birth weight of 2.97 ± 0.9 kg were studied. Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between total serum bilirubin and transcutaneous method (TCB) measurements of bilirubin. When these methods were compared at pre-phototherapy, at 6 hours after phototherapy and before withholding phototherapy, correlation coefficient(r) of 0.9571, 0.7988, and 0.9206 were seen respectively. The precision levels of transcutaneous bilirubinometer (BiliCheck™) were good because plotting of Bland–Altman graphs showed maximum (>97%) data within agreement limits at all stages of phototherapy. Conclusion: Our study revealed good correlation and precision of transcutaneous bilirubinometer both before and during phototherapy. Thus, it supports the previous studies which justify the use of transcutaneous bilirubinometer in assessing newborn jaundice during phototherapy.","PeriodicalId":52324,"journal":{"name":"Sahel Medical Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"17 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49435759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Jalo, A. Jibo, A. Gajida, A. Kwaku, N. Awaisu, A. Yusuf, A. Kauranmata, S. Yusuf, S. Shuaibu, A. Musa, I. Abubakar
Background: Zinc supplementation is a simple and affordable strategy for managing acute diarrhoea and preventing subsequent growth faltering and malnutrition. It has been shown that ORS and supplemental zinc, combined with continued feeding are the recommended interventions for treating diarrhoea among children. Objective: To determine the knowledge and acceptability of Zinc tablets in treatment of childhood dirrhoea. Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional design was used. Data was analysed at univariate, bivariate and multivariate level using SPSS version 20. Results: Knowledge of caregivers about zinc treatment was found to be fair (40.4%) in both settings; up to 136 (45.0%) of the respondents had good knowledge. Over a half 84 (56.0%) of caregivers in the urban community compared to a quarter 52 (34.2%) of those in the rural community had good knowledge. This difference was statistically significant between urban and rural caregivers (P < 0.00). Up to 180 (81.1%) of the caregivers that have used zinc had good level of acceptability. Respondent's level of acceptability of zinc was similar in the urban 98 (81.7%) and rural communities 82(80.4%) respectively. Conclusion: There exist a wide gap between knowledge of zinc supplementation and its acceptability among caregivers and health education should be tailored to address the knowledge gaps of mothers and target women who are more at risk of poor practice.
{"title":"Caregiver's acceptability of zinc tablet for treatment of childhood diarrhea in rural and urban communities","authors":"I. Jalo, A. Jibo, A. Gajida, A. Kwaku, N. Awaisu, A. Yusuf, A. Kauranmata, S. Yusuf, S. Shuaibu, A. Musa, I. Abubakar","doi":"10.4103/smj.smj_61_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_61_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Zinc supplementation is a simple and affordable strategy for managing acute diarrhoea and preventing subsequent growth faltering and malnutrition. It has been shown that ORS and supplemental zinc, combined with continued feeding are the recommended interventions for treating diarrhoea among children. Objective: To determine the knowledge and acceptability of Zinc tablets in treatment of childhood dirrhoea. Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional design was used. Data was analysed at univariate, bivariate and multivariate level using SPSS version 20. Results: Knowledge of caregivers about zinc treatment was found to be fair (40.4%) in both settings; up to 136 (45.0%) of the respondents had good knowledge. Over a half 84 (56.0%) of caregivers in the urban community compared to a quarter 52 (34.2%) of those in the rural community had good knowledge. This difference was statistically significant between urban and rural caregivers (P < 0.00). Up to 180 (81.1%) of the caregivers that have used zinc had good level of acceptability. Respondent's level of acceptability of zinc was similar in the urban 98 (81.7%) and rural communities 82(80.4%) respectively. Conclusion: There exist a wide gap between knowledge of zinc supplementation and its acceptability among caregivers and health education should be tailored to address the knowledge gaps of mothers and target women who are more at risk of poor practice.","PeriodicalId":52324,"journal":{"name":"Sahel Medical Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"51 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46198927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been linked to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Increased oxidative stress and a decrease in antioxidant capacity are believed to be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms mediating MCI in T2D. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess MCI and total antioxidant capacity in T2D patients and their nondiabetic controls. Materials and methods: A total of 34 T2D patients attending the diabetic clinic of Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano, between June and December 2017 and age, sex, and level of education matched controls were recruited for the study. MCI was assessed using Montreal cognitive assessment test (MoCA) version 7.3. Serum albumin, total protein, uric acid, bilirubin, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined using spectrophotometric method, whereas Vitamins C and E were determined using competitive-ELISA (Elabscience, USA). Data were analyzed on SPSS version 23.0. The value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Diabetic group had significantly lower MoCA score (U = 216.50, P = 0.001), compared to the controls (19.5 and 26, respectively). MoCA score was influenced by sex (U = 88.0, P = 0.05) and level of education (χ2 =12.826, P = 0.005) among diabetic patients. MoCA score was correlated with serum levels of Vitamin E (ρ = −0.412, P = 0.015), total protein (ρ = −0.359, P = 0.037), and level of education of the diabetic patients (χ2 =14.664, P = 0.002). Diabetic patients had significantly higher serum MDA (U = 238.50, P = 0.001) (0.19 nmol/ml and 0.11 nmol/ml, respectively) and lower serum bilirubin (U = 351.50, P = 0.05) (1.28 mg/dl and 1.68 mg/dl, respectively). Conclusion: There was MCI with median MoCA score of 19.50 among the diabetics. T2D was associated with MCI, increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant capacity. Routine screening for MCI should be employed in the management of T2D.
背景:2型糖尿病(T2D)与轻度认知障碍(MCI)有关。氧化应激增加和抗氧化能力下降被认为是T2D中MCI的病理生理机制之一。目的:本研究的目的是评估t2dm患者及其非糖尿病对照组的MCI和总抗氧化能力。材料和方法:2017年6月至12月期间在卡诺Murtala Muhammad专科医院糖尿病门诊就诊的34例T2D患者，年龄、性别和教育水平与对照相匹配。采用蒙特利尔认知评估测试(MoCA) 7.3版对MCI进行评估。采用分光光度法测定血清白蛋白、总蛋白、尿酸、胆红素和丙二醛(MDA)，采用竞争elisa法测定维生素C和E (Elabscience, USA)。数据采用SPSS 23.0进行分析。P≤0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果:糖尿病组MoCA评分(U = 216.50, P = 0.001)明显低于对照组(分别为19.5分和26分)。糖尿病患者MoCA评分受性别(U = 88.0, P = 0.05)和文化程度(χ2 =12.826, P = 0.005)的影响。MoCA评分与糖尿病患者血清维生素E水平(ρ =−0.412,P = 0.015)、总蛋白水平(ρ =−0.359,P = 0.037)、文化程度相关(χ2 =14.664, P = 0.002)。糖尿病患者血清丙二醛(MDA)升高(U = 238.50, P = 0.001)，分别为0.19、0.11 nmol/ml;血清胆红素(U = 351.50, P = 0.05)降低(分别为1.28、1.68 mg/dl)。结论:糖尿病患者存在轻度认知损伤，MoCA中位评分为19.50。T2D与MCI、氧化应激增加和抗氧化能力降低有关。T2D的治疗应采用MCI的常规筛查。
{"title":"Cognitive impairment and reduced antioxidant capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes","authors":"I. Yarube, I. Gwarzo","doi":"10.4103/smj.smj_37_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_37_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been linked to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Increased oxidative stress and a decrease in antioxidant capacity are believed to be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms mediating MCI in T2D. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess MCI and total antioxidant capacity in T2D patients and their nondiabetic controls. Materials and methods: A total of 34 T2D patients attending the diabetic clinic of Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano, between June and December 2017 and age, sex, and level of education matched controls were recruited for the study. MCI was assessed using Montreal cognitive assessment test (MoCA) version 7.3. Serum albumin, total protein, uric acid, bilirubin, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined using spectrophotometric method, whereas Vitamins C and E were determined using competitive-ELISA (Elabscience, USA). Data were analyzed on SPSS version 23.0. The value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Diabetic group had significantly lower MoCA score (U = 216.50, P = 0.001), compared to the controls (19.5 and 26, respectively). MoCA score was influenced by sex (U = 88.0, P = 0.05) and level of education (χ2 =12.826, P = 0.005) among diabetic patients. MoCA score was correlated with serum levels of Vitamin E (ρ = −0.412, P = 0.015), total protein (ρ = −0.359, P = 0.037), and level of education of the diabetic patients (χ2 =14.664, P = 0.002). Diabetic patients had significantly higher serum MDA (U = 238.50, P = 0.001) (0.19 nmol/ml and 0.11 nmol/ml, respectively) and lower serum bilirubin (U = 351.50, P = 0.05) (1.28 mg/dl and 1.68 mg/dl, respectively). Conclusion: There was MCI with median MoCA score of 19.50 among the diabetics. T2D was associated with MCI, increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant capacity. Routine screening for MCI should be employed in the management of T2D.","PeriodicalId":52324,"journal":{"name":"Sahel Medical Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"171 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47213515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adetoyeje Y. Oyeyemi, Donald Ejakpovi, A. Oyeyemi, T. Adeniji
