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Nesting Bald Eagle Population Numbers, Density, Territorial Resources, and Relationship to Human Development in Northern Colorado’s Front Range 科罗拉多州前沿山脉北部筑巢白头鹰的数量、密度、领地资源以及与人类发展的关系
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb55.1.1
Dana J. Bove, Holly A. Anderson, Matthew A. Smith, Theo A. Kuhn
To better understand the population of the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nesting along northern Colorado’s Front Range, from 2016 to 2022 we studied 86 occupied nests within an area of 20,586 km2. From 2017 to 2020, 279 juveniles fledged from 237 nesting attempts in a smaller, main nest-study area with 68 nests. The nests’ success over these four years ranged from 52 to 70%, and their productivity varied from 1.1 to 1.3. The average nearest-nest distances for three discrete areas in the Front Range (5.03 to 7.26 km) are at least 2.8 to 4.0 times greater than these distances in four nesting populations in wetter regions but shorter than distances observed between nests in drier Arizona. In our study area the coverage of buildings within 400 m of Bald Eagle nests is relatively low by comparison to the coverage around randomly selected points, averaging 1344 m2; for 63% of the nests this coverage was less than 800 m2. We classified the 86 nest territories into eight categories that describe the dominant resource habitat and predicts the eagles’ reliance on Black-tailed Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) versus fish as prey. Predation on fish was predicted to be dominant at 51% (n = 44) of the nests, predation on prairie dogs at 32% (n = 28).
为了更好地了解科罗拉多前山脉北部筑巢的白头鹰(Haliaeetus leucocephalus)种群情况,从 2016 年到 2022 年,我们在 20586 平方公里的区域内研究了 86 个被占据的巢。从 2017 年到 2020 年,在一个较小的主要巢穴研究区域内,有 68 个巢穴,237 次筑巢,279 只幼鸟羽化。在这四年中,巢的成功率从 52% 到 70% 不等,生产率从 1.1 到 1.3 不等。前沿地区三个离散区域的平均最近巢距(5.03 至 7.26 千米)至少是较潮湿地区四个筑巢种群的 2.8 至 4.0 倍,但比亚利桑那州较干燥地区的巢距短。在我们的研究区域,白头鹰巢穴周围 400 米范围内的建筑物覆盖率与随机选取点周围的覆盖率相比相对较低,平均为 1344 平方米;63% 的巢穴覆盖率低于 800 平方米。我们将 86 个巢区分为八类,这八类描述了主要的资源生境,并预测了老鹰对黑尾草原犬(Cynomys ludovicianus)和鱼类猎物的依赖程度。据预测,51%(n = 44)的鸟巢以捕食鱼类为主,32%(n = 28)的鸟巢以捕食草原犬为主。
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引用次数: 0
David F. DeSante’s Birds of Cabo San Lucas, Fall 1968: A Historic Account David F. DeSante 的《卡波圣卢卡斯的鸟类》,1968 年秋:历史记录
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb55.1.2
D. Desante, Richard A. Erickson, Gerardo Marrón, Peter Pyle
In preparation for his doctoral studies at Stanford University, the late David F. DeSante spent the fall of 1968 studying migratory landbirds at Cabo San Lucas. Although his hopes to capture numerous vagrant warblers were not met, he amassed an impressive list of distributional records for the Baja California Peninsula at a time when few ornithologists were working there. Among these were peninsular firsts for the Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris), Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris), Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus), Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), and Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris). Another six species, and one subspecies, were found for the first time in Baja California Sur. Venturing away from the immediate confines of Cabo San Lucas, DeSante established the first peninsular record of the Gray-headed Junco (Junco hyemalis caniceps) and first state records for another five species and one subspecies. Although many of these records have been reported previously, the junior authors believe it is appropriate to synthesize them more completely with current context, in Dave’s honor.
为了准备在斯坦福大学攻读博士学位,已故的大卫-F-迪桑特(David F. DeSante)于 1968 年秋天在卡波圣卢卡斯(Cabo San Lucas)研究迁徙陆鸟。虽然他没能如愿捕捉到大量的流浪莺,但他为下加利福尼亚半岛积累了一份令人印象深刻的分布记录清单,当时在那里工作的鸟类学家寥寥无几。其中包括环颈鸭(Aythya collaris)、宽嘴蜂鸟(Cynanthus latirostris)、宽翅鹰(Buteo platypterus)、山雀(Dolichonyx oryzivorus)和彩鹀(Passerina ciris)的半岛首次记录。另外六个物种和一个亚种也是首次在南下加利福尼亚发现。在远离卡波圣卢卡斯的地方,迪桑特首次发现了半岛灰头鹀(Junco hyemalis caniceps),并首次发现了另外五个物种和一个亚种。虽然这些记录中的很多以前都有报道,但小作者们认为,为了纪念戴夫,应该根据当前的背景对这些记录进行更全面的综合。
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引用次数: 0
First Record of Tricolored Blackbirds in Idaho 爱达荷州首次记录到三色黑鸟
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb55.1.3
Peter J. Olsoy, Katie J. Sorenson
Over 99% of Tricolored Blackbirds (Agelaius tricolor) occur in California. However, small populations persist in Oregon, Washington, Nevada, and Baja California. Loss of wetlands that historically served as foraging and breeding habitat has led to their increasing use of agricultural landscapes including silage fields and cattle feedlots. Here we provide the first documentation of the Tricolored Blackbird in Idaho (26 March–13 May and 3 November–16 December 2023), of up to 30 birds observed at five different locations associated with cattle feedlots, each 10–15 km apart, in Payette and Gem counties. Seven observations included recordings of vocalizations (3-23 April and 14 December 2023), largely coinciding with the final observations at each location, presumably before dispersal to breeding grounds. We consider three hypotheses to explain the apparently sudden occurrence of these birds, including their return to some of the same sites in November 2023: (1) a continued pattern of range expansion due to climate change; (2) an undetected long-term population due to low survey effort; or (3) a large-scale movement in response to flooding and extreme weather in the traditional range. We encourage continued monitoring and surveying of these locations in the coming years and surveying for both new wintering locations and for evidence of the Tricolored Blackbird breeding in Idaho.
超过 99% 的三色黑鸟(Agelaius tricolor)分布在加利福尼亚。不过,俄勒冈州、华盛顿州、内华达州和下加利福尼亚州仍有少量种群存在。由于历史上作为觅食和繁殖栖息地的湿地逐渐消失,三色黑鸟越来越多地栖息在包括青贮饲料田和养牛场在内的农田中。在此,我们首次记录了爱达荷州的三色黑鸟(2023 年 3 月 26 日至 5 月 13 日和 11 月 3 日至 12 月 16 日),在佩耶特县和宝石县与养牛场相关的五个不同地点观察到多达 30 只鸟,每个地点相距 10-15 公里。其中有 7 次观测包括了发声记录(2023 年 4 月 3 日至 23 日和 12 月 14 日),与在每个地点的最后一次观测基本吻合,推测是在鸟儿分散到繁殖地之前。我们认为有三种假设可以解释这些鸟明显突然出现的原因,包括它们在 2023 年 11 月又回到了一些相同的地点:(1)气候变化导致的持续的分布区扩展模式;(2)由于调查工作较少而未被发现的长期种群;或(3)为应对传统分布区的洪水和极端天气而进行的大规模迁移。我们鼓励在未来几年继续监测和调查这些地点,并调查新的越冬地点和三色黑鸟在爱达荷州繁殖的证据。
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引用次数: 0
American Crow Cracks Open Bivalve via Automobile 美国乌鸦用汽车撞开双壳贝类
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb55.1.6
Sierra R. Glassman, Emily Y. Banno
here have been many observations of corvids placing a hard-shelled food item onto a roadway, then consuming the food exposed when a passing automobile crushes the shell. However, it has been debated whether corvids perform this behavior intentionally. Our observation of an American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) placing a bivalve on a road, then eating the meat exposed when the shell was run over, supports the idea that corvids intentionally use cars to crack shelled foods.
人们曾多次观察到鸦科鸟类将硬壳食物放在路面上,当汽车驶过压碎硬壳时,鸦科鸟类就会吃掉露出的食物。然而,对于乌鸦是否有意做出这种行为一直存在争议。我们观察到一只美洲乌鸦(Corvus brachyrhynchos)将双壳类动物放在路面上,然后食用外壳被碾压后露出的肉。
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引用次数: 0
Second Prebasic Molt of a Black-headed Gull at Anchorage, Alaska 阿拉斯加安克雷奇一只黑头鸥的第二次前期蜕皮
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb55.1.5
Robert L. Scher
A second-cycle Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), a rare to casual visitor in western North America, remained at Anchorage, Alaska, from 16 July through 17 September 2023, providing a unique opportunity to track and document most stages of its second prebasic molt into definitive (adult) basic plumage. I estimated that the Anchorage bird required approximately 3 to 3.5 months (early/mid-June through late September) to complete the molt of its primaries. This is notably longer than the “average” 2.5 months stated for second-cycle Black-headed Gulls in several publications, but consistent with the duration and calendar limits reported by others for the entire species (mid-May/June through September). The start and duration of rectrix molt relative to the stage of primary molt closely matched that described for gulls in general, and specifically for predefinitive Bonaparte’s (C. philadephia) and Western (Larus occidentalis) gulls. When first observed in mid-July, the Anchorage bird had a white tail, as in definitive plumage, a trait infrequent in first-cycle Black-headed Gulls; then it molted the tail again through August. Although Black-headed Gulls occurring in western North America have been presumed to originate from eastern Asia, the timing of the Anchorage bird’s primary molt closely matched that published for second-cycle Black-headed Gulls in Europe, which has reported to be earlier—though molt schedules of Charadriiformes at the population level are highly variable.