Background: Research productivity is a measure of achievement of a scholar. The number of research publication in peer-reviewed journals and scholastic presentations in conferences and other gatherings of peers are important criteria for assessing productivity and prestige in the academia. Objective: This study aimed to explore the research productivity of the academic staff of a College of Medical Sciences in a Nigerian University. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional design study was conducted among 51 academics at the College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. The participants completed a 31-item questionnaire that explored information on their research publication and conferences presentations in the past 3 years. The questionnaire also elicited information on their teaching load, and the time devoted to research per week. The questionnaire also elicited information on journals, in which the academics published their research, and on any institutional and departmental support for research that is available to them. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Overall, the mean number of research publication in 3 years for this cohort of academics was 6.6 ± 6.8 (median = 4.0) papers, while that of conference presentation was 4.5 ± 4.0 (median = 4.0) papers in 3 years. Academics in the clinical sciences subgroup tend to have more research papers published and conference papers presented than their counterparts in the Basic and Allied Health Sciences subgroup. The overall subgroups combined number of research papers published increases absolutely but not significantly with age and rank. Conclusion: Using a productivity threshold set at six papers in 3 years, many academics in this cohort may not be considered to be highly productive. Future studies on an expanded scale are needed to elucidate on the present findings.
{"title":"Research productivity of academic staff in a Medical School","authors":"Adetoyeje Y. Oyeyemi, Donald Ejakpovi, A. Oyeyemi, T. Adeniji","doi":"10.4103/smj.smj_13_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_13_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Research productivity is a measure of achievement of a scholar. The number of research publication in peer-reviewed journals and scholastic presentations in conferences and other gatherings of peers are important criteria for assessing productivity and prestige in the academia. Objective: This study aimed to explore the research productivity of the academic staff of a College of Medical Sciences in a Nigerian University. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional design study was conducted among 51 academics at the College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. The participants completed a 31-item questionnaire that explored information on their research publication and conferences presentations in the past 3 years. The questionnaire also elicited information on their teaching load, and the time devoted to research per week. The questionnaire also elicited information on journals, in which the academics published their research, and on any institutional and departmental support for research that is available to them. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Overall, the mean number of research publication in 3 years for this cohort of academics was 6.6 ± 6.8 (median = 4.0) papers, while that of conference presentation was 4.5 ± 4.0 (median = 4.0) papers in 3 years. Academics in the clinical sciences subgroup tend to have more research papers published and conference papers presented than their counterparts in the Basic and Allied Health Sciences subgroup. The overall subgroups combined number of research papers published increases absolutely but not significantly with age and rank. Conclusion: Using a productivity threshold set at six papers in 3 years, many academics in this cohort may not be considered to be highly productive. Future studies on an expanded scale are needed to elucidate on the present findings.","PeriodicalId":52324,"journal":{"name":"Sahel Medical Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"219 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42500699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Three-rooted mandibular third molar in a Nigerian adult","authors":"Aliu Rufai, B. Famurewa, S. Aregbesola","doi":"10.4103/smj.smj_44_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_44_18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52324,"journal":{"name":"Sahel Medical Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"234 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44502080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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