2023 年 7 月 16 日至 9 月 17 日,一只北美洲西部稀有的第二周期黑头鸥(Chroicocephalus ridibundus)停留在阿拉斯加的安克雷奇,这为我们提供了一个独特的机会,跟踪和记录其第二次基本羽蜕变为最终(成年)基本羽的大部分阶段。据我估计,这只安克雷奇鸟需要大约 3 到 3.5 个月(6 月初/中旬到 9 月末)才能完成初羽蜕皮。这明显长于一些出版物中所说的第二周期黑头鸥 "平均 "2.5 个月的时间,但与其他人报告的整个物种的持续时间和日历限制(5 月/6 月中旬到 9 月)一致。与初级蜕皮阶段相对应的矩阵蜕皮的开始时间和持续时间与一般海鸥的描述非常吻合,特别是与预知的波拿巴海鸥(C. philadephia)和西方海鸥(Larus occidentalis)的描述非常吻合。在 7 月中旬首次观察到这只安克雷奇鸟时,它的尾巴是白色的,就像最终羽色一样,这种特征在第一周期的黑头鸥中并不常见。虽然北美洲西部出现的黑头鸥被推测来自亚洲东部,但安克雷奇鸟的初次蜕皮时间与欧洲公布的第二周期黑头鸥的蜕皮时间非常吻合,据报道,欧洲黑头鸥的蜕皮时间更早--尽管黑头鸥在种群水平上的蜕皮时间表变化很大。
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引用次数: 0
Factors Influencing Survival of Black-chinned Hummingbird Nests in Southwest Colorado 影响科罗拉多州西南部黑翅蜂鸟巢存活的因素
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb55.1.4
J. C. Ortega, C. P. Ortega
We estimated survival of Black-chinned Hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri) nests in southwest Colorado in 1998, 2001, and 2004 by means of models generated in program Mark. The best supported, and parsimonious, model suggested nest age (i.e., time since the nest was initiated) as the most important variable in indicating nest survival; daily survival rates of nests with eggs were lower than those of nests with nestlings. Substrate type was a second covariate that had some support in describing nest survival. Nests in Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) or narrow-leaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia) had greater daily survival rates than did those built in other substrates. No other ecological covariates were strongly supported in explaining nest survival. Of the 24 nests studied, 10 were successful, fledging an average of 1.7 (standard error 0.14) chicks.
我们利用 Mark 程序生成的模型估算了 1998 年、2001 年和 2004 年科罗拉多西南部黑翅蜂鸟(Archilochus alexandri)巢的存活率。支持率最高且最合理的模型表明,巢龄(即筑巢以来的时间)是表明巢存活率的最重要变量;有卵的巢的日存活率低于有雏鸟的巢的日存活率。基质类型是第二个对巢穴存活率有一定支持作用的协变量。筑在甘伯栎(Quercus gambelii)或狭叶木棉(Populus angustifolia)上的巢的日存活率高于筑在其它基质上的巢。在解释巢的存活率方面,没有其他生态协变量得到强有力的支持。在研究的 24 个巢中,10 个成功,平均孵化出 1.7 只(标准误差 0.14)雏鸟。
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引用次数: 0
200 Years of Caprimulgid Records in Southern Brazil: A Comparison between the Literature and Citizen Science Data 巴西南部200年的Caprimulgid记录:文献与公民科学数据的比较
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.3390/birds4040026
Vagner Cavarzere
Although the ornithological history of southern Brazil has been amassed over the last 200 years, few attempts have been made to describe how species have accumulated. Furthermore, the collaboration of citizen scientists has considerably changed the way researchers analyze empirical data. Caprimulgidae (Nightjars and Nighthawks) species were used to illustrate how species have been recorded since the 1800s in Paraná State by comparing traditional and citizen science data. In addition, reports from both researchers and citizen scientists on the breeding biology of these caprimulgids have been verified. A literature review was conducted searching for the Caprimulgid species within the territory of Paraná. Regarding citizen science, records were obtained from four ornithological platforms. Overall, 14 species were detected within the state, 13 of which have been described in the literature, including 1 endemic to the Atlantic Forest and 3 threatened species. Citizen scientists detected all 13 taxa, in addition to one undocumented species that has never been recorded by researchers. There were 12 times more records on ornithological platforms in half of the sampling effort accumulated in studies, but most of them date from the last five years. Citizen scientists also visited 4.5 times more locations than researchers. Citizen scientists accumulated more records around September and November, and most (59%) records were from 2020–2022. Researchers mentioned species as early as 1820, while continuous studies only began during the 1980s; they concentrated their fieldwork mostly in September. Only one (2%) study sought to describe the breeding biology of a caprimulgid species, but there were 84 observations on ornithological platforms between 2004–2022 on their reproduction. Because of the evident mismatch between traditional and citizen science data due to a lack of congruence between their actions, it is suggested that ornithology in Paraná, as well as other Brazilian regions, would benefit the most if traditional and citizen scientists improved their networking communication to focus on common purposes instead of acting independently.
尽管巴西南部的鸟类学历史已经积累了200年,但很少有人尝试描述物种是如何积累的。此外,公民科学家的合作极大地改变了研究人员分析经验数据的方式。Caprimulgidae (Nightjars和Nighthawks)物种被用来通过比较传统和公民科学数据来说明自19世纪以来在paranstate记录的物种。此外,研究人员和民间科学家关于这些菊科动物繁殖生物学的报告也得到了证实。本文对帕拉纳属的Caprimulgid种进行了文献检索。关于公民科学,从四个鸟类学平台获得了记录。总体而言,在该州发现了14种,其中13种已被文献描述,其中1种为大西洋森林特有物种,3种为濒危物种。公民科学家发现了所有13个分类群,除了一个从未被研究人员记录的未记录物种。在鸟类学平台上,在研究中积累的采样努力中,有一半的记录是12倍以上,但其中大多数是最近五年的记录。公民科学家访问的地点也比研究人员多4.5倍。公民科学家在9月和11月前后积累了更多的记录,大多数(59%)记录来自2020-2022年。研究人员早在1820年就提到了物种,而持续的研究直到20世纪80年代才开始;他们的野外工作主要集中在九月份。只有一项(2%)研究试图描述一种caprimulgid物种的繁殖生物学,但在2004年至2022年期间,鸟类学平台上有84项关于其繁殖的观察。由于他们的行动缺乏一致性,传统科学和公民科学数据之间存在明显的不匹配,因此作者建议,如果传统科学家和公民科学家改善他们的网络沟通,以关注共同的目标,而不是独立行动,那么帕拉纳以及巴西其他地区的鸟类学将受益最大。
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引用次数: 0
Sex and Age Bias in Australian Magpies Struck by Aircraft 澳大利亚喜鹊遇机事件中的性别和年龄偏见
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.3390/birds4040025
William K. Steele, Michael A. Weston
Wildlife–aircraft collisions represent a safety and financial challenge, necessitating site-specific hazard assessments, which are generally based on species’ attributes and collision frequencies. However, for many bird species, collision probability and risk may not be distributed equally among individuals, with sex and age differences possible but rarely examined. We examine Australian Magpies, a resident, grassland species of bird in southeastern Australia frequently involved in collisions with aircraft at airports, and which can be sexed (adults) and aged. We compared collision rates recorded at Melbourne Airport, Victoria, Australia, with airside counts of magpies, recording, when observable, the sex and age of the birds. Adult females and males were similarly abundant at the airport (46.6% female), but females were struck relatively more frequently than males (78.1% female). Juvenile (first-year) magpies were struck more frequently than expected based on their representation in bird counts. We show an example of where some demographic groups within species represent higher hazard potential to aircraft than others, and management which manipulates demography of magpies at and near the airport (such as discouraging local breeding and targeted harassment/dispersal) may be fruitful.
野生动物与飞机的碰撞是一项安全和财务挑战,需要根据物种属性和碰撞频率进行特定地点的危害评估。然而,对于许多鸟类物种来说,碰撞概率和风险在个体之间的分布可能并不均匀,性别和年龄可能存在差异,但很少进行研究。我们研究了澳大利亚喜鹊,这是一种居住在澳大利亚东南部的草原鸟类,经常在机场与飞机相撞,并且可以区分性别(成年)和年龄。我们将澳大利亚维多利亚州墨尔本机场记录的碰撞率与空中喜鹊的数量进行了比较,在可观察到的情况下,记录了鸟类的性别和年龄。机场内成年雌蚊和成年雄蚊数量相似(雌蚊占46.6%),但雌蚊被殴的频率相对高于雄蚊(雌蚊78.1%)。幼喜鹊(一岁)被袭击的频率比预期的要高,这是基于它们在鸟类数量中的代表性。我们展示了一个例子,其中物种中的某些人口统计群体对飞机的潜在危害比其他群体更高,而控制机场及其附近喜鹊的人口统计(例如阻止当地繁殖和有针对性的骚扰/分散)的管理可能会取得丰硕成果。
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引用次数: 0
Life History and Sociality Predict Variation in Eye Size across Birds 生活史和社会性预测鸟类眼睛大小的变化
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.3390/birds4030024
G. Beauchamp
Over evolutionary times, the eye has acquired several adaptations to improve feeding efficiency and reduce predation pressure. Eye size, in particular, represents a target for selection, as it affects light capture and image resolution. Previous research on variation in eye size across species has focused on ecological factors related to light availability and foraging needs. Larger eyes are also thought to allow species to detect distant predators more easily, but this conjecture has not been examined across species. I predicted that risk-averse species or those exposed to high predation risk benefit from relatively larger eyes to enhance predator detection. To test the prediction, I performed a comparative analysis involving 660 species of birds while controlling for phylogeny, body size and other known ecological correlates of eye size. The results show that species at the slow end of the life history continuum, which emphasize survival over reproduction and are expected to be risk-averse, have evolved relatively larger eyes. In addition, solitary species, which cannot rely on others in their groups to decrease predation risk, are also characterized by relatively larger eyes. The results indicate that predation risk, through its association with life history and sociality, is an important ecological factor in the evolution of eye size across species.
在进化过程中,眼睛已经获得了一些适应能力来提高捕食效率和减少捕食压力。特别是眼睛的大小,代表了选择的目标,因为它影响光捕获和图像分辨率。以前对不同物种眼睛大小差异的研究主要集中在与光可用性和觅食需求相关的生态因素上。更大的眼睛也被认为使物种更容易发现远处的捕食者,但这一猜想尚未在物种间进行检验。我预测,风险厌恶的物种或那些暴露于高捕食风险的物种受益于相对较大的眼睛,以增强对捕食者的探测。为了验证这一预测,我对660种鸟类进行了比较分析,同时控制了系统发育、体型和其他已知的与眼睛大小相关的生态因素。结果表明,在生命史连续体的慢端,强调生存而不是繁殖的物种被认为是厌恶风险的,它们进化出了相对较大的眼睛。此外,独居物种不能依靠群体中的其他物种来降低被捕食的风险,它们的眼睛也相对较大。结果表明,捕食风险通过其与生活史和社会性的关联,是跨物种眼睛大小进化的重要生态因素。
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引用次数: 1
Extensive Prealternate Molts in Peruvian Kelp Gulls 秘鲁海带鸥广泛的交替前蜕皮
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb54.3.6
Peter Adriaens, Amar Ayyash, M. Muusse
According to current literature, the Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) matures at the same rate and molts according to the same patterns as most other large gulls, such as the American Herring (L. argentatus smithsonianus) and Western (L. occidentalis). The Kelp Gull, however, is widespread through the Southern Hemisphere, with separate populations occupying no fewer than four different climate zones and breeding at different times of the year; the molt of some of those populations appears to have not been studied yet. Here we demonstrate that many immature Kelp Gulls of the Peruvian population undergo much more extensive first and second prealternate molts than has been known so far and achieve an adult-like plumage aspect in as soon as 2.5 years rather than the usual 4. In these respects, these Kelp Gulls recall the Yellow-footed Gull (L. livens) or subspecies heuglini and fuscus of the Lesser Black-backed Gull (L. fuscus).
根据目前的文献,海带鸥(Larus dominicanus)的成熟速度和蜕皮模式与大多数其他大型海鸥(如美洲鲱鱼(L. argentatus smithsonianus)和西方海鸥(L. occidentalis)相同。然而,海带鸥在南半球分布广泛,不同的种群分布在不少于四个不同的气候带,在一年中的不同时间繁殖;其中一些种群的蜕皮似乎还没有被研究过。在这里,我们证明了秘鲁种群的许多未成熟的海带鸥经历了比迄今为止已知的更广泛的第一次和第二次交替前蜕皮,并在2.5年而不是通常的4年内实现了成年羽毛的外观。在这些方面,这些海带鸥让人想起黄足鸥(L. livens)或小黑背鸥(L. fuscus)的heuglini和fuscus亚种。
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引用次数: 0
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Western Birds
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